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PubMed1991

[Evaluation of the tracheobronchial clearance in patients with chronic bronchial infections by an integrated system using radioactive aerosol inhalation scintigraphy].

It is widely accepted that the impairment of tracheobronchial clearance (TBC) are closely related to the development and the progression of chronic bronchial infections. We investigated TBC in patients with chronic bronchial infections (bronchiectasis; 11 cases, diffuse panbronchiolitis; 9 cases and primary ciliary dyskinesia; 3 cases) and also in 6 healthy subjects by a radioactive aerosol (99mTc-human serum albumin, 4.4 +/- 1.4 microns in diameter) inhalation scintigraphy with cough control in order to elucidate the relationships between impaired TBC and chronic bronchial infections. All subjects were not current smokers. After 4-minutes inhalation of radioactive aerosols (tidal volume: 500 ml x 20/min.), radioactivities in whole right lung were measured every 20 seconds for 2 hours serially and then measured at the time of 6 and 24 hours after inhalation. Immediately after the serial recording for 2 hours, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed to assess the deposition pattern of radioactive aerosols. During the first 2 hours, all the subjects were instructed to avoid coughing as much as possible to evaluate the mucociliary clearance without cough effect. And then the subjects were allowed to cough between 2 and 24 hours after inhalation. All radiation counts were corrected for background radiation and physical decay of 99mTc. Because it is considered that the deposited aerosols are eliminated much more slowly in alveoli (biological half life: several months) than in airways (biological half life: several hours), the radioactivity remaining at the time of 24 hours was defined as alveolar deposition (ALV). Initial bronchial deposition (Br0) was defined as initial whole lung deposition (L0) minus ALV. We evaluated the TBC with following parameters; 1) Br0/L0 (%):ratio of initial bronchial deposition to initial lung (bronchial and alveolar) deposition. 2) Br2/Br0 (%), Br6/Br0 (%):bronchial retention ratio; the ratio of bronchial deposition at the time of 2 and 6 hours after inhalation to initial bronchial deposition, respectively. 3) TMV (mm/min.):tracheal mucus velocity (rate of shift of radioactive bolus on tracheal mucosa), which was measured during the period of first 2 hours under prohibition of cough. The patients (23 cases) were divided into two groups with regards to cough control for the first two hours of the scintigraphy:cough-controlled group (19 cases) and cough-uncontrolled group (4 cases). The cough-controlled group was subdivided into two subgroups (group A and group B) according to Br0/L0:group A less than 47.9% (mean + SD of Br0/L0 in healthy control) less than or equal to group B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1991

Evoked potential assessment of auditory system integrity in infants.

One child in 750 is born with a handicapping hearing impairment. The methods available to screen and evaluate infants at risk (auditory brainstem responses, middle latency responses, and cortical auditory evoked potentials) are reviewed, explained, and illustrated with case histories.

Audiometry, Evoked Response↗
PubMed1991

[Organization of the osseous nasal septum and its homologues. IV-B. The nasal septum integrated system (the alar bone and sphenoid septum) and the cribriform plate system in pairhoofed animals (Artiodactyla Owen, 1848)].

The aim of this work was: 1) differentiation and systematization of the bone elements originated on the base of the nasal septum cartilage, 2) systematization of the cribriform plate, 3) investigation and systematization of the bottom elements of the sphenoid recess in young pairhoofed mammals. The material and methodology was described elsewhere (part I and IV-A). The additional material were 6 skulls of wild boar. The nasal septum diploe constituted of two biomechanical systems: anterior and posterior. The first one is situated in the sphenoid septum and corps. the second in diploe laminae perpendicularis of the alar bone. The cribriform plates and parasphenoid stabilize the osseous nasal septum system in the splanchnocranial space--without signs of the biomechanic binds between diploetic elements. The floor sphenoid recess for two plates: the lamina transversalis posterior and laminae transversalis parasphenoidei. The results of these investigations was the verification of the absence of "mesoethmoid in mammals as well in birds, fishes and amphibians. The traditional system of the ethmoid bone organization in this way turned out to be illusory.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Bacterio-expert: an integrated system for assisting in the validation of antibiotic sensitivity tests. Retrospective application in 4053 Staphylococcus].

Bacterio-expert is a simple expert system for assisting in the validation of antibiotic sensitivity testing. This system is incorporated in a data acquisition and editing program for bacteriologic test (Bacterio program written in Turbo-Pascal for personal computer users by the same authors). The principles of this system are explained and results with 4,053 antibiotic sensitivity tests on Staphylococcus aureus isolates are reported. Approximately 10% of tests required corrections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

How do we use state of the art vestibular testing to diagnose and treat the dizzy patient? An overview of vestibular testing and balance system integration.

The physician must be the captain of the vestibular diagnostic team based on his interest, knowledge, and capability. It is not the battery of vestibular or etiologic function tests used that provides diagnostic answers. It is the intelligent application and use of the indicated vestibular tests that are practically correlated and clinically evaluated that will give the knowledgeable physician significant information. This can best be accomplished when testing is done in physical proximity to the responsible physician and when the tests used are knowledgeably ordered and evaluated. Under such circumstances, vestibular function testing is always cost-effective and therapeutically useful.

Audiology↗
PubMed1990

An integrated system for the control of the major human helminth parasites.

Disease due to virtually all of the human helminth parasites can be prevented simultaneously by a simple system based on the following premises: 1) helminths do not multiply within their definitive hosts, and their distribution in host populations is overdispersed; 2) disease manifestations occur largely in the small proportion of hosts, often school children, with heavy worm burdens; and 3) a few single-dose, broad-spectrum anthelmintics given in low doses at prolonged intervals can maintain worm burdens below pathogenic levels for almost all of the major human helminth parasites. The three drugs might be albendazole or one of the other benzimidazoles for hookworm, ascaris and trichuris; ivermectin for the filaria, including onchocerca and many other nematodes such as strongyloides; and praziquantel for virtually all trematodes and cestodes. The target group would be school children treated at intervals set to maintain worm burdens below the disease-inducing threshold. It is possible that all three drugs could be administered in low doses simultaneously at yearly intervals. Studies will be necessary to examine drug interactions, development of drug resistance, optimal dosages and timing, and effects on morbidity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular mechanisms involved in DNA repair, in gene rearrangement and in gene amplification may be considered as an integrated system in maintaining cellular homeostasis and cell survival.

In procaryotic and also in eucaryotic cells, several systems for repairing the DNA damage have been discovered. The mechanism and genetic control of DNA excision-repair and SOS have been extensively studied. These repair processes help prevent lesions from interfering with DNA functions or from converting into permanent mutations that cause cellular malfunctioning and cell death, which in higher organisms contribute to malignancy. However, other molecular systems can be identified which contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis and the survival of the cell. The system that maintains the DNA superstructure is one of these while gene amplification allows the cell to become resistant to a particular environmental change and survive in the presence of chemical compounds like drugs. Our purpose was to group in a major system the molecular systems which, until now, have always been considered as separate entities. The common basis of all these systems is the capacity to maintain genetic information or to permit the survival of the cell. The system, called the "Cell Survival Molecular System" (CSMS), is composed of several well known molecular systems, such as DNA repair, which are able to restore the DNA structure and genetic mechanisms. Moreover, the Cell Survival Molecular System may also give a selective advantage to the cell so that it can grow in a hazardous environment. Following on from this, the relationship between CSMS and cancer will be discussed. The development and the progression of the cancer may be the result of the growth of an "adapted cell". This may adapt to, or resist, a new or changed environment. In addition, genetic defects can occur in CSMS and these will probably give an impaired function to some systems in CSMS. These defects could be associated with inherited or familiar cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Early changes in the integrative systems of the brain in rats during the combined action of ethanol and gamma-irradiation].

A study was made of Wistar male rats with the body mass of 250-270 g using neurohistological, electron microscopic and biochemical methods. The animals' heads were irradiated with gamma-quanta at a dose of 50 Gy, the rate of 6.7 cGy/s. Two minutes before or right after irradiation 15% ethanol solution (0.28 and 2.25 g/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. It was established that changes of interneuronal contacts in gamma-irradiation of the head were similar in nature to those caused by ethanol (2.25 g/kg). The effects of combined action of the above factors depended on the succession of exposure and a dose of ethanol. Slightly more noticeable synaptic changes, probably associated with mitochondrion affection and hyperhydration, were noted in ethanol administration (2.25 g/kg) after irradiation of the head.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Metaiodobenzylguanidine as an index of the adrenergic nervous system integrity and function.

The radiopharmaceutical, metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) acts as an analog of norepinephrine (NE). Experiments in rats were carried out to determine how closely the movements of [125I]MIBG in the heart mimicked those of [3H]NE, and if the changes [125I] MIBG concentrations would reflect injury to, and function of, adrenergic neurons in the heart. Injury to adrenergic neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine substantially reduced the uptake of [125I] MIBG into the left ventricle, but the effect was less than that on uptake of [3H]NE uptake and concentration of endogenous NE. Similarly, when desmethylimipramine was given to inhibit the uptake-1 pathway of neurons, the reduction in uptake of [125I]MIBG was statistically significant but less than that of [3H]NE; part of this difference may be attributable to partial uptake of [125I]MIBG into neurons by a diffusion pathway. Substantial fractions of [125I]MIBG and [3H]NE were displaced from the heart by the sympathomimetic drug, phenylpropanolamine. When adrenergic neurons of the heart were stimulated by feeding of rats, the disappearance rates of [3H]NE and [125I]MIBG from the heart were significantly increased. Although not a perfect analog of [3H]NE, [125I]MIBG appears to enter and leave the heart in patterns similar to those of [3H]NE. Thus, movements of [125I]MIBG give indices of adrenergic neuron injury and function in the heart.

3-Iodobenzylguanidine↗