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PubMed1995

A novel in situ hybridization signal amplification method based on the deposition of biotinylated tyramine.

For amplification of in situ hybridization (ISH) signals, we describe a method using catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD). This amplification method is based on the deposition of biotinylated tyramine (BT) at the location of the DNA probe. The BT precipitate can then visualized with fluorochrome- or enzyme-labeled avidin. Both for bright-field ISH (BRISH) and for fluorescence ISH (FISH), the detection limit was highly increased. This method is especially suitable for visualization of very weak ISH signals, such as those obtained by ISH using locus-specific DNA probes. Furthermore, CARD amplification of ISH signals (CARD-ISH) is highly sensitive, rapid, flexible, and easy to implement. Successful application of CARD-ISH with locus-specific DNA probes on histological and cytological samples may improve the determination of structural chromosomal aberrations in archival material.

Biotin↗
PubMed2006

Anxiolytic-like effects of (O-methyl)-N-2,6-dihydroxybenzoyl-tyramine (riparin III) from Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez (Lauraceae) in mice.

This work presents behavioral effects of (O-methyl)-N-2,6-dihydroxybenzoyl-tyramine (riparin III) isolated from the unripe fruit of Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez (Lauraceae) in animal models of open field, rota rod, elevated plus maze and hole board tests in mice. Riparin III (ripIII) was administered orally, in male mice, at single doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. The results showed that ripIII, at both doses, had no effects on the spontaneous motor activity in the rota rod test nor in the number of squares crossed in the open field test. However, riparin III decreased the number of grooming and rearing. In the plus maze test, ripIII, at both doses increased the following parameters: percentage of entries in the open arms (PEOA), time of permanence in the open arms (TPOA) and percentage of time of permanence in the open arms (PTOA) and at the dose of 50 mg/kg, increased the number of entries in the open arms (NEOA). Similarly, ripIII, at both doses, showed an increase in the number of head dips into the holes of the hole board test. These results show that riparin III presents anxiolytic effects in the plus maze and hole board tests which are not influenced by the locomotor activity in the open field test.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Effects of several catecholamine-related drugs on aggressive behavior, brain noradrenaline content and tyramine uptake by isolated mice].

Such effects were studied in male albino mice maintained under isolation circumstances for 7 weeks in order to induce aggressiveness. L-DOPA (25 mg/kg) was given concomitantly with DDC (75 mg/kg) or reserpine (0.1 mg/kg), or each was administered signly and intraperitoneally to subjects twice weekly. Two peaks on the aggressive degree were observed at the 3rd-4th and 6th weeks, respectively. At the first peak, mice treated with L-DOPA and/or reserpine demonstrated aggressive behavior to a higher degree than control mice but at the second peak, to a lower degree. Mice treated with L-DOPA and DDC showed the highest degree at the second peak. Tyramine uptake in the brain measured at the 6th week was enhanced in mice treated with combinations of L-DOPA with reserpine or DDC. Noradrenaline content in the brain was lowered in mice treated with L-DOPA and/or reserpine, in comparison with each control value; It is thus concluded that catecholamine-related drugs influence the degree of enhancement of aggressiveness in modes which vary depending on the form of action of each drug.

Aggression↗
PubMed1988

Involvement of uptake2 mechanism in inactivation of noradrenaline released by tyramine under anoxic conditions in perfused rat heart.

Effects of uptake2 inhibition by corticosterone on tyramine-induced noradrenaline (NA) overflow under control, glucose-deprivation, anoxia and anoxia with glucose-deprivation were examined in perfused rat heart. Uptake2 inhibition by corticosterone (100 microM) had no effect on the NA overflow under control and glucose-deprivation, but significantly augmented the NA overflow by about 40% and 25% under anoxia and anoxia with glucose-deprivation, respectively. These results indicate that the uptake mechanism is at least in part responsible for the inactivation of NA under anoxic conditions in the perfused rat heart.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Intracellular transport and degradation of 125I-tyramine cellobiose-labelled low-density lipoprotein endocytosed in vivo in rat liver cells studied by means of subcellular fractionation.

The intracellular transport and degradation of in vivo endocytosed 125I-tyramine cellobiose-labelled low density lipoprotein (125I-TC-LDL) in rat liver cells were studied by means of subcellular fractionation in Nycodenz, sucrose and Percoll density gradients, as well as by means of analytical differential centrifugation. Initially, labelled LDL was located in endocytic vesicles of low densities. Subsequently, acid-soluble and acid-precipitable radioactivities were found in organelles with buoyant densities distinctly lower than that of the main peaks of the lysosomal marker enzymes acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. These prelysosomal organelles may represent multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Finally, 6 h after injection and onwards, the acid-soluble radioactivity cosegregated completely with the two lysosomal marker enzymes, suggesting that the degradation products were in secondary lysosomes. The rate of intracellular processing of LDL was very slow compared to that of asialoglycoproteins, suggesting that LDL followed a unique intracellular pathway, that may be specific for this type of ligand.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Tyramine-like effect of cyclocytidine (2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosine hydrochloride), an antineoplastic agent.

Since cyclocytidine (2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosine hydrochloride) was introduced as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of lymphatic leukemia, sinus acceleration and an increase in systemic blood pressure has been reported as its systemic effects in the clinical cases. These cardiovascular effects of cyclocytidine were observed also in anesthetized dogs, but not in reserpine-pretreated animals. Increases in heart rate and in systemic blood pressure were prevented by propranolol and phentolamine, respectively. The mechanism of these sympathomimetic effects was further analysed in the excised, blood-perfused canine sinoatrial node and papillary muscle preparations with a support dog. Positive chronotropic and inotropic responses to cyclocytidine were abolished by desipramine, propanolol, and pretreatment with reserpine but not by tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium. The tyramine-like actions of cyclocytidine at adrenergic neuronal terminals were discussed in conjunction with the uptake mechanism of the drug into the tumor cells.

Ancitabine↗
PubMed1985

Analysis of cheese for histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophane.

A method is described for determining the content of selected biologically active amines (histamine, tyramine, tryptamine) and amino acids (histidine, tyrosine, tryptophane) in cheeses by high performance liquid chromatography. The amines and amino acids were quantified by employing a counter ion-containing mobile phase and by comparing peak areas of high performance liquid chromatography charts for sample cheeses versus standard cheeses containing known amounts of added amines based on dual injections of samples and standards. Recovery of amines and amino acids varied from 87.5 to 111%. Histamine, which has been associated with food poisoning in concentrations of 185 mg/100 g in Swiss cheese and 180 to 500 mg/100 g in fish, was found in concentrations above 500 mg/100 g in Swiss cheese. The high performance liquid chromatography analytical method should be useful for screening to detect cheese samples containing toxic amounts of histamine and for research studies designed to determine the cause and effect relationships for histamine production in cheese.

Cheese↗
PubMed1975

Determination of plasma and tissue levels of tyramine by radioimmunoassay.

Antibodies were prepared against tyramine. The antigen was prepared as follows: p-Aminohippuric acid was coupled to mBSA using a carbodiimide reagent. The amino group was diazotized an attached to the aromatif ring of TYR. The immunogen in Freund's complete adjuvant was injected into rabbits. The specificity of the resulting antibody was determined by radioimmunoassay. Using random-labeled TYR-3H, TYR, its metabolites, phenethylamine analogs, catecholamines, and certain amino acids were evaluated by a competitive binding assay method. With this technique 4 ng of TYR inhibited the binding of TYR-3H by 50%. The radioimmunoassay of TYR was used to measure the plasma, urine, and tissue levels of TYR in rabbits. The plasma disappearance curve of TYR revealed a biphasic pattern with t1/2 of 2 min and 54 min. The highest concentration of TYR was found in adrenals and spleen. The factthat the major metabolites of TYR and a series of pharmacologically important sympathomimetics and catecholamines did not interfere, makes the radioimmunoassay of TYR a useful, simple, sensitive, and spedific method for the direct analysis of TYR in biological meterials.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of histamine-, tyramine-, and putrescine-producing lactic acid bacteria in foods.

In a screening of primers, we have selected three pairs of primers for a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, which potentially produce histamine, tyramine, and putrescine on fermented foods. These primers were based on sequences from histidine, tyrosine, and ornithine decarboxylases from LAB. Under the optimized conditions, the assay yielded a 367-bp DNA fragment from histidine decarboxylases, a 924-bp fragment from tyrosine decarboxylases, and a 1,446-bp fragment from ornithine decarboxylases. When the DNAs of several target organisms were included in the same reaction, two or three corresponding amplicons of different sizes were observed. This assay was useful for the detection of amine-producing bacteria in control collection strains and in a LAB collection. No amplification was observed with DNA from nonproducing LAB strains. This article is the first describing a multiplex PCR approach for the simultaneous detection of potentially amine-producing LAB in foods. It can be easily incorporated into the routine screening for the accurate selection of starter LAB and in food control laboratories.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

PCR detection of foodborne bacteria producing the biogenic amines histamine, tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine.

This study describes an easy PCR method for the detection of foodborne bacteria that potentially produce histamine, tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine. Synthetic oligonucleotide pairs for the specific detection of the gene coding for each group of bacterial histidine, tyrosine, ornithine, or lysine decarboxylases were designed. Under the conditions used in this study, the assay yielded fragments of 372 and 531 bp from histidine decarboxylase-encoding genes, a 825-bp fragment from tyrosine decarboxylases, fragments of 624 and 1,440 bp from ornithine decarboxylases, and 1,098- and 1,185-bp fragments from lysine decarboxylases. This is the first PCR method for detection of cadaverine-producing bacteria. The method was successfully applied to several biogenic amine-producing bacterial strains.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1975

[Effects of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives on the central nervous system. (5) Changes in the volume of spontaneous movement in mice with intracerebral administration of tyramine].

Influence of tyramine (Ty) on behavioural changes in mice was studied and the following results obtained: 1) 30 min after Ty (160 mug, i.c.), brain noradrenaline and serotonin levels decreased while dopamine levels increased. 2) When Ty was injected i.c. into isocarboxazide (Iso) pretreated mice, spontaneous motor activity (SMA) measured by photo-cell counters method increased markedly but SMA by wheel cage method decreased. 3) When Ty was injected i.c. into Iso and p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) (400 mg/kg, i.p., daily X 2) pretended mice, SMA measured by photo-cell counters method increased. While, SMA increased from 30 to 90 min after Ty, SMA measured by wheel cage method decreased till 30 min after Ty. 4) When Ty was injected i.c. into Iso and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MPT) (125 mg/kg, i.p., daily X 2), SMA measured by photo-cell counters method decreased markedly when compared with Iso+saline treated group. When SMA was measured by wheel cage method, a difference between alpha-MPT+Iso-Ty treated group and Iso-saline group was not obtained. 5) When Ty was injected i.c. into p-CPA+alpha-MPT+Iso pretreated mice, SMA measured by photo-cell counters method did not show any increase compared with control group. 6) SMA produced by Iso-Ty in mice pretreated with haloperidol was significantly inhibited. A 50% dose of inhibition was seen with 0.3 mg/kg. From our results, it appears that an increase of SMA induced by Iso+Ty as revealed by the photo-cell counters method may be related to brain catecholamines and serotonin while a decrease of SMA in wheel cage method may be related to brain serotonin.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Effects of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives on the central nervous system. (5) The effect of intracerebral administration of tyramine on head twitching in mice pre-treated with isocarboxazid].

Effects of drugs on head-twitches induced by tyramine (Ty) in isocarboxazide (Iso) pretreated mice were studied and the following results obtained: 1) In beta-phenylethylamine derivatives, p-hydroxyamphetamine in non-treated and Iso-pretreated mice and Ty in Iso-pretreated mice produced head-twitches. 2) Injection of 5-HTP (i.c. and i.p.) into mice induced head-twitches. 3) Although head-twitches were not induced by a low dose of 5-HTP (20 mg/kg, i.p.), in Iso pretreated mice, the number of headtwitches increased markedly in the Iso-Ty treated group when Ty was injected i.c. in Iso+5-HTP (20 mg/kg) pretreated mice. 4) When Iso-Ty was injected into alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine pretreated mice, the number of head-twitches increased markedly compared with Iso-Ty treated group. 5) When Iso-Ty was injected into mice sustained with p-chlorophenylalanine, the number of head-twitches decreased markedly compared with the Iso-Ty treated group. 6) The number of head-twitches decreased markedly when Iso-Ty was injected into dimetotiazine pretreated mice, however the administration of Iso-Ty in haloperidol pretreated mice had no influence on head-twitches. 7) It is concluded that serotonin is the acting mediator in the head-twitch response.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1978

6-Chloro-2(1-piperazinyl) quinoxaline (CPQ): action on serotonin-induced behavioral responses and interactions with chloromethamphetamine and dimethyl-meta-tyramine.

6-Chloro-2(1-piperazinyl) quinoxaline (CPQ) was examined pharmacologically and biochemically as an inhibitor of the neuronal reuptake of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. The compound was 25-50 times more potent than chlorimipramine in potentiating the head-twitch response to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and in antagonizing p-chloromethamphetamine (PCMA)-induced depletion of brain serotonin in rats. CPQ also potentiated the forepaw clonus produced by 5HTP in rats and antagonized PCMA-induced head twitches. At dose levels 30 times those necessary to significantly affect serotoninergic systems, CPQ was ineffective in antagonizing either tetrabenazine-induced sedation in mice or the depletion of rat brain and heart norepinephrine or brain dopamine produced by 4, alpha-dimethylmeta-tyramine (H77/77). The data indicate that CPQ exhibits a high degree of potency and selectivity in inhibiting the neuronal reuptake of serotonin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Tyramine and serotonin syndromes. Pharmacological, medical and legal remarks].

The tyramine syndrome and the serotonin syndrome are a complex of signs and symptoms that are thought to be largely attributable to drug - drug interactions or drug - food interactions that enhances norepinephrine o serotonin activity. This article reviews: pharmacological basis of those syndromes; clinical features; forbidden foods, drug-drug interactions, and treatment options. Finally a set of legal recommendations are proposed to avoid liability litigations.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cluster headache: a comparison of the proportions of abnormal recordings for several derived variables in tyramine pupillometry.

Tyramine pupillometry was performed in 27 cluster headache patients and in 45 healthy controls. Asymmetry variables, i.e. symptomatic(S)-nonsymptomatic(NS) side diameter difference and the ratios (S/NS, log NS/S or S/S+NS) displayed higher sensitivities than variables which express the function of the symptomatic and the nonsymptomatic side pupil separately. Thirty percent of patients had abnormal S-NS values at maximal pupillary dilatation. The statistical properties of different ratio variables are discussed and it is concluded that the transformed ratio (log(NS/S], anisocoria (S-NS) and the anisocoria index (S/S+NS) may be superior to the conventional S/NS ratio.

Arousal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Formation of p-tyramine from dopamine bound to synaptic receptors of the rat brain in vitro].

Tyramine (TA) revealed earlier during the functioning of dopamine (DA)-receptors of the rat brain (after learning) in vivo was produced from dopamine bound by DA-receptors of the synaptic membranes in the system which was exposed to the influence of the microdischarge electroradialysis in vitro. It is shown that the formation of p-TA under these conditions depends on the period of the micro-discharge effect on the system, it is maximal at exposition of 30 s for I = 4.2 mA. In control solutions of standard DA and DA preincubated with the membranes of the cerebellum homogenate, without DA-receptors, p-TA was not revealed under these conditions. The results obtained confirm the supposition that p-TA is the product of the DA-receptors functioning in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Tyramine and new monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs.

The hypertensive crisis induced by the ingestion of cheese in subjects undergoing treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) led to their virtual disappearance in many parts of the world. Three strategies to try and diminish the risk of this reaction have been developed: the combination of current (irreversible and non-selective) MAOIs with tricyclic antidepressants, the use of new selective MAOIs, and the use of new reversible MAOIs. The relative effectiveness of these different approaches can be assessed by the tyramine pressor test. The introduction of reversible and selective monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) inhibitors looks especially promising clinically.

Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic↗
PubMed1989

Tyramine and irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors in clinical practice.

The cheese reaction following use of the irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) began to be reported in the UK with increasing frequency from about 1961. By 1965, the underlying mechanism (tyramine-provoked hypertension) had been essentially elucidated. Thereafter, this potentially severe side-effect could have been largely avoided by the use of fairly simple dietary precautions. Unfortunately, suspicion and fear burgeoned, and both the seriousness and the frequency of risk were dramatically inflated. This was a major factor in the subsequent general disuse of the irreversible MAOIs. Second-generation MAOIs which are selective for monoamine oxidase-A and B are now being synthesised and may eliminate the eventuality of hypertension without special dietary precautions.

Blood Pressure↗