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PubMed2001

Towards integrated catchment management, Whaingaroa, New Zealand.

The paper examines progress towards integrated catchment management and sustainable agriculture at Whaingaroa (Raglan), New Zealand. Application of the Canadian "Atlantic Coastal Action Program" model (ACAP) has been only partially successful within New Zealand's bicultural setting. Even before the introduction of the ACAP process there existed strong motivation and leadership by various sectors of the community. A merging of resource management planning and implementation processes of the larger community and that of the Maori community has not occurred. Research carried out by Crown Research Institutes has clearly shown the actions required to make pastoral farming more sustainable. There are difficulties in the transference to, and uptake of, these techniques by farmers. An examination of the socio-economic context is required. There has been a requirement on local government bodies to tighten their focus as part of recent reform. This has occurred concurrently with a widening of vision towards integrated and sustainable forms of management. This (as well as a clear belief in empowerment of local communities) has lead to Council reliance on voluntary labour. There is a need to account for the dynamic interaction between social and political history and the geological and biophysical history of the area. As part of a re-examination of sustainable development, New Zealand needs to reconcile the earning of the bulk of its foreign income from primary production, with the accelerating ecological deficit that it creates. A sustainability strategy is required linking consumer demand, property rights and responsibilities.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1990

Managing ecological upheavals: a Third World perspective.

This paper seeks to examine the genesis of ecological upheavals which are reflecting the smouldering ecological crisis in the world. The natural as well as man-made mass disasters have more propensity to affect the developing countries of the Third World. The data presented in tabular form in the paper reveals their increasing 'killer potential'. The present inquiry shows that the non-sustainable development patterns and practices by the Third World countries have brought them on to the brink of irreversible environmental consequences. The study underlines that due to lack of adequate disaster identification, prevention and management capabilities these countries suffer the worst. It suggests that a regional level cooperation, on the lines of the SAARC, is suitable to streamline joint efforts to combat mass disasters. The study also highlights the possible legal responses and role of lawyers in this respect. Some of the emerging international eco-standards provide a basis for resolving disputes concerning transboundary effects of disasters. A comprehensive global convention on mass disasters, encompassing sharing of data and transfer of disaster management technology to developing countries is now 'need of the hour'.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

Drug resistance hampers our capacity to roll back malaria.

Widespread drug resistance in parasites aggravates the burden of malaria. The extent of the problem is due mainly to the limited armamentarium of drugs used thus far to treat malaria and to policies and practices constrained by limited resources. All drugs in use are affected except, thus far, artemisinin derivatives. The scale and impact of resistance has been underestimated, leading to the continued use of failing drugs, which contributes to the rise in resistance and increased morbidity and mortality due to malaria. Pharmacological, epidemiological, and operational aspects factor the development and spread of resistance. Although the problem is complex, much can be done to reverse the course of events: adopt adequate tests to assess resistance, encourage and sustain development of new drugs, protect drugs against resistance through use of combinations, expand access to prompt and effective treatment, and promote evidence-based policies and sensible practices. The current situation favors the development of sensible strategies to restrain resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Forest biomass carbon storage and its dynamics in Tanjiang River basin].

Based on an improved estimation method of forest carbon storage and the inventory of forest resources, this paper estimated the forest carbon storage and its dynamic changes in Tanjiang River basin, and analyzed the relationships of the carbon storage and its density with the increase of population density and GDP during the urbanization in 1990-2001. The results showed that the forest carbon storage in Tanjiang River basin increased from 5.906 x 10(6) t in 1990 to 7.852 x 10(6) t in 2001, with an annual average accumulation amount of 0.18 x 10(6) t or an annual average accumulation rate of 3.05%, and playing a role of carbon sink. The rapid increase of population density and GDP didn't influence the increase of forest carbon storage and density, but the development of forestry was far lower than that of economy. To have a better service function of forest ecosystem in the process of urbanization, and to promote the sustainable development of regional ecological environment, the key point is the reasonable coordination of forestry management with the development of economy.

Biomass↗
PubMed2005

[Detection of antibodies specific for blood group antigens A and B].

The measurement of anti-blood group A/B (anti-A/B) IgG antibody levels is important for ABO unmatched-organ recipients because the effective removal of the antibodies improves their prognosis. Living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) into ABO-unmatched patients tends to have a very poor outcome due to major complications such as intrahepatic bile duct complications and hepatic necrosis. Sustained bile duct complications are associated with high preoperative IgM type anti-A/B Ab titers, while patients with high preoperative IgG type anti-A/B Ab titers frequently develop sustained hepatic necrosis. There are several existing methods by which anti-A/B Ab levels can be measured, including the standard tube (TT) method, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a flow cytometry method. Anti-A/B IgG Ab is difficult to identify by the TT method, which is the most popular method and is based on the detection of hemagglutination, because the major isotype that facilitates red cell agglutination is the pentameric IgM molecule. Therefore, we have developed a method based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) that detects the presence of the antigen-antibody complex without any labeling. This method allows us to rapidly quantitate anti-A/B IgG Ab levels.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2004

The worldwide costs of marine protected areas.

Declines in marine harvests, wildlife, and habitats have prompted calls at both the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and the 2003 World Parks Congress for the establishment of a global system of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs that restrict fishing and other human activities conserve habitats and populations and, by exporting biomass, may sustain or increase yields of nearby fisheries. Here we provide an estimate of the costs of a global MPA network, based on a survey of the running costs of 83 MPAs worldwide. Annual running costs per unit area spanned six orders of magnitude, and were higher in MPAs that were smaller, closer to coasts, and in high-cost, developed countries. Models extrapolating these findings suggest that a global MPA network meeting the World Parks Congress target of conserving 20-30% of the world's seas might cost between 5 billion and 19 billion US dollars annually to run and would probably create around one million jobs. Although substantial, gross network costs are less than current government expenditures on harmful subsidies to industrial fisheries. They also ignore potential private gains from improved fisheries and tourism and are dwarfed by likely social gains from increasing the sustainability of fisheries and securing vital ecosystem services.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Circuit reorganization in granuloprival cerebellar cultures in the absence of neuronal activity.

Neonatal mouse cerebellar cultures exposed to cytosine arabinoside for the first 5 days in vitro to destroy granule cells and compromise glia undergo a circuit reorganization featured by profuse sprouting of Purkinje cell recurrent axon collaterals, which hyperinnervate the somata of other Purkinje cells and project to Purkinje cell dendritic spines. Such granuloprival cultures were exposed continuously from explanation to tetrodotoxin and elevated levels of magnesium to block neuronal activity. A similar circuit reorganization occurred, except that there was a reduction in the number of axospinous synapses and Purkinje cell axosomatic synapses, which in this case were all inhibitory. Functionally, after recovery from the blockade, granuloprival cultures developed sustained cortical hyperactivity, which was consistent with the reduction of inhibitory synapses. While the absence of neuronal activity did not prevent reorganizational changes following granule cell loss, the full development of the inhibitory circuitry was not attained. These results further support the concept that spontaneous neuronal activity is necessary for the complete development of inhibitory synapses.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ethics, genetics and dynamics: an emerging systematic approach to radiation protection of the environment.

There is now a general consensus of opinion that an explicit approach is necessary to demonstrate radiation protection of the environment, and that this approach needs to be developed in a systematic way. The framework that is emerging links ethical and moral issues (anthropocentric, biocentric, and ecocentric) to broad-based principles and objectives of environmental protection (sustainable development, maintaining biological diversity, and habitat protection) and then links these, in turn, to the needs of current environmental management practices, such as environmental exploitation, pollution control, and nature conservation. The relevance of this to radiation is that its effects (such as causing early mortality, morbidity, reduced reproductive success, as well as resulting in observable (scorable) cytogenetic damage) are those that may have a bearing on these same environmental management practices. The devise that would appear to be most useful to bridge the gap between our disparate data on radiation effects and the needs of environmental management, is that of adding to the concept of Reference Man in the shape of a small set of Reference Animals and Plants. This approach has now been adopted by the ICRP, adding new dynamics-the motive forces, both moral and physical-to the subject. The way is now clear for rapid progress to be made on a number of fronts.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Lipid hydroperoxide-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor and neovascularization in the rabbit cornea: effect of TNF inhibition.

Lipid hydroperoxides (LHP) at high concentrations are cytotoxic, but at sublethal concentration, they induce synthesis of cytokine vascular growth factors. Intracorneal injections of 30 μg LHP placed 5 mm from the superior limbus stimulated early vasodilation of limbal vasculature and a rapidly developing, sustained neovascularization. Under these conditions, vessels grew at the rate of 0.3 mm/day to a total length of 7.5 mm, 25 days after injection. Cholesterol peroxides were less effective. Developing vessels were oriented towards the stimulus. Around the developing vessel there was dissolution of the stromal extracellular matrix. The most distal endothelial cells displayed prominent endoplasmic reticulum, a lack of basement membrane or tight junction complexes and leakage of fluorescein dye. Both the injection site and superior quadrant showed increased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor after exposure to LHP. The neovascular response was inhibited by simultaneous administration of TNF-alpha antibody or pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of TNF-alpha synthesis. This corneal model of peroxide-induced neovascularization should prove useful for temporal studies of events in the initiation and propagation of signals leading to neovascularization, and for evaluating effects of treatment on neovascular growth.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

The millennium development goals and road traffic injuries: exploring the linkages in South Asia.

In a major summit of the members of the United Nations (UN) in 2000, a Millennium Declaration was adopted which called for making the elimination of poverty and promotion of sustainable development a global priority. A road map was agreed upon to operationalize the declaration, and the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) were integrated within the document. The MDGs are now increasingly being used to assess the performance of countries, institutions and the global community. WHO declares that the MDGs provide "a set of outcomes that are relevant to the development of national health policy frameworks". It also states that although MDGs do not cover all the components of public health, when broadly interpreted "the goals provide an opportunity to address important cross-cutting issues and key constraints to health". Consistent with WHO's call for a broad interpretation of the MDGs, and building on the health linkages identified by WHO, this paper explores the linkages between the MDGs and the impact of road traffic injuries (RTI). This is done in the context of South Asia, one of the poorest and populated regions of the developing world.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1978

Kindling of the mesolimbic dopamine system: animal model of psychosis.

In order to examine the behavioral and physiologic consequences of chronic activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system, the nucleus of origin in the ventral tegmental area was stimulated electrically for 2 seconds daily through chronically implanted intracranial electrodes in cats at the same point where instillation of the GABA blocking agent bicuculline induced a characteristic fear, staring, searching, and withdrawal response. None of the animals developed sustained after-discharge or seizures following daily stimulation for 2 months. Progressive fearfulness, hiding, loss of social behavior, and EEG spike or slow activity in the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens developed in three of six intact animals. Two cats with prior 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of catecholamine pathways did not develop behavioral change in response to local bicuculline or daily electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area but demonstrated pronounced after-discharge or EEG spike propagation during the kindling procedure.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Differences in nitrification potential between fully aerobic and nitrogen removal activated sludge systems.

Experimental observations made on two pilot plants, showed that nitrogen removal activated sludge systems, operating under favourable conditions, seem to develop increased nitrification potential compared to fully aerobic systems under similar conditions. This increased potential, which cannot be detected by simple nitrification performance evaluations, is attributed to higher autotrophic populations sustained--developed in similar systems employing anoxic reactors or phases. A reduced autotrophic decay rate under anoxic conditions as reported by some researchers, seems to play a significant role in such a response, most likely together with a more efficient use of available nitrogen for additional nitrifying microorganisms production, resulting from a reduced nitrogen loss to autotrophic biomass maintenance needs and heterotrophic biomass synthesis requirements.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed2004

Adopting an ecological view of metropolitan landscape: the case of "three circles" system for ecological construction and restoration in Beijing area.

Ecological construction and restoration for sustainable development are now a driving paradigm. It is increasingly recognized that ecological principles, especially landscape ecology theory, are not only necessary but also essential to maintain the long-term sustainability worldwide. Key landscape ecology principles-element, structure and process, dynamics, heterogeneity, hierarchies, connectivity, place and time were reviewed, and use Beijing area as a case study to illustrate how these principles might be applied to ecological construction and restoration, to eventually achieve sustainability. An example to more effectively incorporate the ecological principles in sustainable planning in China was presented.

China↗
PubMed1992

Hypoxia-elicited contraction of aorta and coronary artery via removal of endothelium-derived nitric oxide.

To characterize endothelium-derived contracting factor 1 (EDCF1) released under hypoxia, vascular rings isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) aorta and canine coronary artery were suspended for isometric tension recording in an organ chamber filled with a Krebs-Henseleit buffer. In SHR aorta precontracted with norepinephrine (10(-7) M), severe hypoxia induced an initial increase in tension by 36.7 +/- 7.5% followed by a 56.9 +/- 5.7% relaxation; moderate hypoxia induced only a sustained increase in tension by 20.6 +/- 2.5%. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production with N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (10(-3) M) augmented norepinephrine-induced precontraction by 76.1 +/- 12.3% and totally eliminated the hypoxic contraction. In canine coronary arteries precontracted with KCl (30 mM) in the presence of indomethacin (10(-5) M), severe hypoxia caused a sustained increase in tension by 68.9 +/- 7.3%, which was also abolished with L-NAME. When L-NAME (10(-3) M) was given after the precontraction, both of these vessels developed sustained contractions under normoxia and moderate hypoxia. These results suggest that the vasocontraction currently considered to be induced by EDCF1 is not caused by a contracting factor but rather is a contracting phenomenon derived from continuous inhibition of basal NO synthesis during hypoxia.

2,4-Dinitrophenol↗
PubMed2004

[Advances in energy analysis of agro-ecosystems].

The energy analysis of agro-ecosystems from the view point of energy flow is a quantitative study on the function of agro-ecosystem, and is one of the most important aspects in agro-ecosystem study. In this paper, the history and some current progresses of energy analysis on agro-ecosystems were reviewed briefly, and the difference and breakthrough of emergy analysis theory with the traditional energy analysis method, some current challenges in front of emergy analysis of agro-ecosystems, and some of the new trends were discussed. Using the direct and indirect cost of solar energy to evaluate any energy or material, emergy analysis is the new development of energy analysis, not only in concept but also on calculation method. Developing to emergy analysis phase, there were still some deficiencies on energy analysis of agro-ecosystem, such as the complicate calculation of transformation and the vacancy of energy index for sustainable development, etc. How to solve these problems combined with the clearing of the maximum Em-power principle, the combination among energy analysis, emergy analysis, material analysis and landscape analysis has made up of the current and future trends of energy analysis of agro-ecosystem.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

Integration of AIDS program activities into national health systems.

In this paper we have defined integration as being the health unit team acceptance of responsibility for all aspects of care at the health service/community interface level. The health unit functions within a system whose elements (hospitals, laboratory, pharmacy, etc.) function in complementarity with those of the FLHS. Vertical approaches are often adopted because of weaknesses in some elements of the NHS, thereby further undermining such an NHS. The development of innovative community-based approaches in some areas and countries has resulted from this type of situation. However, isolated from the NHS, such approaches cannot be expected to be sustainable or to have long-term impact. Integration is the best choice of approach; it offers a chance to influence the course of the AIDS epidemic and the response of health systems in each country. The basic structure of the NHS and the characteristics of a FLHS are analyzed. The challenge to AIDS programs is to define more exactly objectives and activities at the operational, interface levels. Based on this analysis, planning of operations should be delegated to the district. Weakness of some elements and aspects of the NHS which are relevant to AIDS control program implementation can be overcome, not by organizing the program vertically and independently from the NHS, but rather by sharing resources to strengthen the weak elements. Integration may be more difficult in the early stages of implementation, but in the long term it offers sustainable development of AIDS prevention and control activities.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India.

Waste is an unavoidable by product of human activities. Economic development, urbanization and improving living standards in cities, have led to an increase in the quantity and complexity of generated waste. Rapid growth of population and industrialization degrades the urban environment and places serious stress on natural resources, which undermines equitable and sustainable development. Inefficient management and disposal of solid waste is an obvious cause of degradation of the environment in most cities of the developing world. Municipal corporations of the developing countries are not able to handle increasing quantities of waste, which results in uncollected waste on roads and in other public places. There is a need to work towards a sustainable waste management system, which requires environmental, institutional, financial, economic and social sustainability. This study explores alternative approaches to municipal solid waste (MSW) management and estimates the cost of waste management in Mumbai, India. Two alternatives considered in the paper are community participation and public private partnership in waste management. Data for the present study are from various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and from the private sector involved in waste management in Mumbai. Mathematical models are used to estimate the cost per ton of waste management for both of the alternatives, which are compared with the cost of waste management by Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). It is found that the cost per ton of waste management is Rs. 1518 (35 US dollars) with community participation; Rs. 1797 (41 US dollars) with public private partnership (PPP); and Rs. 1908 (44 US dollars) when only MCGM handles the waste. Hence, community participation in waste management is the least cost option and there is a strong case for comprehensively involving community participation in waste management.

Cities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Climate change and malaria: exploring the risks.

That the enhanced greenhouse effect may prove to influence human health will come as no surprise. One of the potential health consequences is a change in distribution patterns of vector-borne diseases. In tropical countries, such diseases are a major cause of illness and death. One of the most important vector-borne diseases in the world is malaria, which is associated with one of four species of parasite and transmitted by a mosquito vector. Climatic conditions, and temperature in particular, directly influence mosquito development, feeding-frequency and longevity of the mosquito, as well as the time in which the parasite develops inside the mosquito. Other environmental factors such as vegetation and breeding sites are indirectly influenced by climate conditions. In order to assess the impact of an anthropogenic climate change on the transmission of malaria, an integrated assessment model has been developed. In this integrated model, the direct effects of a change in temperature and precipitation on the transmission potential of a mosquito population is assessed by means of the vectorial capacity. The effect of a human-induced climate change on human health is evaluated by assessing the change in malaria prevalence and disease burden. A sustainable development index, which is an aggregate of an environmental pressure indicator, a health indicator and a socio-economic development indicator is introduced and discussed. Such an index can be used to determine whether future projections are sustainable.

Animals↗