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PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of endurance training program based on anaerobic threshold (AT) for lower limb amputees.

We have already reported that the one-leg cycling test driven by the subject's sound leg as the exercise load test is effective in measuring the anaerobic threshold (AT) of unilateral lower limb amputees. The aim of this research is to investigate whether or not endurance training based on each subject's AT gained from the one-leg cycling test is useful in improving the physical fitness of lower limb amputees. The test subjects were all unilateral transfemoral amputees comprising a group of 14 undertaking endurance training and a control group of 10. The form of endurance training is driving an ergometer with the sound limb only in the same way as the load test. The training program was designed so that the subjects would exercise at a target heart rate corresponding to AT point for 30 minutes per day, 3-5 days each week for 6 weeks. After the training periods, in the training subjects the AT and maximum oxygen uptake (__O2max) increased significantly. The rate of increase averaged 36.5%, 26.0%, respectively, compared to their levels before the training. On the contrary, no changes occurred in the control subjects. These results suggest that our chosen training program based on each subject's AT is effective in improving the physical fitness of lower limb amputees.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of a physical training program on quantitative neurological indices in mild stage type 2 spinocerebelar ataxia patients].

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 spinocerebelar ataxia (SCA2) is a neurodegenerative disease with higher prevalence and incidence in Holguín province, Cuba. At present, there is not any drug to counteract the loss of coordinative motor capacities of these patients. Thus physical training seems to be the only way to attenuate the course of disease. AIMS: To evaluate the effectiveness of a physical training program on quantitative neurological indices in SCA2 patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A samples of 87 SCA2 patients were studied. All subjects underwent a six month physical exercise program based on coordination, balance and muscular conditioning exercises. Quantitative tests were applied to all patients both before and after the application of the exercise program. Comparisons between pretest versus posttest values were made to evaluate the improvement in neurological indices. RESULTS: All neurological indices both with open eyes and closed eyes significantly improved from pretest to posttest. Static balance, evaluated by Romberg test, also enhanced with training. CONCLUSIONS: The exercise training program significantly improved the neurological indices in SCA2 patient with mild stage of disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of a training program intended to calibrate examiners of temporomandibular disorders.

The adequacy of a training program intended to calibrate examiners of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) was evaluated. Eight examiners blindly rated 12 subjects with various TMD signs and symptoms after participating in a 5-h intense training procedure. Some examiners had earlier experience of TMD examinations, and some were newly trained. The Craniomandibular Index was used as the assessment instrument. Agreement within the whole group of examiners was low. Training tended to increase the probability of correctly registering signs. It is concluded that the program was not sufficient to create reliability among multiple examiners. More extensive training, not only to a standard but also between the different examiners, appears necessary. Revision of the examination technique is suggested, and recommendations for strengthening the calibration procedures are made.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Resident research in internal medicine training programs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine how well medical residency programs are prepared to meet the new Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accreditation guidelines for resident scholarly activity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using a mailed survey. PARTICIPANTS: Program directors of all ACGME-accredited internal medicine residency programs. MEASUREMENTS: Program directors were asked to list the scholarly activities and products of their residents and their programs' minimal expectations for resident research; available academic, faculty, technical, and personnel support for resident research; perceived barriers to resident research; and the desired educational and skill outcomes of resident research. The responses of university-based training programs were compared with those of non-university-based programs. RESULTS: 271 program directors returned the survey, yielding a response rate of 65%. Ninety-seven percent of all programs have established scholarly guidelines consistent with accreditation requirements. Although only 37% of programs reported having an organized, comprehensive research curriculum, 70% taught skills important to research. Technical support and resources were generally available for resident research; the most frequently cited barrier to resident research was lack of resident time. University-based and non-university-based training programs differed in important ways. Generally, non-university-based programs had more research activity and structure, and they exceeded university-based programs in the number of oral and poster presentations given at local, state, and national professional meetings. CONCLUSIONS: Most programs have in place the basic elements conducive to resident research. Program directors have identified and teach educational outcomes and skills that are likely to have lifelong benefits for most of their graduates.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2002

Measuring surgical skill and proclivity in ophthalmology residency training program applicants using the American Dental Association Dental Admission (Sample) Test (DAT).

PURPOSE: To determine if typical DAT perceptual ability questions which are used to determine potential surgical skills in dental school applicants also do so for surgical ability for eye surgery. METHOD: The subjects were all applicants for admission into the Ophthalmology Residency Training Program at the University of Florida. All applicants answered 11 questions from the "Perceptual Ability" section of the DAT. Their answers were neither reviewed nor scored at the time they took the test but were sealed and set aside. After completing the 3 year training program, each of fifteen consecutive trainees was scored by five masked faculty members for their surgical skill. Their tests were unsealed and scored. Data were obtained on 15 applicants. RESULTS: There was a [Good] positive correlation between masked faculty surgical skill scores and DAT scores: r= +0.58, p < or -0.02. CONCLUSION: DAT perceptual ability questions do indicate candidates with best innate and potential eye surgical skills.

American Dental Association↗
PubMed1983

An analysis of the physical punishment component of a parent training program.

One component of a well-researched, standardized parent training program is to spank children for escape from time-out. The contribution of the spanking component to compliance acquisition in a clinic analog setting was evaluated. Time-out duration and child disruption at time-out release were balanced across spank and no-spank ("barrier") conditions. Sixteen noncompliant, clinic-referred pre-school children participated. The data indicated that both spank and barrier procedures were equally effective at increasing compliance ratios. Physical punishment did not appear to be a critical component. Given prior research, it was concluded that the enforcement of a minimum time-out duration is critical for compliance acquisition within the analog setting.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2001

Increase in hand-alcohol consumption among medical staff in a general hospital as a result of introducing a training program and a visualization test.

To assess the impact of training programs, including a visualization test for hand disinfection, we monitored the hand-alcohol consumption of medical staff. The consumption increased steadily from 5.7 L of hand alcohol per capita per year in 1990 to 9.1 L in 1998. There was no significant increase in skin problems.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1990

Reference equations used to predict pulmonary function. Survey at institutions with respiratory disease training programs in the United States and Canada.

Adult respiratory disease training programs in the United States and Canada were surveyed to determine which reference equations were used to predict normal pulmonary function and how ethnic differences were approached. Replies from 139 of the 180 (77.2 percent) institutions surveyed were received and evaluated. Surprisingly few studies account for most of the equations in use: three studies account for 85 percent of the spirometric equations, two for 83 percent of the lung volume equations and five for 84 percent of the diffusing capacity equations. Although there are no definite data, the form of many of the replies suggests that equipment default settings may influence the selection process. Of those responding to the ethnic difference question, 53 percent of institutions applied no correction for ethnic differences. There was no consistent pattern to the method of correction among those who did.

Canada↗
PubMed2003

A global network for early warning and response to infectious diseases and bioterrorism: applied epidemiology and training programs, 2001.

In many ministries of health, applied epidemiology and training programs (AETPs) are responsible for detecting and responding to acute health events, including bioterrorism. In November 2001, we assessed the bioterrorism response capacity of 29 AETPs; 17 (59%) responded. Fifteen countries (88%) had bioterrorism response plans; in 6 (40%), AETPs took the lead in preparation and in 6 (40%) they assisted. Between September 11 and November 29, 2001, 12 AETPs (71%) responded to a total of 3024 bioterrorism-related phone calls. Six programs (35%) responded to suspected bioterrorism events. AETPs play an important role in bioterrorism surveillance and response. Support for this global network by various health agencies is beneficial for all developed and developing countries.

Bioterrorism↗
PubMed1997

Survey of the cross-cultural content of U.S. psychiatry residency training programs.

To establish the extent of cross-cultural content contained in the 224 psychiatric residency training programs, the Directors of Residency Training were surveyed by mail. Thirty-seven percent (N = 83) of Directors responded; 92% (N = 76) had cross-cultural content, 99% (N = 82) had opportunities to work with minority patients, and 77% (N = 64) had supervision by some minority faculty. Responding programs reported a need for teaching videotapes (85%, N = 71), cross-cultural references (78%, N = 65), academic psychiatrists familiar with different cultural groups (76%, N = 63), and cross-cultural supervision (75%, N = 62).

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed1995

Interobserver and interequipment variability of echo-Doppler examination of the portal vein: effect of a cooperative training program.

The aim of this study was to assess the interobserver, interequipment, and time-dependent variabilities of echo-Doppler measurements of portal blood flow velocity (PBV), portal vein diameters (PVDs) and their derived parameters, portal blood flow (PBF), and congestion index (CI) in cirrhotic patients. The influence of a cooperative training program of the operators on the reproductibility of the results was also investigated. The echo-Doppler parameters were independently measured in 15 patients by four skilled operators, using four echo-Doppler machines (Acuson, ATL, Hitachi-Esaote, Toshiba. Eight of the 15 patients were restudied after 15 days by the same operators using only one machine. Significantly different values of PBV, PBF, and CI were obtained. PBV variance was equipment-related (32%) and operator-related in a smaller portion (5%). No systematic effect related to the time of investigation was found. After training to define a precise protocol, new measurements were performed by four operators on 8 different patients. No significant differences were found among the operators for any of the parameters and the 95% confidence limits (CL) and coefficients of variation (CV) of PBV showed a marked decrease (CL from +/- 26.4% to +/- 15.6%). These results indicate that (1) a significant systematic variability exists between Doppler measurements with different equipment; (2) there is no significant time-dependent systematic variability of Doppler measurements; and (3) a cooperative training program reduces the interobserver variability for direct measurements, such as PBV.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

The effects of the 1997 Balanced Budget Act on family practice residency training programs.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the impact of the Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 on family practice residency training programs in the United States. METHODS: We surveyed 453 active family practice residency programs, asking about program closures and new program starts (including rural training tracks), changes in the number of residents and faculty, and curriculum changes. Programs were classified according to their urban or rural location, university or community hospital setting, and rural and/or urban underserved mission emphasis. RESULTS: A total of 435 (96%) of the programs responded. Overall, the impact of the BBA was relatively small. In 1998 and 1999, nationwide, there were 11 program closures, a net decrease of only 82 residents, and a net increase of 52 faculty across program settings and mission emphasis. The rate of family practice residency program closures increased from an average of 3.0 per year between 1988-1997 to 4.8 per year in the 4 years following passage of the BBA. CONCLUSIONS: The 1997 BBA did not have an immediate significant negative impact on family practice residency programs. However, there is a worrisome increase in the rate of family practice residency closures since 1997. A mechanism needs to be established to monitor all primary care program closures to give an early warning should this trend continue.

Budgets↗
PubMed2001

Effects on physical performance and pain from three dynamic training programs for women with work-related trapezius myalgia.

To compare training programs for women with trapezius myalgia regarding physical performance and pain, 102 women were randomized to strength, endurance, co-ordination and non-training groups. Before and after the intervention, static strength and dynamic muscular endurance in shoulder muscles were measured on a Cybex II dynamometer. Muscle activity in shoulder muscles was monitored via surface EMG. The signal amplitude ratio between the active and passive phase of repeated contractions indicated the ability to relax. Pain at present, pain in general and pain at worst were measured on visual analogue scales. After training, within group comparisons showed that the training groups rated less pain, and in the strength training group ratings of pain at worst differed from the non-training group. Using the non-training group as a reference, static strength increased in the strength and endurance training groups and muscular endurance in all training groups. The study indicates that regular exercises with strength, endurance or co-ordination training of neck/shoulder muscles might alleviate pain for women with work-related trapezius myalgia.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Carotid endarterectomy in a general surgical training program.

Concern regarding the quality of surgical treatment performed within resident training programs and the need for direct, active involvement of the attending surgeon have been issues of interest to surgeons and the public. To provide specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular disease, vascular surgical fellowships have been established. In institutions with established vascular fellowships, one may question whether general surgical residents or vascular surgical fellows should perform carotid endarterectomies. The majority of carotid reconstructive procedures are performed at our institution by the chief general surgical resident under direct supervision. We elected to review our experience with surgical treatment of the carotid artery in an effort to examine the safety of this practice. The record of all patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy or reconstruction from April 1980 to July 1984 were reviewed. One hundred and twenty-nine patients who underwent 153 reconstructions of the carotid artery constituted the study group. The indication for operation was symptomatic carotid atheromatous disease in 96 and asymptomatic disease in 57. Ninety-three per cent of the procedures were performed by the chief general surgical resident under the supervision of one attending surgeon. Although the incidence of associated systemic problems (hypertension, diabetes and coronary artery disease) was significant in the study group, postoperative cardiovascular and cranial nerve and central neurologic deficits were 1.3 per cent, respectively, with no operative mortality. At our institution, the performance of carotid endarterectomy under close supervision provides an excellent context in which the resident in training may learn precise and careful dissection of the tissue and arterial repair. The need for formal vascular surgical fellowships to develop proficiency in judgment, technique and management of vascular disease is not questioned. However, as a learning experience for the general surgical resident, we believe this practice is both safe and effective, and a high standard of patient care is not compromised.

Carotid Arteries↗
PubMed1990

Anthropometry and knee exertion injuries incurred in a physical training program.

Factors causing predisposition to knee exertion injuries were sought by means of a questionnaire and detailed anthropometric measurements in 39 Finnish Army conscripts picked from a random sample of 56 army conscripts. The subjects consisted of two groups of 18- to 23-year-old conscripts; Group A comprised 29 subjects without knee exertion injuries and Group B 10 subjects who had experienced knee exertion injuries during the physical training program of the first eight weeks of military service. In Group A the physical activity level preceding the military service was somewhat higher than in Group B. In Group B the skeletal dimensions were longer and the body fat percentage was higher than in Group A. We conclude that big size of the subjects predisposed to knee exertion injuries during the training program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Clinical training program for staff pharmacists.

This study describes the development and evaluation of a clinical training program in the areas of pharmacokinetics and infectious diseases for staff pharmacists in a decentralized unit dose drug distribution system. Five staff pharmacists were trained and three other pharmacists served as controls. The teaching sessions consisted of eight 1-hour lectures per group of two to three pharmacists. The lectures were supplemented by handouts, reading assignments, and practical assignments. There was a significant improvement in posttest scores of the trained pharmacists when compared to their pretest scores and from the scores of the control pharmacists. In the Seattle VA Medical Center pharmacy, this program was shown to be successful, and a similar program can be used to train staff pharmacists in other clinical areas of interest.

Cross Infection↗