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PubMed2000

[A study of the mechanism of effects of solution containing trace elements on remineralization layer formation of enamel carious lesions].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of several remineralization solutions with different composition on the artificial demineralization lesions of bovine enamel and the mechanism of remineralization layer formation. METHODS: 36 bovine teeth were selected and artificial carious lesions were formed with lactic acid gel. Then all specimens were divided into 4 groups which contained no fluoride, fluoride, fluoride-calcium-phosphate-tin, and de-ionic water separately, and the de-ionic group was taken as control. The structure and composition of the sediments on the enamel surface were evaluated and detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Histological change of enamel section was examined by polarized microscopy. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, all the solutions had remineralization effects, especially the solutions containing trace elements. XPS showed that there were sediments formed on the surface of carious lesion, the compositions of the sediments were CaF2, HAP and non-specifically absorbed fluoride (NSAF). Irregular, crystal deposits were also found under SEM on the enamel surface. The polarized microscopy results showed that the observed demineralization areas decreased after exposure to the solutions. CONCLUSION: Solutions containing fluoride and trace elements were effective on remineralization. The possible mechanism is that CaF2 and NSAF, instead of FA formed in the remineralization layer. Moreover, the remineralization effects of the fluoride solutions containing trace elements are more outstanding than that without trace elements. The potential mechanism is the synergistic action of fluoride and trace elements.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Environmental influences on the trace element content of teeth--implications for disease and nutritional status.

The aim of this study was to compare the trace element content of children's primary teeth from Uganda and the UK. The Ugandan teeth were from children living in an area where endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF), a cardiac disease, is prevalent. The latter has been putatively linked to insufficient magnesium intake and excess cerium exposure. Primary teeth were collected from 21 Ugandan and 27 UK children. The crowns and roots of the teeth were separated and the former digested and analysed for several major and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). In addition, the enamel and dentine of eight UK and seven Ugandan primary teeth were isolated via density separation and analysed as above. The data were assessed using non-parametric statistical tests. The Ugandan teeth contained significantly (P < 0.05) greater concentrations of strontium, barium, cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium and significantly less zinc than the UK teeth. No significant difference in the concentrations of aluminium, calcium, copper, magnesium, lead and uranium were found. Analysis of enamel and dentine demonstrated that the former was enriched with several elements including cerium. It is concluded, that the environment, influences the trace element content of primary teeth and this may be useful for monitoring nutritional status. With respect to a geochemical cause for EMF, there is no positive evidence that EMF in Uganda is associated with reduced magnesium and increased cerium uptake in primary teeth. This does not, however, exclude cerium from playing a role in the aetiology of EMF.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trace elements and mineral requirements for very low birth weight infants in rickets of prematurity.

To establish mineral and trace element requirements for very low birth it is important to prevent bone mineral disorder. Those infants fed mother's milk only are thought to be at higher risk of this disorder. Both calcium and phosphorus supplementation were thought to be needed to prevent it. Copper and zinc are important as cofactors of major enzymes involved in the synthesis of collagen. These trace elements especially zinc may not be enough for very low birth weight infants fed mother's milk. At present however the relationship between these trace elements and minerals, and bone metabolic disease in preterm infants is not completely clear.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Trace elements in moose (Alces alces) found dead in Northwestern Minnesota, USA.

The moose (Alces alces) population in bog and forest areas of Northwestern Minnesota has declined for more than 25 years, and more recently the decline is throughout Northwestern Minnesota. Both deficiencies and elevations in trace elements have been linked to the health of moose worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether trace element toxicity or deficiency may have contributed to the decline of moose in Northwestern Minnesota. Livers of 81 moose found dead in Northwestern Minnesota in 1998 and 1999 were analyzed for trace elements. With the exception of selenium (Se) and copper (Cu), trace elements were not at toxic or deficient levels based on criteria set for cattle. Selenium concentrations in moose livers based on criteria set for cattle were deficient in 3.7% of livers and at a chronic toxicity level in 16% of livers. Copper concentrations based on criteria set for cattle were deficient in 39.5% of livers, marginally deficient in 29.5% of livers and adequate in 31% of livers. Moose from agricultural areas had higher concentrations, on average, of Cd, Cu, Mo and Se in their livers than moose from bog and forest areas. Older moose had higher concentrations of Cd and Zn, and lower concentrations of Cu than younger moose. Copper deficiency, which has been associated with population declines of moose in Alaska and Sweden, may be a factor contributing to the decline of moose in Northwestern Minnesota.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Application of compartmental modeling to determination of trace element requirements in humans.

The potential of compartmental modeling for determining dietary requirements of the trace elements is explored. Transport kinetics of tracee and tracer within a physiologically meaningful arrangement of compartments were simulated by using whole body copper (Cu) metabolism in adult humans as an example. The simulation was based on known, quantitative Cu metabolism, and required a non-steady-state model rather than a more conventional steady-state model. The simulation indicated that a reduction in dietary Cu intake could result in (1) loss of Cu from storage compartments, (2) maintenance of homeostasis by adaptive changes in dietary Cu absorption and endogenous excretion, or (3) a response intermediate between the two. By performing tracer experiments, it should be possible to determine the relative significance of mechanisms 1 and 2 in response to progressively smaller dietary intakes of Cu. Whether the body conserves Cu by adapting metabolically to low Cu intake or, alternatively, undergoes significant Cu loss because of an inability to adapt, may be an important factor in recommending a dietary requirement. The basic structure of the whole-body model of Cu metabolism used in this study has features consistent with the metabolism of other trace elements. Thus, the present example may also provide an approach to the study of dietary requirements of other elements.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Pregnancy anabolism of the trace elements copper, zinc, nickel and manganese in sows].

In an experiment with 16 sows of the German Landrace the influence of gravidity and a varying dietary trace element supply on the total balance of copper, zinc, nickel and manganese was tested from the 21st day of gravidity until farrowing. The trial was of a factorial design (2X2X3). The balances were measured with 8 nongravid and 8 gravid sows at two levels of trace element supply (basic and supplemented groups) in three collecting periods. Additionally concentration of copper, zinc, and nickel and manganese was analyzed in the gestational products, namely in piglets, amniotic fluid and placenta. These balance trials were conducted to investigate whether there also is a pregnancy anabolism of copper, zinc, nickel and manganese in sows. Besides, the requirements of these trace elements of nongravid and gravid sows should be worked out. Trace element excretion in the gestational products amounted in comparison to the total fecal and urinary excretion to 2.3, 2.5, 0.4 and 0.2 per cent for Cu, Zn, Ni and Mn, respectively. The balances of zinc, nickel and also manganese were controlled homeo-statically in the nongravid sows with a higher intake of these elements. From the experimental data a daily requirement of 12 mg Cu, 50 mg Zn, 1.4 mg Ni and 50 mg Mn is established, i.e. 6 mg Cu, 25 mg Zn, 0.7 mg Ni and 25 mg Mn per kg of feed. At increased dietary supply of copper, zinc, nickel and manganese pregnancy anabolism of these elements took effect in sows. Dependent on the level of dietary supply in this experiment of zinc, nickel and manganese 33, 12, 19 and 12 per cent the dietary copper, were accreted anabolically in the maternal body itself.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Neutron activation analysis of human hair--multivariate analysis of factors influencing on trace element contents in hair-- (author's transl)].

As a part of IAEA research project, "Activation analysis of hair as an indicator of contamination of man by environmental trace element pollutants", a survey was carried out to elucidate the levels of various trace element concentrations in hair of local population in the Tokyo Metropolitan areas, by applying instrumental neutron activation analysis. A total of 202 scalp hair samples were collected from the inhabitants classified by sex and five age classes. Irradiation was made in the Rikkyo University 100 kW TRIGA MARK-II reactor. Using several combinations of irradiation time, cooling time and counting time, forty elements were determined. The relationship between several trace element contents in hair and such factors as sex, age class, hair treatment, smoking habit and dental treatment, was analyzed by using the method of multiple regression. It was shown that (1) Hair treatment had a predominant effect on the contents of bromine, magnesium and calcium in hair, (2) Aging and smoking contributed increasing mercury content in hair, and hair treatment acted reversely.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Effects of milk and milk components on calcium, magnesium, and trace element absorption during infancy.

During early life, infants usually consume a diet that is heavily dominated by milk. It is generally believed that breast-fed infants absorb adequate quantities of minerals and trace elements, whereas there is some concern about how well infants can utilize these nutrients from cow's milk formula and other infant diets. Therefore, most infant formulas contain much higher concentrations of minerals and trace elements than those of breast milk. Our knowledge of how infants can utilize these nutrients from different diets is very limited. This paper critically reviews the effects of various components in breast milk, cow's milk, and infant formula and how they either facilitate or inhibit the absorption of minerals and trace elements. Particular emphasis is put on milk proteins such as lactoferrin, casein, and whey proteins, but phytate in soy formula is also discussed. Competition among minerals for absorptive pathways as well as other nutrient-nutrient interactions are considered in the context of infant nutrition. The difficulties involved in assessing mineral and trace element status in infants, as well as the potential consequences of suboptimal and excessive intakes of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium are also discussed, particularly in the light of infant requirements.

Absorption↗
PubMed1975

Trace elements in tissues of normal and vitamin D2-treated rats.

Comparative spectroscopic investigations were performed on 22 trace elements regarding their presence and quantitative relations in cartilages (costal cartilage, intervertebral disc) and in soft tissues most exposed to metastatic calcification (aorta, kidney) of normal, vitamin D2-treated and rachitic rats. The results revealed differences in concentration and distribution of trace elements between soft tissues and cartilages on the one hand, and untreated controls and vitamin D-treated rats on the other. On vitamin D treatment an increase in the Cr, Fe and Cu contents was noted in the soft tissues, whereas in cartilages a higher Zn content was shown. It is suggested that these trace elements may play an important role in the mechanism of calcification, some acting as challengers, others as adjuvants or inhibitors.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Interactions between Chlamydia pneumoniae and trace elements: a possible link to aortic valve sclerosis.

An association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases has been suggested. However, other factors may interact in the pathogenesis of valve sclerosis. Therefore, trace elements important for C. pneumoniae growth and host defense and markers of C. pneumoniae infection were studied in sclerotic valves and serum. Forty-six patients undergoing surgical valve replacement due to advanced aortic sclerosis were prospectively studied. Valves from 15 forensic cases with no heart valve disease and plasma from 46 healthy volunteers served as controls. C. pneumoniae was detected in 16/46 (34.8 %) sclerotic valves and in 0/15 forensic controls. IgG and IgA antibodies to C. pneumoniae were present in 54.3% and 26.1 % patients, respectively. In the patients' valves, iron, magnesium, and zinc each correlated to calcium, a marker of the histopathological severity of disease. Patients showed 10- to 70-fold increases of these trace elements in valves and an increased copper/zinc ratio in serum. In a majority of aortic sclerosis patients, one of several markers of C. pneumoniae infection were detected and all patients had a disturbed trace element balance in valves and serum suggestive of active immune process and infection. The pattern of trace element changes was essentially similar regardless of positive makers of C. pneumoniae, suggesting a similar etiopathogenesis in both subgroups. The 20-fold increase in iron, essential for C. pneumoniae growth, in sclerotic valves suggests a new possible link to this infection in aortic sclerosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Hair trace element analysis in human ecology studies.

Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Se, Mn, Hg, Fe, Cr, Co, Sb, Sc and Au were determined in hair samples of 17 ethnic and territorial groups from the former USSR. Hair samples (837 males, 965 females) were taken from individuals of non-industrial native populations of unpolluted areas. Geographical, geochemical, racial and nutritional aspects of inter-group variations of trace element concentrations are discussed. The significance of hair analysis as a biological indicator of abnormal intake of trace elements in man is confirmed. Geographical variations of hair trace element concentrations, on the whole, depend on geochemical conditions or nutritional factors. The concentration of elements in hair is highly variable because of local factors, which makes racial or ethnic identification impossible for trace element analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Trace elements as fingerprint of lake of Provenance and of species of some native and exotic fish of northern Patagonian lakes.

A survey of trace element contents in fish muscle and liver was performed in different lakes of two northern Patagonian national parks: Nahuel Huapi and Los Alerces national parks. The aim of the work was to obtain the first set of reference data on elements that are not liable to be disturbed by human activities and to identify compositional patterns related to the species and site of collection. The species studied are native creole perch and velvet catfish and exotic brown trout, rainbow trout, and brook trout. The elements analyzed are Br, Cs, Fe, Rb, Se, Na, and Zn. Trace elements in muscle of brown trout, rainbow trout, and creole perch showed statistical patterns that allow one to identify the national park of origin, as well as which of the lakes (Traful, Espejo Chico, or the Nahuel Huapi-Moreno system) of the Nahuel Huapi National Park from which they come. Contents in the liver provide similar but less clear patterns than contents in muscle; however, in some particular cases, they provide additional information. Trace element contents in muscle are also good indicators of the species collected within a lake.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Trace element uptake and distribution in plants.

There are similarities between mammals and plants in the absorption and transport of trace elements. The chemistry of trace element uptake from food sources in both cases is based on the thermodynamics of adsorption on charged solid surfaces embedded in a solution phase of charged ions and metal-binding ligands together with redox systems in the case of iron and some other elements. Constitutive absorption systems function in nutrient uptake during normal conditions, and inducible "turbo" systems increase the supply of a particular nutrient during deficiency. Iron uptake is the most studied of the micronutrients, and divides the plant kingdom into two groups: dicotyledonous plants have a turbo system that is an upregulated version of the constitutive system, which consists of a membrane-bound reductase and an ATP-driven hydrogen ion extrusion pump; and monocotyledonous plants have a constitutive system similar to that of the dicots, but with an inducible system remarkably different that uses the mugeneic acid class of phytosiderophores (PS). The PS system may in fact be an important port of entry for iron from an iron-rich but exceedingly iron-insoluble lithosphere into the iron-starved biosphere. Absorption of trace metals in these graminaceous plants is normally via divalent ion channels after reduction in the plasma membrane. Once absorbed, iron can be stored in plants as phytoferritin or transported to active sites by transport-specific ligands. The transport of iron and zinc into seeds is dominated by the phloem sap system, which has a high pH that requires chelation of heavy metals. Loading into grains involves three or four genes each that control chelation, membrane transport and deposition as phytate.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1994

Spectroscopic evaluation of interactions among trace elements and biogenic carbonates in the marine environment.

The interactions between trace elements and biogenic carbonates (marine mussel shells) in aqueous media were evaluated. The behaviour of Mn, Cu, Co, and Cd was investigated using spectrometric techniques (electrothermal atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and electron paramagnetic resonance). The results obtained show that the metals considered do not form a distinct precipitated phase on the shell surfaces, but that they interact with the CaCO3. This study aimed to provide more information on the mechanisms involved in the storage of trace elements by the shells of marine bivalves. This would allow the use of mussel shells as an alternative to soft tissues for trace metal analyses in biological monitoring programmes.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Trace element analysis of bovine liver: interlaboratory survey in Australia and New Zealand.

An interlaboratory survey of the determination of trace elements in bovine liver was undertaken. Thirty-three laboratories from Australia and 15 from New Zealand returned results. Moisture determination results were variable despite the use of a recommended drying procedure. For the 10 trace elements determined, the mean values (microgram/g) with their interlaboratory coefficients of variation (CV) were: cadmium, 1.2 (42.5%); cobalt, 0.21 (9.5%); copper, 110 (6.0%); iron, 276 (11.0%); lead, 0.6 (48.9%); manganese, 8.6 (13.9%); mercury, 0.03 (30.0%); molybdenum, 2.5 (45.6%); selenium, 1.0 (17.5%); zinc, 219 (8.2%). The intralaboratory CV for determining each of these elements was less than 9% except for the lead CV which was 20.2%. Results for the determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were also reported. The survey shows that while the use of a standard reference material can improve the performance of laboratories in trace element analysis, it may also introduce analytical bias.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Changes of trace element content in MARC-145 cells before and after infection with virulent and attenuated strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)].

The influence of virulent and attenuated strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus with defined genomic differences on trace element profile of MARC-145 cells was investigated to elucidate the process of infection in vitro. The concentrations of seven trace elements (Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn) in infected and non-infected cells were determined. Although viral replication was similar in all cases, there were distinct features of difference in the trace element profiles (changes of concentrations of Ni, Mn, Fe) in infected cells. In particular, cells infected with the attenuated strain of PRRSV (NADC8-251) contained very low level of Ni, compared with its pathogenic counterpart NADC8-252K. The infection with the Lelystad strain also led to a moderately high level of this trace element.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cadmium-induced route-specific alterations in essential trace element homeostasis.

To determine if route-specific differences in essential trace element homeostasis occur after cadmium (Cd) exposure, selected metals (Zn, Fe, Ca, K, Cu, Mg, and Cd) were determined in testis, liver and lung after subcutaneous and intravenous Cd treatment. Cd by the subcutaneous route had the most pronounced effects on essential trace element homeostasis in the testes, increasing the concentration of Zn (51%), Fe (242%), Ca (95%), K (93%), and Cu (345%) in conjunction with a decrease of testicular Mg (46%), while few changes occurred with intravenous Cd. In the lung, modest changes of all elements except Ca and Cu were observed with Cd. However, alterations in Fe and Zn concentration were seen only in the liver. The present study suggests that levels of the essential metals in a particular tissue can be modified depending on the route of Cd administration.

Animals↗