The effects of taurine and biogenetically related sulfur-containing compounds on the metabolism of and hypothermia by ethanol in the rat.
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Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
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Sulcular sulfide monitoring: an indicator of early dental plaque-induced gingival disease.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) and gingival health status and to determine if volatile sulfur compounds can detect early dental plaque-induced gingival disease. METHODS: A split-mouth design with randomly selected quadrants of the mandibular arch enabled 39 participants to serve as their own controls. At baseline and at three subsequent appointments (days 7, 14, and 21) gingival inflammation (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and sulfide levels (SUL) were measured using the Gingival Index and the Diamond Probe/Perio 2000 System. For three weeks, participants refrained from brushing and flossing one randomly selected quadrant of the mandibular arch. The Pearson correlation test was used to determine the relationship between sulfide concentrations and gingival health. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the differences in mean GI, BOP, and SUL scores between the hygiene side (H) and the non-hygiene side (NH). RESULTS: Data suggest that SUL correlate positively to GI and BOP on both sides; however, the strength of the correlation was stronger for the NH side. A comparison of mean GI, BOP, and SUL scores revealed a statistically significant difference between sides for all three parameters from baseline to day 21, except for SUL on day 14. CONCLUSIONS: Based on study outcomes, the Diamond Probe/Perio 2000 System demonstrated the ability to detect sites with elevated SUL; therefore, SUL may be a useful adjunctive indicator of early plaque-induced gingivitis. In addition, data revealed a moderate correlation between SUL levels and gingival inflammation on the NH sides. Whether sulfur by-product is a contributor to the disease process, or merely a correlate, is inconclusive.
Adult↗
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate and methanethiol are important precursors of methionine and protein-sulfur in marine bacterioplankton.
Organic sulfur compounds are present in all aquatic systems, but their use as sources of sulfur for bacteria is generally not considered important because of the high sulfate concentrations in natural waters. This study investigated whether dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), an algal osmolyte that is abundant and rapidly cycled in seawater, is used as a source of sulfur by bacterioplankton. Natural populations of bacterioplankton from subtropical and temperate marine waters rapidly incorporated 15 to 40% of the sulfur from tracer-level additions of [(35)S]DMSP into a macromolecule fraction. Tests with proteinase K and chloramphenicol showed that the sulfur from DMSP was incorporated into proteins, and analysis of protein hydrolysis products by high-pressure liquid chromatography showed that methionine was the major labeled amino acid produced from [(35)S]DMSP. Bacterial strains isolated from coastal seawater and belonging to the alpha-subdivision of the division Proteobacteria incorporated DMSP sulfur into protein only if they were capable of degrading DMSP to methanethiol (MeSH), whereas MeSH was rapidly incorporated into macromolecules by all tested strains and by natural bacterioplankton. These findings indicate that the demethylation/demethiolation pathway of DMSP degradation is important for sulfur assimilation and that MeSH is a key intermediate in the pathway leading to protein sulfur. Incorporation of sulfur from DMSP and MeSH by natural populations was inhibited by nanomolar levels of other reduced sulfur compounds including sulfide, methionine, homocysteine, cysteine, and cystathionine. In addition, propargylglycine and vinylglycine were potent inhibitors of incorporation of sulfur from DMSP and MeSH, suggesting involvement of the enzyme cystathionine gamma-synthetase in sulfur assimilation by natural populations. Experiments with [methyl-(3)H]MeSH and [(35)S]MeSH showed that the entire methiol group of MeSH was efficiently incorporated into methionine, a reaction consistent with activity of cystathionine gamma-synthetase. Field data from the Gulf of Mexico indicated that natural turnover of DMSP supplied a major fraction of the sulfur required for bacterial growth in surface waters. Our study highlights a remarkable adaptation by marine bacteria: they exploit nanomolar levels of reduced sulfur in apparent preference to sulfate, which is present at 10(6)- to 10(7)-fold higher concentrations.
Animals↗
Impact of blanching and packaging atmosphere on the formation of aroma compounds during long-term frozen storage of leek (Allium ampeloprasum Var. Bulga) slices.
The content of aroma compounds and the catalytic activity of lipoxygenase (LOX), alliinase, hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were analyzed in unblanched and blanched 15-mm leek slices packed in atmospheric air (21% O2) or 100% nitrogen (0% O2) three times during 12 months of frozen storage (12 M). The total amount of sulfur compounds and the total amount of aldehydes were greatly influenced by storage time, atmosphere, and blanching [concentration of sulfur compounds in fresh unblanched (UNB) slices = 1.35 mg/L, fresh blanched (B) slices = 1.09 mg/L, UNB 21% O2 12 M = 0.656 mg/L, UNB 0% O2 12 M = 2.11 mg/L, B 21% O2 12 M = 1.14 mg/L, B 0% O2 12 M = 1.59 mg/L]. B 0% O2 was closest to the original ratio between sulfur compounds and aldehydes after 12 months. The activities of HPL and alliinase were totally lost after 12 months, and ADH showed minimal activity, whereas LOX (UNB 0% O2) showed approximately 25% of the original activity. LOX was the most and HPL the least heat labile enzyme investigated.
Aldehyde-Lyases↗
In vitro and in vivo effects of taurine and structurally related sulfur-containing compounds against phenylhydrazine-induced oxidative damage to erythrocytes.
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Animals↗
The study of thiophene adsorption onto La(III)-exchanged zeolite NaY by FT-IR spectroscopy.
Zeolites NaY and LaNaY (ion-exchanged with aqueous lanthanum nitrate solution) were used as adsorbents for removing organic sulfur compounds from model gasoline solutions (without and with toluene) and fluid catalytic cracked gasoline in fixed-bed adsorption equipment at room temperature and atmosphere pressure. The adsorptive selectivity for organic sulfur compounds was significantly increased when Na(+) ions in zeolite NaY were exchanged with lanthanum ions. IR spectra of thiophene adsorption indicate that thiophene is adsorbed onto La(3+) ions via direct S-La(3+) interaction and Na(+) ions via pi-electronic interaction for La(3+)-exchanged zeolite NaY, but only via pi-electronic interaction with Na(+) ions for NaY. The amount of adsorbed thiophene on La(3+)-exchanged zeolite Y was slightly decreased by coadsorption of benzene, but greatly reduced on NaY. The adsorption of thiophene via interaction with La(3+) on La(3+)-exchanged zeolite Y is hardly replaced by benzene coadsorption. The direct S-La(3+) interaction might be the essential reason for the evidently improved adsorptive selectivity of LaNaY for removing organic sulfur compounds from solutions containing large amount of aromatics.
Adsorption↗
Protection by taurine and structurally related sulfur-containing compounds against erythrocyte membrane damage by hydrogen peroxide.
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Animals↗
Efficacy of HOCl scavenging by sulfur-containing compounds: antioxidant activity of glutathione disulfide?
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a bactericidal compound formed by activated neutrophils during inflammation. Overproduction of HOCl causes damage to tissues at the site of neutrophil accumulation. The deleterious effects of excessive HOCl formation can be attenuated using antioxidants. Thiols and thioethers are known to be very effective HOCl scavengers. In the present study, the potency of several sulfur-containing compounds to protect acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GST P1-1) and alpha1-antiproteinease against inactivation by HOCl was determined. Surprisingly, glutathione disulfide was an effective protector of acetylcholinesterase against hypochlorous acid. Glutathione disulfide did not provide protection for GST P1-1 and alpha1-antiproteinease against oxidative inactivation by HOCl. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Acetylcholinesterase↗
Comparison of the effects of taurine with those of related sulfur-containing compounds on pyridoxal-induced adrenomedullary catecholamine release and glycogenolysis in the rat.
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is known to attenuate the release of adrenomedullary catecholamines and ensuing hepatic glycogenolysis and hyperglycemia induced by pyridoxal in the rat. Using this animal model, the present study was undertaken to assess the impact that simple structural modifications of the taurine molecule might have on its antagonistic actions against PL. Removal of the amino group (ethanesulfonic acid) or shortening the carbon chain by one methylene (2-aminomethanesulfonic acid) raised the protective actions of taurine. While N-alkylation (N-methyltaurine) or replacement of the amino group by hydroxyl (isethionic acid) had a lowering effect, substituting a sulfhydryl group (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) for the 2-amino group abolished all antagonistic properties associated with taurine. The sulfinic acid analog (hypotaurine) was equipotent with taurine, but the carboxylate isostere (beta-alanine) was inactive. Propranolol, a nonspecific beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, enhanced the antiglycogenolytic effect of taurine and of all structurally related compounds capable of attenuating the outflow of adrenal catecholamines elicited by pyridoxal.
Adrenal Medulla↗
The coupling effects of some thiol and other sulfur-containing compounds on the circadian rhythm of cell division in photosynthetic mutants of Euglena.
Previous work has demonstrated a persisting, free-running, circadian rhythm of cell division in the P4ZUL photosynthetic mutant of the alga Euglena gracilis Klebs (Strain Z) Pringsheim grown organotrophically in continuous light or darkness at 19 degrees C following prior synchronization by a repetitive LD:10,14 light cycle. A similar circadian rhythmicity has been recently discovered in the W6ZHL heat-bleached and the Y9ZNalL naladixic acid-induced mutants of Euglena grown under comparable conditions. Over extended timespans, however, these mutants appear to gradually lose first their ability to display persisting overt rhythms, and then even their capability of being entrained by imposed LD cycles. These properties can be restored by the addition of certain sulfur-containing compounds to the medium including cysteine, methionine, dithiothreital, sodium monosulfide, sodium sulfite, and sodium thiosulfate, as well as thioglycolic [mercaptoacetic] acid. The implications of these findings toward biological clock mechanisms are discussed: It appears that some sort of coupling process is operating as opposed to the initiation of an underlying oscillation.
Amino Acids, Sulfur↗
Sulfurtransferases and the content of cysteine, glutathione and sulfane sulfur in tissues of the frog Rana temporaria.
L-cysteine desulfuration was examined in tissues of Rana temporaria, in October and January. The activities of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CST) and rhodanese were primarily concentrated in frog liver and kidney. The values of CST and rhodanese activity, as well as sulfane sulfur compounds levels fell in the range characteristic of rat. For each of the investigated tissues changes noted in the enzymatic activities and in the level of glutathione (GSH), protein-bound cysteine (PbCys) and sulfane sulfur compounds were dependent on the month in which the determination was performed, and on the character of the tissue. In such tissues as the liver or gonads, high GSH levels and high activities of MPST (in the liver) or MPST and rhodanese (in the gonads) seemed to accompany protein biosynthesis during hibernation. PbCys, the level of which was consequently diminished in all tissues in January, compensated the absence of exogenous cysteine. A significantly reduced GSH level in the brain in January seemed to be correlated with decreased requirements of the tissue for this important natural antioxidant at diminished thyroid hormones levels in the serum and minimal oxygen consumption during the hibernation. In the kidney, the possible participation of sulfane sulfur compounds in detoxification processes requires elucidation, similarly as in protection against cellular oxidative stress at extremely low levels of GSH.
Animals↗
Determination of total and speciated sulfur content in petrochemical samples using a pulsed flame photometric detector.
The pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD) has the advantage of being able to measure the concentration of individual sulfur compounds and total sulfur content in a petrochemical sample in a single gas chromatography run. Because it is an equimolar response detector, the PFPD's sulfur response is independent of a compound's molecular structure, and this feature allows quantitation of the total or speciated sulfur content in complex samples using a single calibrant. This paper is a survey describing a variety of applications using the PFPD for sulfur quantitation in petrochemical matrices. Several different approaches to quantitation are described, and simple techniques for circumventing the quenching of the sulfur signal by coeluting hydrocarbon peaks are discussed. Examples from a range of real-world samples are presented.
Journal Article↗
Thiosulfate, polythionates and elemental sulfur assimilation and reduction in the bacterial world.
Among sulfur compounds, thiosulfate and polythionates are present at least transiently in many environments. These compounds have a similar chemical structure and their metabolism appears closely related. They are commonly used as energy sources for photoautotrophic or chemolithotrophic microorganisms, but their assimilation has been seldom studied and their importance in bacterial physiology is not well understood. Almost all bacterial strains are able to cleave these compounds since they possess thiosulfate sulfur transferase, thiosulfate reductase or S-sulfocysteine synthase activities. However, the role of these enzymes in the assimilation of thiosulfate or polythionates has not always been clearly established. Elemental sulfur is, on the contrary, very common in the environment. It is an energy source for sulfur-reducing eubacteria and archaebacteria and many sulfur-oxidizing archaebacteria. A phenomenon still not well understood is the 'excessive assimilatory sulfur metabolism' as observed in methanogens which perform a sulfur reduction which exceeds their anabolic needs without any apparent benefit. In heterotrophs, assimilation of elemental sulfur is seldom described and it is uncertain whether this process actually has a physiological significance. Thus, reduction of thiosulfate and elemental sulfur is a common but incompletely understood feature among bacteria. These activities could give bacteria a selective advantage, but further investigations are needed to clarify this possibility. Presence of thiosulfate, polythionates and sulfur reductase activities does not imply obligatorily that these activities play a role in thiosulfate, polythionates or sulfur assimilation as these compounds could be merely intermediates in bacterial metabolism. The possibility also exists that the assimilation of these sulfur compounds is just a side effect of an enzymatic activity with a completely different function. As long as these questions remain unanswered, our understanding of sulfur and thiosulfate metabolism will remain incomplete.
Archaea↗
Derepression of arylsulfatase synthesis in Aerobacter aerogenes by tyramine.
Studies were made on the effect of tyramine on arylsulfatase synthesis in mutants of Aerobacter aerogenes ATCC 9621 deficient in enzymes involved in tyramine degradation. As shown previously, some sulfur compounds, such as inorganic sulfate, repressed enzyme synthesis while others, such as methionine, did not. Tyramine caused derepression of enzyme synthesis, which is repressed by inorganic sulfate. The present work showed that, although tyramine readily derepressed arylsulfatase synthesis, metabolites of tyramine in either the wild-type or mutant strains did not, so that the derepression is due to the particular structure of tyramine. Kinetic studies on the cells indicated that incorporation of sulfur into protein and enzyme synthesis occurred on supply of either a sulfur compound, which did not cause repression, or of tyramine, which caused derepression, irrespective of the type of sulfur compound added, if any.
Carbon Radioisotopes↗
Amelioration of odorous components in spent mushroom compost.
Volatile sulfur compounds, as well as other volatiles found in the headspace above spent mushroom compost (SMC), were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Data from these techniques as well as organoleptic evaluation of both the SMC and the chromatographic eluant indicated that the volatile sulfur compounds and cresol were important odorous components in SMC; cresol was reported as a musty, cattle-feces aroma. Samples consisted of headspaces from untreated SMC as well as SMC stirred with 1% (by weight) powered activated carbon (PAC). SMC stirred with and without PAC reduced headspace volatile concentrations, but the stirred with added PAC further decreased concentrations of important malodorants such as volatile sulfur compounds and cresol.
Agaricales↗
Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from Petiveria alliacea L.
A total of 18 organosulfur compounds originating from Petiveria alliacea L. roots have been tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. These represent compounds occurring in fresh homogenates as well as those present in various macerates, extracts and other preparations made from Petiveria alliacea. Of the compounds assayed, the thiosulfinates, trisulfides and benzylsulfinic acid were observed to be the most active, with the benzyl-containing thiosulfinates exhibiting the broadest spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The effect of plant sample preparation conditions on the antimicrobial activity of the extract is discussed.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Hygienic aspects of air pollution by sulfur-containing compounds].
The physiological and biochemical states of children and adults who resided in the vicinity of the sulphide-containing gas processing plant were studied. The chemical agents emitted by the plant were found to have adverse effects of the children's functional status, namely, decreased vital capacity of the lung, mental performance, retarded sensomotor responses, altered enzymatic system activity.
Adolescent↗
Aerobic microbial degradation of aromatic sulfur-containing compounds and effect of chemical structures.
Batch data of aerobic microbial degradation rate constants Kb of phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl and phenylsulfonyl acetates have been determined, and the qualitative relationships between their Kb and chemical structures were analyzed. The phenylthio acetates were most subject to microbial transformation, followed by the phenylsulfonyl acetates. The compounds with a methoxy group were easier degraded than those with a isopropoxy group. The nitro-group and chloro-group on benzene were shown to lower the biodegradability, while the nitro-group at the para-position had stronger side effect on degradation than at the ortho-position.
Benzene Derivatives↗