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PubMed1988

Evaluation of acepromazine/meperidine/atropine premedication followed by thiopental anesthesia in the cat.

Cardiopulmonary function was assessed in healthy cats premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine, meperidine, atropine combination (premix), followed by induction and maintenance with intravenous thiopental for 30 min. Cardiac output by thermodilution, heart rate, blood pressure and blood gas analysis were evaluated over 120 min. A minor degree of respiratory depression was noted in the cats. Cardiac index (cardiac output/kg) was significantly depressed following thiopental induction and for the entire 120 min studied. Stroke volume was significantly reduced after premix administration and for 90 min posthiopental induction. No significant change in heart rate, systemic vascular resistance or blood pressure was observed. Significant cardiovascular depression was produced by the premedicant, and this persisted following thiopental anesthesia.

Acepromazine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative use of thiopental and methohexital in patients anesthesized for E.N.T. endoscopy. Apropos of 60 cases].

The clinical effects of methohexital versus thiopental are studied in 60 randomized patients anaesthetized for E.N.T. endoscopy or laser surgery of the larynx. Thiopental is injected by I.V. bolus (5 mg/kg) and methohexital is administered by continuous infusion (0.1 mg/kg/min). Fentanyl is the analgesic and succinyl-choline is used for curarisation. All patients are ventilated by a conventional ventilator or by high frequency ventilation. Side-effects, extubation time, and recovery estimated by the Newman-test modified by Weber are studied. The only difference between methohexital and thiopental is a better recovery-score at 30 minutes for the methohexital group.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Comparative hemodynamic study of anesthesia induction with propofol (Diprivan), thiopental, methohexital, etomidate and midazolam in patients with coronary disease].

UNLABELLED: In patients undergoing cardiac surgery, the induction of anesthesia is not without risk because of specific cardiovascular effects of the anesthetic and the preoperative state of the patient. The hemodynamic effects of etomidate, midazolam, thiopental, and methohexital are well known: etomidate is an anesthetic that induces only minor cardiovascular changes; its influence on the endocrine system, however, has reduced its clinical indication. Barbiturates such as thiopental and methohexital produce negative inotropic effects in combination with an increase in heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption; midazolam reduces pre- and afterload in patients with poor left ventricular function. Propofol, a new short-acting induction agent with good anesthetic properties, is said to diminish arterial pressure as well as myocardial oxygen consumption. METHODS: In a randomized study we investigated the hemodynamic effects of intravenous induction with propofol (2 mg/kg body wt.), thiopental (5 mg/kg), methohexital (1 mg/kg), etomidate (0.3 mg/kg), and midazolam (0.15 mg/kg) in 50 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. All patients were premedicated with flunitrazepam (0.03 mg/kg up to 2 mg) and morphine hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg up to 15 mg) 100 min before the investigation. After 0.003 mg/kg fentanyl the patients received the induction agent in the above-mentioned dosage within 40 s followed by 0.1 mg/kg pancuronium bromide. Hemodynamic measurements were performed 1, 3, and 5 min after the end of the injection as well as 1 and 5 min after intubation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1988

Effects of phenobarbital on thiopental pharmacokinetics in greyhounds.

The effects of phenobarbital on the pharmacokinetics of thiopental (15 mg/kg IV) were investigated in 12 trained racing Greyhounds. Phenobarbital (16 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 24 h), administered for 14 days, reduced the area under the curve of plasma concentration of thiopental vs time from 10,688 micrograms.min/ml to 3,224 micrograms.min/ml. Furthermore, the time to recovery from anesthesia (ie, return to standing position) decreased from 103 minutes to 35.7 minutes after phenobarbital. These effects were attributed to an increase in the metabolic clearance of thiopental, as a result of induction of liver enzyme activity by phenobarbital. These results suggested that hepatic metabolism, in addition to distribution, is a factor that must be considered when assessing the difference in drug disappearance rates between Greyhounds and other breeds of dogs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anaesthetic effects of flurazepam alone and in combination with thiopental or hexobarbital evaluated with an EEG-threshold method in male rats.

The anaesthetic effects of a benzodiazepine derivate, flurazepam, and the anaesthetic interaction between flurazepam and 2 barbiturates, thiopental and hexobarbital, were studied in male rats using an EEG-threshold method. The criterion of anaesthesia was defined by a burst suppression in the EEG of 1 sec or more (the "silent second"). The dose needed to induce the criterion was used as the threshold. The data on the interaction were evaluated with the isobolographic method. Flurazepam alone infused with different rates gave an almost V-shaped dose-rate curve. Convulsive activity was seen in all rats in connection with the EEG-criterion. The mortality during anaesthesia increased with increased infusion rates of flurazepam. The anaesthetic interaction between thiopental-flurazepam and hexobarbital-flurazepam was with low admixture of flurazepam, a pronounced potentiation. With increased admixture of flurazepam, an additive interaction with thiopental and flurazepam was obtained, whereas an antagonistic interaction was obtained with hexobarbital and flurazepam. Convulsive activity and mortality during anaesthesia in the interaction studies were only observed in tests where high admixtures of flurazepam were used.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1987

A comparative study between midazolam and thiopental alone or with analgesic and neuroleptic as intravenous induction agents in general anesthesia.

We compared midazolam with thiopental both in association with saline, fentanyl and fentanyl with droperidol for induction of anesthesia. Our data show that the administration of fentanyl or fentanyl and droperidol before midazolam improves the induction to reach almost the quality of a thiopental induction. No difference in cardiocirculatory effects between midazolam and thiopental was found.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Effect of selected anesthetics on serum myoglobin levels after administration of succinylcholine. Comparison of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane with thiopental in adults].

The type of anesthetic agent used influences the extent of the increase in serum myoglobin concentrations brought about by succinylcholine (sch). The purpose of this study was to compare the inhalational agents halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane with i.v. thiopental with respect to their effects on serum myoglobin levels following sch. Twenty-four male adults undergoing surgical procedures involving no muscle trauma were randomized and divided into four groups of six each. Following induction of anesthesia with a bolus injection of thiopental 2.5-3.5 mg/kg, patients in the four groups received either repetitive doses of thiopental plus N2O/O2 (4 l/min; FiO2 0.3) or one of the inhalational agents in N2O/O2 in dosages necessary for maintenance. Ventilation was carried out according to clinical judgement. Following a pre-sch phase of 15 min, sch 1 mg/kg was injected intravenously. Blood samples for determining myoglobin (normal range 30-60 ng/ml) were taken immediately prior to (control values) and 5 and 15 min after sch injection. Increases were defined as the difference of two values 15 min prior to and after sch. Statistical analysis was carried out by way of ANOVAs, P less than 0.05 being considered significant. The mean values of myoglobin prior to sch ranged from 52.3 to 57.7 ng/ml according to group (Table 1). The increase in concentration normally ranged from 1 to 7 times pre-sch levels, in some cases to 20 times. Table 2 shows the mean values. The type of anesthetic agent exerted no significant influence on serum concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Effect of thiopental Na on the concentration of calcium ions in blood].

The hemodynamic effects induced by thiopental and a decrease in blood ionized calcium are uniform. This investigation was undertaken to show a possible decrease in ionized blood calcium during induction of general anesthesia with thiopental. Twenty-four patients aged 19-79 years (median 57) were studied. None had any known parathyroid disease, malabsorption, or chronic renal insufficiency, and none were receiving calcium channel blockers. For the analysis of blood Ca++, pH, and PCO2, blood samples were drawn anaerobically into a heparinized syringe from an i.v. cannula. A special heparin solution was used (S4500 Radiometer, Copenhagen) to avoid the influence of heparin on the Ca++ determination. The initial 2 ml were discarded. No samples were drawn in the first 3 min after removal of the tourniquet. A maximum of 100 ml isotonic saline was infused between the two samplings. The infusion was stopped for at least 30 s before sampling. PCO2, B-Ca++, and pH were measured directly using the ABL 4 (Radiometer, Copenhagen) and the ICA 1 ionized calcium analyzer (Radiometer, Copenhagen). The standard deviation of repeated measurements of B-Ca++ within a short time using the same sample is 0.01 mmol/l on the ICA 1. The samples were drawn just before and 2 min after thiopental injection (median 5.9 mg/kg) was started. The pulse and blood pressure were simultaneously measured. The individual Ca++ measurements are shown in Table 1. The results of the investigation are shown in Table 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of midazolam and thiopental for rapid sequence anesthetic induction for elective cesarean section.

Sixty healthy mothers undergoing elective cesarean section received at random either midazolam 0.2 mg/kg or thiopental 3.5 mg/kg with succinylcholine 1 mg/kg for rapid sequence intravenous anesthetic induction. Maintenance of anesthesia was identical in all patients: 50:50 N2O in oxygen, halothane 0.5% and pancuronium 0.05 mg/kg. Hemodynamic responses were similar, as were the biochemical status of mothers and infants, and maternal to fetal blood gas/acid base gradients. Correlation between maternal arterial and fetal (umbilical venous/arterial) pH, PCO2 and base excess values were statistically better with midazolam. However, 1-min Apgar minus color (A-C) scores less than 5/8 (representing "severe" neonatal depression) were recorded in five infants after midazolam, three of whom required tracheal intubation, and one whose mother was given thiopental. This difference reached statistical significance (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that midazolam is less suitable than thiopental for anesthetic induction in patients undergoing cesarean section.

Anesthesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMed1987

Nitrous oxide reduces thiopental-induced prolongation of survival in hypoxic and anoxic mice.

Arnfred's mouse model was used to test the effect of thiopental during hypoxia (5% O2) and anoxia, with and without simultaneous administration of nitrous oxide. As found by Arnfred and others, thiopental without N2O more than doubled survival time during hypoxia (from 5.2 +/- 0.6 to 13.9 +/- 2.6 min). This effect was completely offset by simultaneous use of N2O (from 13.9 +/- 2.6 to 4.8 +/- 0.7 min). Thiopental without N2O also increased survival time during complete anoxia (from 26 +/- 1 to 59 +/- 1 sec). This effect was diminished by 58% when N2O was added (from 59 +/- 1 to 40 +/- 1 sec). We conclude that nitrous oxide diminishes the effect of barbiturates upon survival time in hypoxic and anoxic mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The hemodynamic consequences of high-dose thiopental anesthesia.

The hemodynamic and electroencephalographic effects of a 60 min infusion of thiopental, given at the rate of 1.25 mg X kg-1 X min-1 (total dose 75 mg/kg), were studied in 10 patients without cardiorespiratory disease undergoing surgery for the removal of large and/or deeply seated arteriovenous malformations. Data on heart rate, arterial, right atrial, pulmonary arterial, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, thermodilution cardiac output (expressed as cardiac index), the electroencephalogram, arterial blood gases, and serum thiopental concentrations were collected during a sedated, resting control period, and then every 15 min during drug infusion. Lactated Ringer's solution (total volume 1-2 liters) was infused throughout the study period at rates sufficient to maintain pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at control values. In doses sufficient to render the electroencephalogram isoelectric [t approximately equal to 30 min, 37.5 mg/kg cumulative dose, serum concentration 51 +/- 17 micrograms/ml (mean +/- SD)], drug infusion resulted in significant increases in heart rate (to 116% of control), and decreases in arterial pressure (to 87% of control), stroke volume index (to 87% of control), systemic resistance (84% of control), and both left and right ventricular stroke work indices (66% and 69% of control, respectively). Cardiac index was unchanged (following a transient increase at t = 15 min). There were no changes in pulmonary vascular resistance, or blood gases. A large total dose of thiopental (8-11 gm) was needed to maintain electroencephalogram suppression for the remainder of these 10-20 hr procedures, and emergence was slow (48-72 hr). The resultant prolonged ICU support may have contributed to serious postoperative complications in two patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Epinephrine-induced ventricular arrhythmias in dogs anesthetized with halothane: potentiation by thiamylal and thiopental.

Epinephrine-induced ventricular arrhythmias were studied in 8 dogs anesthetized at weekly intervals with halothane (1.09% end-tidal concentration) preceded by thiamylal or thiopental (20 mg/kg of body weight). Lead II, bundle of His and high right atrial electrograms, and femoral artery and airway pressures were recorded. Epinephrine was infused in logarithmically spaced increasing rates (initial rate = 0.25 micrograms/kg/min) for a maximum of 2.5 minutes. The maximal (greater than or equal to 4 ventricular premature depolarizations within 15 s of each other) and minimal (all other ventricular or junctional rhythms) arrhythmogenic doses were calculated (infusion rate X time to arrhythmia). The mean (+/- SD) minimal arrhythmogenic dosages for the thiamylal-halothane, thiopental-halothane, and halothane-only groups were 1.84 +/- 0.66, 1.83 +/- 0.64, and 3.69 +/- 1.32 micrograms/kg, respectively; the mean (+/- SD) maximal arrhythmogenic dosages were 2.32 +/- 0.77, 3.37 +/- 1.30, and 8.86 +/- 4.40 micrograms/kg, respectively, with no change after 4 hours of anesthesia. During infusion of the maximal arrhythmogenic dosages, the mean infusion of the maximal arrhythmogenic dosages, the mean percentage increase in serum K+ for thiamylal-halothane, thiopental-halothane, and halothane-only groups was 33 +/- 14%, 31 +/- 13%, and 38 +/- 18%, respectively.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison between thiopental and brietal in the activation electrocorticographic records in epileptics].

For activation of electrocorticographic records the authors administered intravenously thiopental or Brietal to 86 patients undergoing operations for various types of focal epilepsy. Thiopental was administered either in intravenous drip infusion as 0.2% solution, or in a single injection of 2.5% solution. Brietal was injected as 1% solution intravenously. Thiopental activated electrocorticographic tracings in 56.3% and Brietal in 84% of the patients. In the conclusions the authors stress that both these agents may be used for activation of pathological discharges in ECoG in patients with epilepsy operated upon under general anaesthesia. Brietal seems to be better and it may be administered many times.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[The influence of benzarone on the polidocanol and thiopental induced edemas in the hind-limb of the cat (author's transl)].

In chloralose-anesthetized cats, a hind-limb was perfused at constant flow and the vascular endothelium was made permeable for protein by intravascular injection of polidocanol and thiopental. Besides parameters of circulation and the transcapillary fluid exchange the contents of plasma protein and water were measured in skin and muscle tissue of the edematous hind-limb as well as in the contralateral untreated hind-limb. Benzarone, 2.5 mg/kg i.v., inhibited the development of the protein edemas when injected before the application of the edema producing substances. In polidocanol and thiopental-induced edemas--except for the thiopental-induced skin edema that was less marked even in the controls--benzarone had a significant effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of ketamine and thiopental in healthy volunteers: effects on mental status, mood, and personality.

The purpose of this study was to compare the psychological effects of ketamine and thiopental anesthesia. In a double-blind comparison, 20 normal female volunteers were given 2.5 mg/kg ketamine intravenously and 20 were given 5.0 mg/kg thiopental intravenously. Subjects were assessed with a variety of objective and subjective psychological measures before, immediately after, and 24 hr, 2 weeks, and 4 months after anesthesia. Immediately after anesthesia, there was a significantly greater incidence of abnormalities of mental status in subjects given ketamine than in those who had received thiopental. Changes were generally short-lived and were no longer evident on the following day. No significant differences were found between the two groups with regard to long-term changes in personality. Changes in mental status are attributed to the slower, more uneven return to consciousness of the subjects receiving ketamine.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effects of halothane, isoflurane, enflurane, thiopental, and fentanyl on blood gas values in rats exposed to hypoxia.

In rats pretreated with phenobarbital breathing 10% oxygen, subanesthetic doses of halothane, isoflurane, enflurane, thiopental, and fentanyl caused hepatic injury. Because hypoxia per se can produce such injury, we hypothesized that the anesthetic-induced injury resulted from increased hypoxemia secondary to respiratory depression. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with phenobarbital; half of the rats were fed and the other half were deprived of food for the 24 h before study. Isoflurane anesthesia was given for the placement of a catheter into the femoral artery. After 1 h of recovery, the rats were exposed to 10% oxygen. Control samples were obtained and halothane, isoflurane, enflurane, thiopental, or fentanyl was administered. Rats given food had higher PaCO2 and lower pH values than starved rats. Also, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) tended to be lower in rats given food. At concentrations of 0.15-0.2 MAC or higher, halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane slightly increased PaCO2 values relative to values for a control group exposed only to hypoxia. However, SaO2 and PaO2 did not show significant drug-induced changes. Fentanyl transiently decreased PaO2 and SaO2. Thiopental caused no changes. Thus, we conclude that subanesthetic doses of anesthetics may depress the ventilatory response to hypoxia but that this depression is inconsistent and appears to be too small to cause hepatic damage.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1984

Alfentanil as an anesthetic induction agent--a comparison with thiopental-lidocaine.

Alfentanil (0.175 mg/kg) and a combination of thiopental (3-4 mg/kg) and lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) during anesthetic induction were compared. Each was administered rapidly to eight patients with cardiovascular disease (average age, 64 yr), followed by succinylcholine (1.5 mg/kg) for laryngoscopy and intubation. Chest wall rigidity or flexor spasm of arm and jaw were seen transiently in 7 of 8 patients receiving alfentanil. Both drugs led to decreases in mean arterial pressure averaging 31 mm Hg (P less than 0.01). In patients given thiopental-lidocaine, intubation led to a 28 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) increase over control in arterial pressure and a 10 beats . min-1 increase in heart rate (P less than 0.01). In patients given alfentanil, after intubation arterial pressure returned to levels no different from control and the heart rate remained stable. Five of the patients given alfentanil required a single dose of naloxone (0.08-0.15 mg) to achieve a PCO2 less than 50 torr at the end of surgery. Rapidly administered alfentanil blunted the cardiovascular response to intubation but decreased arterial pressure as much as thiopental-lidocaine.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Thiopental-nitrous oxide- halothane anesthesia and repeated succinylcholine: comparison of preoperative glycopyrrolate and atropine administration.

The effects of glycopyrrolate and atropine given prior to thiopental-N2O-halothane anesthesia on bradyarrhythmias associated with the administration of succinylcholine were studied and compared. Sixty healthy adult patients were allocated at random to one of three groups. Three minutes before induction of anesthesia with thiopental (4 to 5 mg/kg) one group received glycopyrrolate, 0.0045 mg/kg IV, the second group, glycopyrrolate, 0.008 mg/kg IV, and the third group, atropine, 0.009 mg/kg IV. Succinylcholine, 1 mg/kg of body weight, was given 1 minute and 6 minutes after the conclusion of the thiopental injection. ECG monitoring was continuous, and serum K+ levels as well as PaO2 and paCO2 were repeatedly measured. In all three groups patients were adequately and equally protected against serious bradyarrhythmias following the second dose of succinylcholine by atropine and glycopyrrolate in the doses used.

Adult↗