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PubMed1977

Liver function in leprosy.

Thirty eight patients of leprosy were classified on the basis of clinical and biopsy findings into 10 lepromatous (all reactional), 20 tuberculoid (7 in reaction) and 8 dimorphic (5 in reaction). The liver function tests--serum proteins, albumin/globulin ratio, fractions in paper electrophoresis, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and thymol turbidity tests--and the serum cholesterol was estimated in each patient. The abnormalities were a reversal of the albumin/globulin ratio in all the three groups and an increase in beta/globulin fraction in the lepromatous group, but total proteins were within normal limits. The thymol turbidity test showed moderately elevated levels in all three groups. SGPT was slightly raised in a few cases. Only a single patient with tuberculoid leprosy showed serum cholesterol to be over 250 mg per 100 ml.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dopamine content in blood and activity of alcohol-transforming enzymes in alcoholism].

An increase of alcohol dehydrogenase activity is observed in patients with chronic alcoholism at the first stage of the disease under normal indices of activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, aspartate- and alanine aminotransferase and thymol sample that evidences for the induction of alcohol dehydrogenase synthesis in the liver. At the second stage of alcoholism the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, aspartate- and alanine aminotransferase, the index of thymol sample increase while activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase decreases that indicates to organic destructive changes in the liver. At the third stage of alcoholism one can observe the decrease in activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase relative to activity of these enzymes at the second stage, that can evidence for the increase of the possibility of the processes of synthesis of the liver. The correlation of alcohol dehydrogenase activity to that of aldehyde dehydrogenase in the process of formation and development of alcoholism is shifted towards the progressive accumulation of acetaldehyde. Parallel increase of dopamine concentration in blood creates conditions for formation of morphine-like alcaloides--products of condensation of acetaldehide with dopamine.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed2003

In vitro antagonistic activity of monoterpenes and their mixtures against 'toe nail fungus' pathogens.

The antibiotic effect of the active ingredients in Meijer medicated chest rub (eucalyptus oil, camphor and menthol) as well as the inactive ingredients (thymol, oil of turpentine, oil of nutmeg and oil of cedar leaf) were studied in vitro using the fungal pathogens responsible for onychomycosis, such as the dermatophytes Tricophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton fl occosum and Epidermophyton stockdale. The zones of inhibition data revealed that camphor (1). menthol (2). thymol (3). and oil of Eucalyptus citriodora were the most efficacious components against the test organisms. The MIC(100) for mixtures of these four components in various carrier solvents revealed that formulations consisting of 5 mg/mL concentrations of each have a potential to be efffective in controlling onychomycosis.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of two Satureja species essential oils.

The phytochemical GC[sol ]MS analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of the aerial parts of Satureja montana L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten., collected in Croatia were performed. The major compound of S. montana oil was the phenolic monoterpene carvacrol (45.7%). Other important compounds were the monoterpenic hydrocarbons p-cymene (12.6%), gamma-terpinene (8.1%) and the oxygen-containing compounds carvacrol methyl ether, borneol, thymol and thymol methyl ether. The volatile oil of S. cuneifolia was characterized as beta-cubebene (8.7%), limonene (8.3%), alpha-pinene (6.9%), spathulenol and beta-caryophyllene. The antimicrobial effects of S. montana and S. cuneifolia oils were found to have a broad spectrum activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens by the broth microdilution method. These oils were active against all the test strains, with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compared with S. cuneifolia, savory oil exhibited greater antimicrobial activity. The maximum activity of savory oil was observed against Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and against the yeast (Candida albicans). The essential oil of S. cuneifolia was also found to inhibit the growth of medically important pathogens such as S. aureus and E. coli. Fungicidal activity for both oils against C. albicans and S. cerevisiae was also observed.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1978

Effect of ATP on liver function tests in experimental diabetes.

Liver function tests were performed in severe and mild diabetic rats and under the influence of ATP. In mild diabetics the serum cholesterol was significantly increased, while in severe diabetes the serum cholesterol was significantly lower than in mild diabetes. The decreased serum cholesterol in severe diabetes may be an indication for the development of fatty liver. The serum alkaline phosphatase and serum bilirubin were significantly increased in both the severe and mild diabetic states, while the thymol turbidity test was insignificantly changed in both states of diabetes. Serum albumin was significantly decreased in 10 days mild diabetes, while it was insignificantly changed in 48 hrs severe diabetic animals. The effect of ATP was investigated in mild diabetes. ATP resulted in a significant increase in serum albumin and a decrease in total globulins with the resultant increase in A/G ratio. The serum alkaline phosphatase exhibited a significant reduction under the influence of ATP. The elevated cholesterol of mild diabetic rats remained significantly elevated and was not reduced by ATP, though the fat content of the liver showed a significant reduction. This may be due to more rapid mobilisation of fat from the liver under the influence of ATP. ATP showed no significant effect on serum bilirubin and thymol turbidity test. the histopathological examination of the liver revealed that administration of ATP to alloxan diabetic rats had a beneficial effect. It resulted in disappearrance of the fat globules from the liver cells.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2006

Natural terpenes: self-assembly and membrane partitioning.

Monoterpenes (MTs) are highly hydrophobic substances present in essential oils. They cover a wide spectrum of biological effects with a membrane interaction as a common point. Here we studied the surface activity of camphor, cineole, thymol, menthol and geraniol, and their ability to reach and incorporate into model membranes affecting some features of their dynamic organization. All the MTs studied self-aggregated in water with critical micellar concentrations (CMC) between 3 and 8 microM. Their octanol-water and membrane-water partition coefficients were correlated with one another. They all penetrated in monomolecular layers of dipalmitoyl-phosphatildylcholine at the air-water interface, even at surface pressures (pi) above the equilibrium lateral pressure of bilayers; thymol exhibited the highest (61.3 mN/m) and camphor the lowest (37 mN/m) pi(cut-off) value. They affected the self-aggregation of Triton X-100, increasing its CMC from 0.16 mM in the absence of MTs up to 0.68 mM (e.g. for geraniol), and the topology of sPC vesicles, increasing its surface curvature, suggesting their location at the polar head group region of the membrane. The latter was supported by their ability to increase differentially the polarity of the membrane environment sensed by two electrochromic dyes. Dipole moment values (between 1.224 and 2.523 D) and solvation areas (between 80 and 97 A(2)) were calculated from their energy-minimized structures. The relative contribution of each experimental, theoretical and structural property to determine MTs' effects on membrane dynamics were evaluated by a principal component analysis.

Air↗
PubMed2004

Effects of terpenoid phenol derivatives on calcium current in canine and human ventricular cardiomyocytes.

Concentration-dependent (10-1000 microM) effects of terpenoid phenol derivatives were studied on L-type Ca(2+) current in isolated canine and human ventricular cardiomyocytes using the whole-cell configuration of patch clamp technique. Carvacrol, thymol and eugenol suppressed peak Ca(2+) current at +5 mV, having EC(50) values and Hill coefficients of 98+/-11, 158+/-7 and 187+/-15 microM and 1.42+/-0.05, 2.96+/-0.43 and 1.6+/-0.1, respectively, in canine myocytes. Zingerone displayed a weak effect (estimated EC(50): 2+/-0.37 mM, Hill coefficient: 0.73+/-0.07), while vanillin and guaiacol failed to substantially modify Ca(2+) current up to the concentration of 1 mM. In addition to tonic block, thymol and carvacrol, but not eugenol, evoked marked rate-dependent block at 2 Hz. Carvacrol and eugenol accelerated inactivation of Ca(2+) current and caused leftward shift in the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation without altering activation kinetics. Carvacrol, but not eugenol, increased the time constant of recovery from inactivation. These effects of carvacrol and eugenol developed rapidly and were largely reversible. In myocytes isolated from undiseased human hearts, the effect of carvacrol was similar to that observed in canine cells. It is concluded that suppression of cardiac Ca(2+) currents by phenol derivatives is influenced by the substituent in the benzene ring, and the blocking effect of these drugs may involve interactions with the inactivation machinery of the channel.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of industrial and natural biocides on spoilage, pathogenic and technological strains grown in biofilm.

This study aimed at investigating bactericide solutions effective on spoilage and pathogenic bacteria while preserving technological bacteria. Two compounds of essential oil (thymol and eugenol), one essential oil of Satureja thymbra and two industrial biocides (PE 270-30, Brillo) were tested on technological strains (Staphylococcus equorum, Staphylococcus succinus and Lactobacillus sakei) grown in monoculture biofilm and on a mixed biofilm of pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes) and spoilage bacteria (Pseudomonas fragi, Escherichia coli). Biofilm cultures were performed in glass fibre filters for 24h at 20 degrees C before application of biocides. Thymol and eugenol had no effect on the mixed biofilm. S. thymbra (2%) was highly effective on spoilage strains (5 log reduction), and S. equorum (4 log reduction) was moderately effective on pathogens (2.3 log reduction) and not effective on S. succinus and L. sakei (0.5 log reduction). PE-270-30 with 10% Na((2))SO((4)) decreased spoilage bacteria (5.1 log reduction), maintained the technological bacteria, but did not reduce the pathogens. The disinfectant Brillo (3%) killed all the strains. These results showed the difficulty in obtaining a biocide that is effective in destroying spoilage and pathogenic bacteria while preserving technological bacteria. Essential oils could be a good alternative for eradicating spoilage bacteria in the food environment where they are often found at high levels.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2005

Aspergillus flavus growth in the presence of chemical preservatives and naturally occurring antimicrobial compounds.

The combined effects of water activity ([a(w)] 0.99 or 0.95), pH (4.5 or 3.5) and antimicrobial agent (potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium bisulfite, carvacrol, citral, eugenol, thymol, or vanillin) concentration (0, 100, 200 up to 1800 ppm) on the growth of Aspergillus flavus were evaluated in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Mold spore germination time and radial growth rates (RGR) were significantly (p<0.05) affected by the variables. For equal antimicrobial concentration, reduction in pH or a(w) had important effects, lowering RGR and delaying germination time. Depending on a(w) and pH, increase in antimicrobial concentration slightly reduced RGR until a critical concentration where RGR was drastically reduced or mold growth was inhibited. Germination time increased as antimicrobial agent concentration increased and when a(w) and pH decreased. Important antimicrobial differences were observed, being, in general, the natural antimicrobials less pH-dependent than chemical preservatives. A. flavus exhibited higher sensitivity to thymol, eugenol, carvacrol, potassium sorbate, sodium bisulfite, and sodium benzoate (at pH 3.5) than to vanillin or citral.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Effects of antimicrobial components of essential oils on growth of Bacillus cereus INRA L2104 in and the sensory qualities of carrot broth.

The possible use of antimicrobials from seven plant essential oils as food preservatives was studied by examining their effects on the growth kinetics of activated Bacillus cereus INRA L2104 spores inoculated into tyndallized carrot broth. The effects of various concentrations of borneol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, menthol, thymol, and vanillin were determined. Five microliters of cinnamaldehyde, 15 microl of carvacrol, or 30 mg of thymol per 100 ml of inoculated carrot broth completely inhibited bacterial growth for more than 60 days at 16 degrees C. Lower concentrations of the three antimicrobials prolonged the lag phase and reduced both the exponential growth rate and the final population densities of cultures. The study of the sensory characteristics of the supplemented broths suggested that low concentration of cinnamaldehyde enhanced the taste of carrot broth, and that it did not have any adverse effect on the taste and smell of carrot broth at concentrations less than 6 microl 100 ml(-1).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Essential oil composition is related to the natural habitats: Coridothymus capitatus and Satureja thymbra in NATURA 2000 sites of Crete.

The study of essential oils obtained from Coridothymus capitatus and Satureja thymbra collected from different natural habitat types of 11 NATURA 2000 sites scattered all over Crete has shown that they are characterized either by a high amount of carvacrol (up to 75.7%) or thymol (up to 65.6%) or by a more or less equal amount of the two phenols. The results of a discriminant analysis with predefined groups the natural habitat types wherefrom the plants were collected have shown that the oils of both species collected from the dry dwarf-shrub formations of the lowland have a high carvacrol content whereas those collected from the more mesic timber or highland formations have a high thymol content. Furthermore, the results of this study introduce the use of natural habitat unit as a tool for the assessment of essential oil variation.

Environment↗
PubMed2006

Pharmaceutical chemicals and endocrine disrupters in municipal wastewater in Tokyo and their removal during activated sludge treatment.

We measured six acidic analgesics or anti-inflammatories (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, mefenamic acid), two phenolic antiseptics (thymol, triclosan), four amide pharmaceuticals (propyphenazone, crotamiton, carbamazepine, diethyltoluamide), three phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (nonylphenol, octylphenol, bisphenol A), and three natural estrogens (17beta-estradiol, estrone, estriol) in 24-h composite samples of influents and secondary effluents collected seasonally from five municipal sewage treatment plants in Tokyo. Aspirin was most abundant in the influent, with an average concentration of 7300 ng/L (n = 16), followed by crotamiton (921 ng/L), ibuprofen (669 ng/L), triclosan (511 ng/L), and diethyltoluamide (503 ng/L). These concentrations were 1 order of magnitude lower than those reported in the USA and Europe. This can be ascribed to lower consumption of the pharmaceuticals in Japan. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and thymol were removed efficiently during primary + secondary treatment (> 90% efficiency). On the other hand, amide-type pharmaceuticals, ketoprofen, and naproxen showed poor removal (< 50% efficiency), which is probably due to their lower hydrophobicity (logKow < 3). Because of the persistence of crotamiton during secondary treatment, crotamiton was most abundant among the target pharmaceuticals in the effluent. This is the first paper to report ubiquitous occurrence of crotamiton, a scabicide, in sewage. Because crotamiton is used worldwide and it is persistent during secondary treatment, it is a promising molecular marker of sewage and secondary effluent.

Endocrine Disruptors↗
PubMed2001

The effects of terpene enhancers on the percutaneous permeation of drugs with different lipophilicities.

Four model drugs were selected based on their lipophilicity denoted as log P (nicardipine hydrochloride log P -0.99 +/- 0.1, hydrocortisone log P 1.43 +/- 0.47, carbamazepine log P 2.67 +/- 0.38, and tamoxifen log P 7.87 +/- 0.75). The enhancing activities of four terpene enhancers (fenchone log P 2.13 +/- 0.30, thymol log P 3.28 +/- 0.20, D-limonene log P 4.58 +/- 0.23, and nerolidol log P 5.36 +/- 0.38) were tested in vitro across full thickness hairless mouse skin with each of the evaluated drugs formulated in hydroxypropyl cellulose gel formulations. The relationships between lipophilicity (log P) of the terpene enhancers and model drugs and efficacy (represented by the enhancement ratio of flux ER(flux)) of the drugs when coadministered with the enhancers were examined using linear regression. Terpene enhancers had significant effect on the percutaneous permeation of the model drugs. Nerolidol (highest lipophilicity) provided the highest increase in the flux of the evaluated model drugs. The flux of nicardipine hydrochloride increased by approximately 135-fold, hydrocortisone by 33-fold, carbamazepine 8-fold, and tamoxifen 2-fold. The lowest increase in the flux was observed with fenchone. Linear relationships were generated between the ER(flux) of nicardipine hydrochloride, hydrocortisone, carbamazepine, and tamoxifen and the log P of the terpene enhancers [r = 0.951, (P = 0.049), r = 0.977, (P = 0.023), r = 0.942, (P = 0.057), and r = 0.874, (P = 0.126), respectively]. Furthermore, the four terpene enhancers produced linear relationships, indicating that they were more effective at enhancing the penetration of hydrophilic drugs rather than lipophilic drugs r=-0.824 (P=0.176) for fenchone, r = -0.891 (P = 0.109) for thymol, r = -0.846 (P = 0.154) for limonene, and r = -0.769 (P = 0.232) for nerolidol.

Cellulose↗
PubMed2001

Effect of passive and iontophoretic skin pretreatments with terpenes on the in vitro skin transport of piroxicam.

The enhancing effect of several terpenes (thymol, menthone and 1,8-cineole) in the percutaneous permeation of piroxicam (Px), either passive or iontophoretically, was investigated. These terpenes were applied, on the skin membrane, as a passive and iontophoretic skin pretreatment. Px was delivered from carbopol gels containing hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (2% w/w Px). An increase in Px flux values, both passive and iontophoretic after skin pretreatment with 5% terpenes/50% EtOH, was found to be in the following order: thymol>menthone>1,8-cineole. Iontophoretic skin pretreatment with terpenes produced a slight increase in the passive flux of Px, in comparison with the passive skin pretreatment. This result indicated that iontophoresis could modify the skin morphology and consequently, increase the passive transport of Px. However, when Px was transported iontophoretically, passive skin pretreatment with terpenes, produced higher flux values than iontophoretic skin pretreatment. These results could be explained by the fact that with the iontophoretic pretreatment, terpenes could penetrate into the skin and limitate the movement of the ionized species, across the skin, during the iontophoretic experiments. The amount of Px retained in the skin after all experiments was related to flux values across skin.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1997

Antimicrobial activity of Micromeria nervosa from the Palestinian area.

Organic and aqueous solvent extracts and fractions of Micromeria nervosa (Desf.) Benth. (Labiatae) were investigated for antimicrobial activities on several microorganisms including bacteria and yeast. The different extracts differed significantly in their antimicrobial activities with the ethanolic extract being most active, followed by ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts. The least active extract was the aqueous. No significant difference between the different test microorganisms in their susceptibility to different extracts, with Candida albicans being the most susceptible to ethanolic extract giving 1.5 times the effect of nystatin. One of the main active ingredients of M. nervosa was isolated and identified as carvacrol. No significant difference in antimicrobial activity was found between carvacrol and its isomer thymol. The most susceptible test microorganism was Proteus vulgaris to carvacrol, and P. vulgaris and C. albicans to thymol. The least susceptible bacterium to both fractions was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal or fungicidal concentrations (MBC or MFC) were determined for both compounds.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Sonochemical chloro-oxidation of phenols using HCl-H2O2.

The reaction of phenol, 2-nitrophenol, thymol, 1-naphthol and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid with HCl-H2O2 was carried out in the presence and in the absence of ultrasound. In the presence of ultrasound phenol, 2-nitrophenol and thymol gave only the chlorinated products, while 1-naphthol and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid gave chlorinated quinones as the major products. The reactions with ultrasound were compared with those without ultrasound.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Common herbs, essential oils, and monoterpenes potently modulate bone metabolism.

During our survey of herbs looking for activity on bone metabolism, we found that the dried leaves of sage strongly inhibit bone resorption. Therefore, we investigated several common herbs rich in essential oils (sage, rosemary, and thyme) and essential oils extracted from these herbs and other plants (oils of sage, rosemary, juniper, pine, dwarf pine, turpentine, and eucalyptus) as well as their monoterpene components (thujone, eucalyptol, camphor, borneol, thymol, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, bornylacetate as well as menthol) and found that they inhibit bone resorption when added to the food of rats. Pine oil, used as a representative essential oil, protects an osteoporosis model, the aged ovariectomized rat, from bone loss. The monoterpenes borneol, thymol, and camphor are directly inhibitory in the osteoclast resorption pit assay. Nonpolar monoterpenes may require metabolism to be active in vitro, for example, cis-verbenol, a metabolite of alpha-pinene occurring in human urine, inhibits osteoclast activity in contrast to the parent compound. Within 30 min borneol inhibits the formation of actin rings, a characteristic of resorbing osteoclasts indicating cell polarization. Both the in vitro and the in vivo effects of borneol are reversible. Our study demonstrates for the first time that essential oils and monoterpenes are efficient inhibitors of bone resorption in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Correlation between the chemical and genetic relationships among commercial thyme cultivars.

The essential oil composition and genetic variability of six commercial cultivars of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), a Mediterranean medicinal and aromatic plant, were analyzed by GC-MS and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), respectively. All evaluated cultivars belong to the thymol chemotype, with differences in the concentrations of thymol, gamma-terpinene, p-cymene, and other minor components. The comparison of the oil components concentration by multivariate analysis allowed separation of the cultivars into two groups. All of the cultivars exhibited characteristic RAPD patterns that allowed their identification. On the basis of the RAPD patterns, the cultivars could be divided into two clusters, which coincides with results obtained by oil GS-MS analysis, with a correlation coefficient of -0.779.

DNA, Plant↗