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PubMed1989

Influence of water fluoridation on the eruption of permanent teeth in Chung-Hsing New Village, Taiwan.

Along with an evaluation of the effects of 12 years' water fluoridation in the prevention of caries, the present study was conducted to explore the influence of water fluoridation on the eruption of permanent teeth. The survey was carried out in fluoridated Chung-Hsing New Village and the control town of Tsao-Tun from October to December, 1984. Dental examinations were performed on 3,459 children Chung-Hsing New Village and 4,610 in Tsao-Tun, at ages ranging from 3 to 15 years. The results showed that in general, the mean tooth eruption time of girls was earlier than that of boys, and that teeth in the lower jaw emerge sooner than their homologues in the upper jaw, except for premolars. In both fluoridated and control areas the order of tooth eruption was very similar except for the teeth of girls in the upper jaw. The eruption sequence was first premolar, canine then second premolar in the girls of Chung-Hsing New Village, while first premolar, second premolar then canine in those of Tsao-Tun. By comparing the eruption time of permanent teeth in the children of fluoridated and control areas, it was found that they were very alike in general, the only difference being observed in the premolars of the sexes. The premolars of the children in the fluoridated area emerged in the oral cavity 2.5 to 4.5 months later than did their counterparts in the control area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Disturbances of tooth form and eruption in the microphthalmic (mi) mouse: a light and electron microscopic study.

Changes in the surrounding alveolar bone occur during tooth eruption. The microphthalmic (mi/mi) mouse suffers from osteopetrosis and lack of bone resorption; tooth form and eruption were examined in both affected mi/mi mice and unaffected litter-mates to determine the effect of osteopetrosis on tooth development and eruption. Paraffin sections of mandibles from 3, 7, 10, 13, 15 and 20-day-old mice were examined by light microscopy after staining with haematoxylin and eosin and for stable acid phosphatase activity. Mandibles from 15- and 20-day-old mice were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of odontoblasts was observed in 15-day-old mice. Tooth eruption was significantly reduced in the mi/mi mice; the bone of affected mice increased in area with increasing age and marrow spaces narrowed. There was little bony remodeling in the mi/mi mouse, as indicated by layers of reversal lines. This lack of bone resorption affected tooth eruption and root formation. No abnormalities were detected in odontoblasts, suggesting functional normality, but the wide predentine layer in the mi/mi mouse may indicate an alteration in dentine mineralization.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Results of surgical exposure of impacted cuspids and bicuspids in relation to patients' somatic and dental maturation.

The aim of the study was to correlate the rate of postoperative eruption of impacted teeth after surgical exposure to the patient?S' SOMATIC AND DENTAL DEVELOPMENT. THIS RELATIONSHIP WAS ANALYZED IN 31 PATIENTW WITH IMPACTED CUSPIDS OR BICUSPIDS, 12 OF WHOM WERE OVER 25 AND 19 UNDER 21 YEARS OF AGE. Surgical uncovering of the impacted teeth was carried out and the degree of subsequent eruption was evaluated 4 months after the operation. On uncovering the crown was exposed as far as the cementoenamel juction and the surrounding bone was covered with mucous membrane. Dental age and growth rate were used as variables describing individual somatic and dental maturation. After surgical uncovering eruption took place in all but one tooth. Eruption was quicker and more complete in children who were still growing than in young adults. The eruption process was also more favorable in dentitions still under formation than in cases with completed dental development. Early intervention and total surgical uncovering of the crown are advocated in cases of impacted teeth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Interpretation of the gingival inflammatory infiltrate].

The investigation of tooth eruption in dermoid cysts of the ovary allows one to observe in the chorion at the level of the epithelial attachment, an anatomical component that seems to correspond to a local system of defense. Up until now this has been considered to be a secondary inflammatory response resulting from the bacterial or mechanical assault. This component is found to form when the tooth erupts and constitutes an important element in the physico-pathogical process and of the immune response of the dental organ.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Epidemiology of dental caries in the premolar and second molar teeth of Scottish children in relation to pits and fissures.

To evaluate the potential benefits from elimination of dental caries in the fissures of teeth, surface patterns of decay were calculated for all surfaces of the premolar and second molar teeth of 98 children followed longitudinally for 5 years, between ages 11 and 15 years. Tooth eruption and susceptibility were also examined in relation to the administration of sealant programs. The children who were part of the control group of a fluoride dentifrice study on the Scottish Isle of Lewis, had low exposure to fluorides, high caries attack and very low restorative treatment levels; so true surface caries distribution was not masked. Variation in tooth eruption and susceptibility suggested that semiannual applications of preventive agents at each year age 10 through 15 might be required. Using hypothetical percentage reductions, the substantial potential benefits for caries control of the early use of completely retained occlusal, as well as buccal and lingual (molars), fissure sealants are conclusively demonstrated. However, improvements in the present technology of fissure sealants and their application are apparently required if these benefits are to be extended to large groups of children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Early intervention: the mixed dentition.

The mixed dentition phase of tooth eruption can continue for up to six years from the eruption of the permanent molars to the complete replacement of all deciduous teeth. Early intervention is indicated to intercept developing problems in function. This paper will discuss the treatment of ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars with removable appliances and the correction of molar crossbites with fixed appliances.

Dentition, Mixed↗
PubMed2005

Chronology and regulation of gene expression of RANKL in the rat dental follicle.

Tooth eruption in the rat requires bone resorption resulting from a major burst of osteoclastogenesis on postnatal day 3 and a minor burst of osteoclastogenesis on postnatal day 10 in the alveolar bone of the first mandibular molar. The dental follicle regulates the major burst on postnatal day 3 by down-regulating its osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene expression to enable osteoclastogenesis to occur. To determine the role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in tooth eruption, its gene expression was measured on postnatal days 1-11 in the dental follicle. The results show that RANKL expression was significantly elevated on postnatal days 9-11 in comparison to low expression levels at earlier time-points. As OPG expression is high at this latter time-point, this increase in RANKL expression would be needed for stimulating the minor burst of osteoclastogenesis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha enhances RANKL gene expression in vitro and it may be responsible for up-regulating RANKL in vivo. Transforming growth factor-beta1 and interleukin-1alpha also enhance RANKL gene expression in vitro but probably have no effect in vivo because they are maximally expressed early. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 acts to down-regulate RANKL expression in vitro and, in vivo, may promote alveolar bone growth in the basal region of the tooth.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1997

Management of ectopic eruption of permanent molars.

Ectopic eruption can be defined as a tooth erupting in an abnormal position or orientation. The maxillary first permanent molar is the most commonly affected tooth. Correction of ectopically erupting permanent molars is critical for the development of a stable occlusion and is an important component of interceptive orthodontic treatment. The clinician can choose from a variety of effective treatment modalities to successfully manage ectopically erupting permanent molars.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Developmental and functional significance of the CSF-1 proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate chain.

The primary macrophage growth factor, colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), is homodimeric and exists in 3 biologically active isoforms: a membrane-spanning, cell-surface glycoprotein (csCSF-1) and secreted glycoprotein (sgCSF-1) and proteoglycan (spCSF-1) isoforms. To investigate the in vivo role of the chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain of spCSF-1, we created mice that exclusively express, in a normal tissue-specific and developmental manner, either the secreted precursor of spCSF-1 or the corresponding precursor in which the GAG addition site was mutated. The reproductive, hematopoietic tooth eruption and tissue macrophage defects of CSF-1-deficient, osteopetrotic Csf1(op)/Csf1(op) mice were corrected by transgenic expression of the precursors of either sgCSF-1 or spCSF-1. Furthermore, in contrast to the transgene encoding csCSF-1, both failed to completely correct growth retardation, suggesting a role for csCSF-1 in the regulation of body weight. However, spCSF-1, in contrast to sgCSF-1, completely resolved the osteopetrotic phenotype. Furthermore, in transgenic lines expressing different concentrations of sgCSF-1 or spCSF-1, spCSF-1 more efficiently corrected Csf1(op)/Csf1(op) defects of tooth eruption, eyelid opening, macrophage morphology, and B-cell deficiency than sgCSF-1. These results indicate an important role of the CSF-1 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in in vivo signaling by secreted CSF-1.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Role of fos and src in cadmium-induced decreases in bone mineral content in mice.

Cadmium decreases bone mineral in mice and stimulates osteoclast formation and activity in cell culture. Bones from fos-deficient mice contain very few osteoclasts; src-/- bones contain osteoclasts that fail to activate. Fos-/- and src-/- mice develop osteopetrotic bones and their teeth do not erupt. These mice were used to determine if cadmium requires c-Fos or c-Src and secondarily functional osteoclasts to decrease bone mineral content. Mice heterozygous for fos deficiency were mated to produce fos-/- and fos+/o (wild-type) offspring. Pups were divided into four groups: fos+/o, Cd-; fos+/o, Cd+; fos-/-, Cd-; and fos-/-, Cd+. Cd+ pups received daily sc injections (50 microg Cd/kg) on days 17-20 and Cd in drinking water thereafter (10 ppm, days 21-27; 20 ppm, days 27-50). An analogous protocol was followed mating mice heterozygous for src deficiency. For acute exposures, 50-day-old mice were placed on a low-calcium diet and given two sequential 100 microg Cd doses by gavage, and feces were monitored for excretion of bone calcium. Continuous exposure results demonstrate that cadmium (1) significantly decreased bone calcium content (14-15%) and concentration (12-13%) in both fos+/o and fos-/- mice, (2) doubled multinucleated osteoclast-like cell number in fos-/- bones, and (3) stimulated tooth eruption in 40% of fos-/- mice. Cd gavage stimulated bone calcium excretion in both fos+/o and fos-/- mice. In contrast, cadmium had no effect on bones or teeth in src-/- mice. Results indicate that cadmium can decrease bone mineral via a c-Fos-independent pathway; however, c-Src is required for cadmium to stimulate bone remodeling and tooth eruption pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Colony-stimulating factor-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 chemotaxis for monocytes in the rat dental follicle.

Tooth eruption requires the influx of mononuclear cells (monocytes) into the dental follicle to form osteoclasts that resorb the alveolar bone to form an eruption pathway. Candidate molecules to attract these monocytes are colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) which is produced in the dental follicle, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), which is known to be a chemoattractant for monocytes. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction techniques, it was shown that the follicle cells of the first mandibular molar of the rat transcribe MCP-1 with maximal expression in vivo at day 3 postnatally, the time of peak expression of CSF-1 as well. This is also the day of peak influx of monocytes into the follicle. To determine if these molecules that were produced by the dental follicle were chemotactic, a chemotactic assay using a mouse monocyte cell line was conducted. CSF-1 or MCP-1 alone were found to be chemotactic for the monocytes and conditioned medium from the cultured follicle cells also was chemotactic. Incubating the conditioned medium with antibodies against either CSF-1 or MCP-1 reduced the chemotaxis. The results demonstrate that both CSF-1 and MCP-1 produced by the dental follicle are chemotactic for monocytes and that these chemoattractants might be responsible for the influx of monocytes into the follicle necessary to initiate tooth eruption.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2000

Enhancement of gene expression in rat dental follicle cells by parathyroid hormone-related protein.

Recent studies indicate that parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is required for tooth eruption in mice. Localized in the stellate reticulum, PTHrP might exert a paracrine effect on cells of the adjacent dental follicle to initiate eruption. The presence of a follicle is needed for eruption and, at the cellular level, there is an influx of mononuclear cells in the follicle early postnatally in the first mandibular molar of the rat. In turn, these mononuclear cells fuse to form osteoclasts, which erode the alveolar bone to form an eruption pathway. At the molecular level, the dental follicle cells of the rat molar maximally express the genes for monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) at day 3 postnatally. Because day 3 also is the time of maximal influx of the mononuclear cells into the follicle, MCP-1 and CSF-1 could be involved in the recruitment/maturation of these cells. To determine if PTHrP can modulate gene expression in the dental follicle, cultured follicle cells were immunostained to show the receptor for PTHrP. The gene expression of this receptor was enhanced by incubating the cells with interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha). Next, the ability of PTHrP itself to enhance gene expression of either MCP-1 or CSF-1 in the dental follicle cells was determined by incubating the cells with PTHrP in either a time- or concentration-course manner (1-15 h or 1-100 ng/ml). By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, it was demonstrated that PTHrP enhanced MCP-1 expression in a concentration-dependent fashion, with 50 ng PTHrP/ml inducing maximal expression of either MCP-1 or CSF-1. In the time-dependent studies, PTHrP caused maximal expression within 30 min for either MCP-1 or CSF-1. Immunoblotting revealed that PTHrP also enhanced secretion of MCP-1 by the follicle cells. Thus, one of the actions of PTHrP in tooth eruption may be that it enhances MCP-1 and CSF-1 gene expression and secretion in the dental follicle. Moreover, IL-1alpha may accentuate its action by enhancing the expression for the PTHrP receptor in the follicle cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The clinical features and aetiological basis of primary eruption failure.

Primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a poorly understood condition associated with tooth eruption failure. This investigation systematically reviews the literature, evaluates clinical features and associations with PFE, and describes five further cases. Publications were selected and identified as describing PFE when there was no identifiable aetiological factor contributing to eruption failure and no evidence of successful orthodontic extrusion of the affected tooth or teeth. A data abstraction form recorded the following additional information; subject age, gender, general health status, and teeth present. Eighteen publications were sourced that detailed at least one case of PFE in a manner conforming to the selection criteria; these papers included a total of 35 individual cases, to which five previously unreported subjects were added. Within the whole sample of 40 cases, a total of 24 (60 per cent) were females and 16 (40 per cent) males. First and second molar teeth were most commonly affected; incisors, canines, and premolars were also involved, but with a reduced individual frequency. There was no significant difference in incidence between the maxilla and mandible, or between left and right sides. A family history of eruption failure was found in almost 50 per cent of the sample, with eruption failure or ankylosis affecting at least one primary tooth, also a common finding. Within the 40 cases, hypodontia was present at levels higher than population norms. PFE appears to be a condition that predominantly affects the molar dentition. The increased frequency of hypodontia in affected individuals and common findings of a family history regarding tooth eruption problems suggests a significant genetic component to the aetiology of this rare condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Dental age in maxillary canine ectopia.

An etiologic connection between palatally ectopic canines and small and missing teeth is well established in the literature. Additionally, it has been observed that patients with palatally ectopic canines have a delayed dental development. The present study was designed to examine the validity of this latter observation. We radiographically assessed the subjects' dental ages using criteria of tooth calcification, rather than tooth eruption pattern. A similar determination was made in relation to subjects in whom buccally ectopic canines were present. The experimental group consisted of panoramic radiographs of 55 consecutively treated patients with palatally displaced maxillary canines and of 47 consecutively treated patients with buccally displaced canines. They were compared with a control group of 57 consecutively treated patients with normally placed canines. Approximately half the subjects with palatal displacement exhibited a late-developing dentition, whereas the timing of dentition in the remaining subjects appeared to be normal. Buccal displacement was not associated with a retarded dental development, and the ranges of the dental age values were similar to those seen in the control group. The results support the idea that there are different etiologies for the occurrence of buccal versus palatal ectopia in maxillary canines. They also suggest that dentitions with a palatal canine appear to be of 2 distinct varieties, with different dental characteristics and, perhaps, different etiologies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Orthodontic treatment of impacted anterior teeth due to odontomas: a report of two cases.

Two cases are presented where the odontomas had caused the impaction of the anterior teeth and required a combined surgical and orthodontic treatment to bring these teeth into the arch. In the first case a large a complex odontome had caused the impaction of the right central incisor, lateral incisor and canine. In the second case a compound odontome blocked the eruption pathway of the right central incisor. It is emphasised that radiographic examination of all pediatric patients that present clinical evidence of delayed permanent tooth eruption or temporary tooth displacement with or without a history of previous dental trauma should be performed. Early diagnosis of odontomas allows adoption of a less complex and less expensive treatment and ensures a better prognosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Orthodontic eruption of furca-involved molars.

Guided tissue regeneration techniques, which are used in the treatment of certain advanced Class II and Class II furca-involved teeth, have progressed from promising to predictable. However, furca-modification techniques remain important aspects of treatment. Tooth eruption, combined with standard furca-modification techniques, improves the prognosis for both the treated and the adjacent teeth. Continued eruption of periodontally involved molars improves the crown-to-root ratio and maintains the periodontium of the adjacent dentition. These same concepts can be used to treat restoratively compromised molars, many of which were considered hopeless and subsequently extracted. Passive eruption can be useful in treating cases that need less than 3 mm of tooth eruption; orthodontic-active eruption with fixed appliances is advised if more than 3 mm of eruption is desired. Slower eruption rates (2 mm per month) allow the periodontal ligament to repair and the alveolar bone to remodel between orthodontic adjustments (3 to 4 weeks between adjustments). Periodic periodontal maintenance is accomplished during orthodontic treatment. After a retention period (8 weeks), periodontal++ surgery should be performed to reestablish the tooth's biologic width. After surgical wound healing (6 to 8 weeks), the tooth should be restored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Relationship between formation and eruption of permanent mandibular buccal dentition and vertical height of the mandibular body: longitudinal study of Japanese boys from 4 to 9 years of age.

AIM: To examine the relationship between the formation and eruption (vertical tooth movement in and through the alveolar bone) of the permanent mandibular buccal dentition and vertical height of the mandibular body. METHOD: Mandibular morphology and tooth formation and eruption were analyzed from cephalograms taken annually on each birthday month from 4 to 9 years of age. RESULTS: From 4 to 6 years of age, before active tooth eruption, there was a significant positive correlation between the vertical height of the mandibular body and the distance from the permanent mandibular buccal dentition to the occlusal plane. There was a significant positive correlation between the vertical height of the mandibular body at 6 years of age and the subsequent annual amount of tooth eruption in the mandibular buccal dentition. Simple linear regression equations were obtained to predict the amount of mandibular buccal tooth formation and eruption from the vertical height of the mandibular body at 6 years of age. CONCLUSION: The larger the mandibular vertical height, the larger the distance from the buccal dentition to the occlusal plane before active eruption, and the larger the amount of tooth eruption during the active eruption period. The vertical mandibular morphology is useful to predict the formation and eruption of the mandibular buccal dentition.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2004

Delayed formation of a lower second premolar.

Delayed odontogenesis of a lower second premolar is presented in a case treated without extraction and focuses on the 7-year follow-up of the delayed tooth bud. The follow-up was initiated when the crown formation was diagnosed and was finished when the tooth erupted completely into the orthodontically provided space, which enabled the orthodontic leveling and alignment of the delayed premolar. The long follow-up indicates that delayed tooth buds may develop completely and normally.

Bicuspid↗