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PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of tributyltin on survival, growth, morphometry, and RNA-DNA ratio of larval striped bass, Morone saxatilis.

Effects of tributyltin (TBT) on survival, growth, morphometry, and RNA-DNA ratio in larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis) were assessed in three experiments. In Experiment I, 13 day old larvae were exposed to 0, 0.067, 0.766, or 2.284 micrograms TBT/L for 6 days. All larvae exposed to 2.284 micrograms/L died by day 5; exposure to 0.766 micrograms/L significantly reduced survival relative to controls (59.8% vs. 81.8%). Significant, concentration-dependent decreases in body depth occurred in larvae exposed to 0.067 and 0.766 micrograms/L. In Experiment II, all 16 day old larvae exposed to 1.498 micrograms/L died by day 6. Survival, weight, and morphometry parameters were not significantly different in larvae exposed to 0, 0.052, or 0.444 micrograms/L for 6 days. In Experiment III, survival was similar in 21 day old larvae exposed to 0, 0.055, 0.281, or 0.514 micrograms/L for 7 days. Notochord length and dry weight decreased significantly in larvae exposed to 0.514 micrograms/L. Weight and morphometry parameters were more sensitive indicators of sublethal stress than RNA-DNA ratio. Maximum TBT concentrations reported in Chesapeake Bay marinas are likely to cause increased larval mortality. Longer-term studies are needed to assess effects at less than 0.050 micrograms/L, which may be more representative of habitat conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of pentachlorophenol and other chemical preservatives on the health of wood-treating workers in Hawaii.

The morbidity and mortality of workers occupationally exposed to wood treating chemicals used in Hawaii for the years 1960 to 1981 were evaluated. The specific chemical exposures investigated were CCA (chromated copper-arsenate), TBTO (tributyl tin oxide) and PCP (pentachlorophenol). Results of detailed medical histories, laboratory and physiological tests, and physical examinations of 88 wood treaters were compared with those of 58 matched controls. The occupationally exposed cases had a significantly higher mean level of urinary PCP as compared to the controls (mean of 174 ppb vs. 35 ppb, micrograms/kg). There were no significant differences between the groups for the other urinary pesticide residues. The medical histories and physical examinations revealed no significant variations between the wood treaters and the comparison group. Review of all organ systems and laboratory data showed no clinically significant differences between exposed and nonexposed cohorts, although elevated hepatic enzymes in both groups merit further study. The results indicated no adverse health effects or increased incidence of mortality resulting from exposure to wood preservative chemicals in wood treaters who had worked in the industry for 0.33 to 26.3 years with a median of 6.5 years. Only 6 deaths were reported, 5 of cardiovascular disease, one of cause undetermined and none of cancer. Total number of deaths were less than the 8 anticipated for this age group.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Tributyltin antifoulings: a threat to the Hong Kong marine environment.

Tributyltin (TBT), the active ingredient in antifouling paint, has demonstrated extreme potency but also high toxicity to non-target marine organisms; it bioaccumulates in the food chain, and research evidence of its damaging effect on the reproduction and growth of various marine life forms have prompted action by various countries to regulate or ban its use in antifouling products. The Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department has embarked on a monitoring programme, and TBT has been detected in polluted clam samples, as well as water and sediment samples in certain marinas, typhoon shelters, and mariculture sites. This paper reports some of the findings to date.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide in Japanese quail exposed during egg laying period: an interlaboratory comparison study.

The guideline no. 206 for testing of chemicals of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) comprising an avian reproduction test using the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica; Termminck and Schlegel 1849) as pair-hold test organisms has been applied in a version that reduced the treatment period to 6 weeks without any pretreatment. In the present study bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide, C.A. No. 56-35-9 (tributyltin oxide, TBTO) was examined by five participants in an interlaboratory comparison test. A comparable regimen of dosing was performed by all participants starting either with 24 or 60 mg/kg TBTO in the feed and ending with 150 or 375 mg/kg. Within this dose range no signs of toxicity in adults were observed. Substance-related effects however were obvious with regard to egg production, fertility, hatching success, and survival of 14 day-old chicks. A clear dose dependency was given regarding effects on egg weight and on hatchability. The no-observed-effect concentrations for these two parameters was 60 mg/kg TBTO, characterizing these parameters as the most sensitive in this investigation. With the presented set of test parameters further aspects of subchronic toxicity in adults and chicks can be assessed as well as the validity of the performed test. Comparing the results for most test parameters consistency is obvious, thus confirming the applicability of the presented test guideline.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of tributyltin on chemiluminescent response of phagocytes from three species of estuarine fish.

The effect of in vitro exposure to tributyltin (TBT) on the chemiluminescent (CL) responses of kidney macrophages was examined in oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau), hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). Phagocytic activity was evaluated using a luminol-amplified chemiluminescent (CL) assay with zymosan as the stimulus. Following brief exposure to selected doses of TBT, the CL response of toadfish and hogchoker phagocytes was found to be significantly decreased at 400 micrograms/L TBT, while the croaker phagocytic activity was significantly decreased at 40 micrograms/L TBT. With 18 hr-exposure to TBT, the effect on the CL response was noticeable at lower doses (40 micrograms/L TBT for toadfish and 4 micrograms/L TBT for hogchoker).

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A study of steady state and kinetic regulation of chloride ion and osmotic pressure in hemolymph of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, exposed to tri-n-butyltin.

Two sets of experiments were made to determine if bis(tri-n-butyl)tin oxide (TBT) [IUPAC: hexabutyldistannoxane] influenced osmotic pressure or chloride ion concentration in hemolymph of adult American oysters, Crassostrea virginica. In the first set, oysters were acclimated to 5, 25 or 40%;, then exposed to bis(tri-n-butyl)tin oxide dissolved in seawater (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 micrograms/L) for 11 days. Measurements of the total osmotic pressure and chloride ion concentration in hemolymph indicated that mean values of neither was significantly affected under steady state conditions. Oysters exposed to TBT exhibited a higher variation around the mean value for both total osmotic pressure and chloride ion concentration. There was significant mortality of oysters exposed to TBT in 25 and 40, but not in 5%. In a second experiment, adult oysters were acclimated to 25%, and simultaneously exposed to the TBT concentrations listed above for 10 days. Then, subgroups of oysters were abruptly moved to 5 or 40% and the time-course of adjustment of hemolymph osmotic pressure and chloride ion concentration was measured. During the first 25 hr, there was little adjustment to 5% in controls or TBT exposed oysters; apparently, they remained closed most or all of the time. In marked contrast, hemolymph of oysters moved to higher salinities rapidly readjusted. Exposure to TBT had a delaying effect on the schedule of the increase in hemolymph osmotic pressure and chloride ion concentration. Results of these experiments show that TBT has an indirect effect on osmotic pressure and chloride ion concentration adjustment in oysters; it does not appear to act strongly as an anionophore to influence anion transfer across epithelia.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Triethyl tin-induced myelin oedema: an intermediate swelling state detected by X-ray diffraction.

X-ray diffraction was used to probe the effects of triethyl tin (TET) on the periodicity and amount of membrane disorientation in the lamellar myelin from respiring optic and sciatic nerves in vitro as well as from nerves of rats treated in vivo through their drinking water. The diffraction patterns show that in vitro TET at concentrations of 4-100 microM affects C.N.S. but not P.N.S. myelin structure. A planar, concentric membrane array with a 200 A period is detected in the C.N.S.; this ordered, swollen myelin contrasts with the vacuolar and vesicular structure seen in thin-sections in TET-induced oedema. No effects of short-term in vivo treatment with TET are observed in either the C.N.S. or P.N.S. The finding that carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors have no effect on the TET-induced structural changes indicates that the swelling we observe is not related to a CA-dependent process. In comparison, the TET effect is prevented by replacing the mobile ions with isotonic sucrose. We conclude that TET-induced swelling in C.N.S. myelin arises from an increase in ion transport followed by obligatory fluid movement. Further, the ordered, swollen structure we detect may be an intermediate state that exists transiently in vivo in TET intoxication and that precedes the gross swelling and vacuolization usually observed.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1995

Tributyltin-resistant marine bacteria: a summary of recent work.

A tributyltin chloride (TBTCl)-resistant bacterium, Alteromonas sp. M-1, was isolated from coastal seawater. This bacterium grew in medium containing 125 microM TBTCl. TBTCl added to the medium was taken up by this bacterium, however, the amount of TBTCl in the cellular fraction was low after the logarithmic phase, suggesting the existence of a TBTCl-efflux system. A genetic library was constructed using plasmid vector pUC 19. Three positive clones were obtained, by which E. coli was transformed to TBTCl resistance. Of the three clones, the shortest fragment from HindIII-library was analyzed. This fragment was 1.8 kb long and contained one complete open reading frame. The predicted amino acid sequence of this open reading frame had a homologous domain to transglycosylases of bacteriophage and E. coli. TBTCl-tolerant marine bacteria other than Alteromonas sp. M-1 were obtained from natural seawater to which TBTCl was added. DNA-DNA hybridization was performed between the three cloned fragments from Alteromonas sp. M-1 and chromosomal DNA of the TBTCl-tolerant bacteria. Some strains hybridized with the fragments and some did not, suggesting that several genes are responsible for TBTCl tolerance.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

The cortical epithelium of the rat thymus after in vivo exposure to bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO). An (immuno)histological and ultrastructural study.

Bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) induces cortical atrophy in the rat thymus. We studied the potential involvement of the cortical epithelium in TBTO-induced thymotoxicity by (immuno) histology and electron microscopy. Juvenile male Wistar rats were orally intubated once with either 30 or 90 mg/kg TBTO and sacrificed 4 or 10 days later. A dose-dependent thymic atrophy occurred. Anti-keratin labelling showed epithelial cell aggregation in some animals at 10 days after exposure to 90 mg/kg TBTO, when recovery of the thymus was apparent. At the ultrastructural level, a relative shift was observed from "pale" to darker epithelial cell subtypes at the 30 mg/kg dose level, both at day 4 and day 10 after intubation. This phenomenon was not observed after exposure to 90 mg/kg TBTO. Both the altered keratin distribution and the increased electron density of the epithelium probably represent non-specific phenomena. The present morphological observations support the concept that TBTO affects the thymus via its action on lymphoid cells rather than on the epithelial compartment.

Animals↗