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PubMed2005

Pharmaceutical development and clinical effectiveness of a novel gel technology for transdermal drug delivery.

Transdermal gels are designed to deliver sustained drug amounts, resulting in systemically consistent levels. They represent an improvement compared with transdermal delivery by patches because they offer more dosage flexibility, less irritation potential and a better cosmetic appearance. Advanced Transdermal Delivery (ATD) gel technology was developed in order to provide enhanced passive skin permeation of various active drugs for the treatment of many conditions, including hypogonadism, female sexual dysfunction, postmenopausal symptoms, overactive bladder and anxiety. The technology consists of a combination of solvent systems and permeation enhancers enabling systemic drug delivery, and is covered by many patents. Pharmaceutical development of formulations based on the technology allowed optimisation of physicochemical parameters (rheological profile, pH) as well as skin permeation properties (type and concentration of permeation enhancers, thermodynamic activity of the drug). This gel technology has demonstrated to be efficient for many drugs, as shown in the preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic studies presented in this technology evaluation.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2001

Use of anabolic-androgenic steroids in adolescence: winning, looking good or being bad?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use among Norwegian adolescents and to contrast three perspectives on AAS use: performance enhancement in sports competition, body image and eating concerns, and AAS-use as belonging to a cluster of problem behaviors. METHOD: A nationally representative sample of 8,877 (53.8% female) Norwegian youths (15-22 years of age) were surveyed (response rate 78%). Sports participation included measures of participation in strength sports, participation in competitive sports, strength training and perceived athletic competence. Body image and eating concerns included measures of disordered eating, perceived physical appearance and satisfaction with body parts. Problem behavior was measured by three dimensions of conduct problems (overt destruction, overt nondestruction and covert destruction), illicit drug use and sexual involvement. RESULTS: Information about AAS was obtained from 8,508 subjects. Lifetime AAS use was 0.8% (1.2% male and 0.6% female), 12-month prevalence was 0.3% and 5.1% had been offered AAS. AAS use did not vary according to sports involvement and demographics. Logistic regression analyses showed that AAS use was associated with such problem behavior as marijuana (cannabis) involvement and overt nondestruction (e.g., aggressive-type conduct problems) and, to some extent, with involvement in power sports and disordered eating. AAS users differed little from those who had been offered but refrained from using AAS, except that they were more likely to be current marijuana users. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent AAS use seems primarily to be another type of problem behavior and only secondarily is it associated with strength-sport participation and disordered eating.

Adolescent↗