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PubMed1995

Biological responses in Caenorhabditis elegans to high magnetic fields.

Here we describe a device for testing possible influences of high magnetic fields on biological processes, by which alternating-current magnetic stimuli as high as 1.7 T can be administered. Experiments with a simple multicellular organism, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, revealed that intermittent exposure to the magnetic fields modestly inhibited the animal's reproduction as well as its post-embryonic development, and caused a marked but transient derangement in its locomotory behavior. Available evidence indicates that alternating high magnetic fields can elicit both chronic and acute biological effects, but that the effects may be well tolerated or compensated for by the living organism.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Sustained attachment to the nipple in the newborn rat depends on experience with the nipple, milk, and the expression of oral grasping.

Newborn rats showed mouthing, licking, and oral grasping when presented with a surrogate nipple. These responses changed after the pup expressed an oral grasp response and experienced milk at the nipple. Newborn pups that ingested milk from the surrogate nipple showed brief oral grasp responses and, when tested 1 hr later, showed sustained attachment to an empty surrogate nipple. Contact with the nipple, oral grasping of the nipple, and experience with milk altered subsequent behavioral responses to the nipple. Classical and instrumental conditioning may play a role in transforming brief oral grasp responses into longer oral grasp responses and sustained attachment to the nipple.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Breast-feeding in preterm twins: Development of feeding behavior and milk intake during hospital stay and related caregiving practices.

In a prospective study of 13 preterm twins still in the hospital, 85% were breast-fed, of which 46% were breast-fed exclusively. Most mothers preferred simultaneous breast-feeding, using the football hold. Observations and maternal descriptions showed differences between the twins in their development of breast-feeding behavior, especially in sucking. The mothers' suggestions regarding special support for the breast-feeding mothers of preterm twins involved synchronizing feeding with the twins' behavioral states; twin cobedding; appropriate armchairs and breast-feeding pillows; experimenting with breast-feeding positions; information about breast milk production; nurses' spontaneous practical assistance, encouragement, and emotional support; the provision of privacy; the availability of parent rooms; and opportunities for fathers' presence in the hospital.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Suckling behavior of calves with dams varying in milk production.

Two experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that suckling behavior of calves with similar growth potential varies depending on cows' level of estimated milk production and stage of lactation. Eleven mature cows, which varied in estimated 205-d milk production (996 to 2354 kg/205 d), nursing heifer calves of similar growth potential were used in Exp. 1. Suckling behavior of calves was observed for two 24-h periods at three stages of lactation (average of 52, 104 and 167 d postpartum). Suckling frequency (suckling bouts/24 h) declined as milk production increased at 52 d of lactation (-.00382 bouts/kg milk) but was unrelated to milk production at later stages. Duration of suckling (minutes/suckling bout) increased with estimated level of milk production at all stages of lactation (means = .001556 min/kg milk). Total time suckling tended to increase as estimated level of milk production decreased at 52 d of lactation, but this component of suckling behavior was unaffected by milk level at later stages. Suckling frequency declined from 8.6 bouts/24 h at 52 d of lactation to 4.5 bouts/24 h at 167 d of lactation when averaged across all cows. Total minutes nursed/24 h declined in a similar manner (64 min/24 h to 44 min/24 h) between 52 and 167 d of lactation. Duration of each suckling bout did not change with stage. In the second experiment the relationship of suckling behavior to estimated milk production was evaluated at four early stages (average of 17, 38, 59 and 80 d postpartum) of lactation using 20 mature cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Endogenous mu opioid systems and suckling in the neonatal rat.

Localized injections of the mu antagonist CTOP into intracisternal (i.c.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) sites altered the behavior of 1-day-old rat pups during continuous exposure to an artificial nipple. Blockade of mu opioid receptors by i.c. injection decreased oral responsiveness to the nipple, while blockade of receptors by i.c.v. injection of CTOP increased oral responsiveness. The injection of CTOP into the i.c. site produced a transient reduction in body weight gain in pups suckling from their mother, while injection into the i.c.v. site had no effect. When cesarean-delivered pups were tested prior to suckling, injection of CTOP into the i.c. site increased latency of the first nipple attachment and decreased total time attached to a surrogate nipple providing milk. Injection of CTOP into the i.c.v. site decreased latency to the first nipple attachment. The results indicate that there is a caudal population of opioid receptors that is involved in the initiation of suckling behavior and a rostral population that plays a role in decreasing responsiveness at the nipple.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Requirement for the lpA1 lysophosphatidic acid receptor gene in normal suckling behavior.

Although extracellular application of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been extensively documented to produce a variety of cellular responses through a family of specific G protein-coupled receptors, the in vivo organismal role of LPA signaling remains largely unknown. The first identified LPA receptor gene, lp(A1)/vzg-1/edg-2, was previously shown to have remarkably enriched embryonic expression in the cerebral cortex and dorsal olfactory bulb and postnatal expression in myelinating glia including Schwann cells. Here, we show that targeted deletion of lp(A1) results in approximately 50% neonatal lethality, impaired suckling in neonatal pups, and loss of LPA responsivity in embryonic cerebral cortical neuroblasts with survivors showing reduced size, craniofacial dysmorphism, and increased apoptosis in sciatic nerve Schwann cells. The suckling defect was responsible for the death among lp(A1)((-/-)) neonates and the stunted growth of survivors. Impaired suckling behavior was attributable to defective olfaction, which is likely related to developmental abnormalities in olfactory bulb and/or cerebral cortex. Our results provide evidence that endogenous lysophospholipid signaling requires an lp receptor gene and indicate that LPA signaling through the LP(A1) receptor is required for normal development of an inborn, neonatal behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

On the quantification of suckling intensity in primates.

The inhibitory effect that suckling has on the reproductive function of primate mothers varies as a function of the intensity with which they are suckled. Here we present an easily computed index of one parameter of suckling intensity, namely the temporal patterning of suckling bouts. High intensity suckling is characterized by frequent nursing bouts demarcated by short interbout intervals. Therefore, our suckling index is based on the brevity of observed interbout intervals, more specifically the proportion of such intervals that fail to exceed a criterion length. The index is an appropriate means of making interspecific comparisons of the development of infant suckling and is well suited for application to field data that include interbout intervals that were not observed in their entirety. To demonstrate its utility, we apply the index to field data collected on the suckling behavior of free-ranging rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) infants in India. In this context, we demonstrate that, in rhesus, between-infant differences in suckling intensity manifest themselves early in the postpartum period and contribute to between-female differences in the timing of first mating postpartum.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

"Binkie flutter," an apparently voluntary behavior of infants, possibly related to vibratory jaw movements in dogs: report of 4 cases.

Four cases of apparently voluntary rapid vibratory pacifier movements occurring in normal, unstressed infants up to 1 year of age and captured on video are presented. I speculate on the possible relationship of the movements to similar vibratory jaw movements in dogs, in which species they may represent a neuromuscular mechanism for rapid feedback control.

Female↗
PubMed1982

Effects of induced thyroid deficiency on the development of suckling behavior in rats.

The effects of propylthiouracil (PTU) on the ontogeny of suckling behavior in rats were examined. The drug was given at two dosage levels of 0.3% and 0.5% respectively mixed with rat diet throughout gestation and suckling. The thyroid glands of treated fetuses and pups and of untreated control animals of the same age groups were monitored by histologic examination. At the behavioral level, the frequency of individual movements of head, forelimbs and mouth was significantly reduced in treated fetuses. The combination movements of head, mouth and forelimbs showed severe deficits both quantitatively and qualitatively for all ages in the experimental group from day 18 of gestation. Hypothyroid pups of dams raised on 0.5% PTU were unable to attach to the nipple of the mother and died within a few days. Pups of dams raised on 0.3% PTU showed longer latencies for nipple attachment, and their gross motor movements of rooting and suckling were greatly impaired. These results have been discussed in relation to the development of suckling behavior to indicate that, during ontogeny, some decisive step in the integration of individual movements takes place in utero from day 18 of gestation. This coincides with the establishment of pituitary thyroid relationship, which is continued through postnatal stages.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

A quantitative analysis of the feeding behavior of suckling rabbits.

Three experiments are reported on the feeding behavior of suckling rabbits ("kittens"). In the 1st the latency with which the kittens attached to the nipple, and then left the nipple, was determined. Attachment was very rapid and wholly reliable: on the 80 tests the nipple was seized in every case in under 9 sec, and on 67 of these in less than 3 sec. The kittens also invariably left the nipple within the next minute. If the kittens were 5 or 10 days old speed of attachment was unaffected by the presence or absence of saliva on the nipple, but 15- and 20-day-old kittens seized the sucked nipples more rapidly than the unsucked nipples. In a 2nd experiment with 12-day-old kittens, washing the nipple with solvents did not affect speed of attachment; nor did saliva. The results show that suckling rabbits, in contrast to rat pups, are not heavily dependent on saliva cues. In the 3rd experiment both attachment latency and milk intake were shown to be affected by an internal stimulus, a gastric load of.9% saline, 5 g/25 g body weight: attachment latency was significantly increased and milk intake reduced by 75%.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Separation of opioid from nonopioid mediation of affect in neonatal rats: nonopioid mechanisms mediate maternal contact influences.

A causal distinction is established in infant Norway rats between opioid- and nonopioid-mediated determinants of behavior. Contact influences are shown to be mediated by nonopioid pathways, whereas gustatory influences are shown to be opioid mediated. Specifically, naltrexone (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) did not at all diminish quieting exerted by contact with an anesthetized dam but completely reversed the quieting effects of morphine in isolated rats. Naloxone (5 mg/kg) did not affect the latencies with which nondeprived or 8-hr deprived rats 9, 12, 15, and 18 days of age attached to the nipples of anesthetized dams, nor did naloxone (5 and 10 mg/kg) cause any systematic change in nipple attachment in 10- and 18-day-old rats that had been deprived of their dam for either 0, 8, or 24 hr. In a 3rd experiment, naloxone (5 mg/kg) did not significantly reduce milk intake by 9-, 12-, 15-, or 18-day-old rats from the nipple when milk letdown was induced by oxytocin. Moreover, naloxone (5 and 10 mg/kg) did not reduce milk intake in Day-10 rats that, while suckling, received milk via a cannula placed in the posterior portion of the tongue at the level of the intermolar eminence or in rats that obtained milk directly from their awake mother. In contrast, milk intake was significantly reduced by naltrexone (0.25-1.0 mg/kg) in Day-10 rats that obtained milk (a) by licking it off a saturated substrate or (b) through an indwelling cannula located in the anterior portion of the lower jaw. (Milk delivered at this placement is thought to engage feeding systems by its taste and texture.) In a final set of experiments in Day-10 rats, intake of milk delivered via anterior jaw cannulae was reduced by naloxone (5 and 10 mg/kg) in rats that were either isolated, in contact with an anesthetized dam, or attached to her nipples. On the basis of resistance to naloxone and naltrexone administration, these experiments demonstrate that behavioral influences of the tactile (and possibly olfactory) qualities of the mother are not mediated by opioid systems. Implications for understanding the means through which mothers can influence their young and the infantile mediators of these maternal influences are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Characterizing the functional significance of the neonatal rat vibrissae prior to the onset of whisking.

The present series of experiments assessed how information from the whiskers controls and modulates infant rat behavior during early learning and attachment. Passive vibrissal stimulation can elicit behavioral activity in pups throughout the first two postnatal weeks, although orienting to the source of stimulation is evident only after ontogenetic emergence of whisking. In addition, while pups were capable of demonstrating learning in a classical conditioning paradigm pairing vibrissa stimulation with electric shock, no corresponding changes were detected in the anatomy of the barrel cortex as determined by cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining. Finally, the role of whiskers in a more naturalistic setting was determined in postnatal day (PN)3-5 and PN11-12 pups. Our results showed that both nipple attachment and huddling were disrupted in whisker-clipped PN3-5 pups but only marginally altered in PN1I 1-12 pups. Together, these results suggest that the neonatal whisker system is behaviorally functional and relevant for normal mother-infant interactions, though it lacks the sophistication of a mature whisker system that evokes very specific and directed responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Behavioral characteristics of mouse pups during suckling. The oxytocin level in the blood of females during nursing].

Some characteristics of neuroendocrine milk-ejection reflex were studied during lactation in unanesthetized mice. Periods of considerable motor activity repeated regularly in the litter. The development of first reaction demands a prolonged stimulation of the nipple receptors by the litter. During an enhanced motor activity of the litter, the oxytocin concentration growth was determined with the radioimmunoassay of blood samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Blood pressure responses to milk ejection in the young rat.

When young rats receive milk ejections from their mothers they exhibit abrupt 30-50% increases in blood pressure. In our first experiment, we recorded, via carotid cannulae, blood pressure and heart rate during natural nursing bouts. Blood pressure changes coincident with behaviorally defined milk ejections were twice as large as the changes associated with other behaviors observed. In addition, the increases in blood pressure during milk ejection were significantly greater when pups were separated from their mothers for 18-20 hours prior to testing. A second experiment showed that these responses were independent of the mother's overt behavior because virtually identical results were obtained when pups received milk from anesthetized dams stimulated to release milk with oxytocin. These results are discussed with regard to possible immediate functions of the response, and long term effects of repeated cardiovascular activation in early development.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Suckling behavior of the infant rat: modulation by a developing neurotransmitter system.

Drugs which alter serotonin receptor activity modified the suckling behavior of 20-day-old rat pups. Suckling could be reinstated in nondeprived pups, which normally do not suckle, by blockade of serotonin receptors with methysergide. Stimulation of serotonin receptors with quipazine inhibited suckling in deprived pups, and this effect was prevented by methysergide pretreatment. This evidence suggests that suckling in weaning age pups is controlled by a serotonergic inhibitory mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Bromocriptine given orally to periparturient of lactating sows inhibits milk production.

Gilts were assigned as controls (CTL, n = 6) or received orally 10 mg of bromocriptine thrice daily from d 110 of gestation until farrowing, (BRPP, n = 7), from d 1 to 6 postpartum (PP) (BRL1, n = 6), from d 7 to 13 PP (BRL2, n = 7), from d 14 to 20 PP (BRL3, n = 6), or from d 21 to 27 PP (BRL4, n = 6). Weights of pigs were recorded at birth, 24 h later, and on d 7, 14, 21, 28, 31 (weaning), 42, and 56 PP. Jugular blood samples were collected from sows on d 109 of gestation and every other day until farrowing, as well as on d 1, 6, 13, 20, and 27 PP. Behavioral observations of sows and litters were taken every 3 min for a 24-h period beginning 48 h after the onset of the treatments. In experimental sows, bromocriptine induced marked reductions in prolactin levels during treatment (P < .001). Compared to CTL sows, concentrations of IGF-I were higher at d 21 (P = .01) and 28 (P = .003) PP in BRL3 and BRL4 sows, respectively. In bromocriptine-treated sows, weight gain of litters was either drastically reduced or abolished (P < .001) during the week of treatment. Treatments also altered significantly the suckling behavior of pigs at all stages studied. Therefore, the present results strongly suggest that prolactin is essential for the initiation and the maintenance of milk production in sows. Results also indicate that prolactin does not seem to be involved in the maintenance of lactational anestrus during a 4-wk lactation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Pheromonal release of suckling in rabbits does not depend on the vomeronasal organ.

Newborn rabbits are completely dependent on a pheromone present on the mother's belly for the release of the highly stereotyped nipple-search behavior and for nipple attachment. Surgical removal of the vomeronasal organ had no effect on pups' ability to respond to the pheromone when tested on a lactating female, nor on their ability to obtain milk in the normal nursing situation. Lesioned pups could also learn to associate the odor of citral with nipple-search behavior when nursed by a citral-scented doe. In contrast, irrigating the nasal mucosa with ZnSO4 completely eliminated responsiveness both to the pheromone and to the conditioned odor of citral. This is of particular interest given the important role attributed to the accessory olfactory system in pheromonal perception. However, it might be necessary to distinguish between pheromones associated with suckling and therefore peculiar to mammals, and other pheromones.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Mothers and their infants: peptide-mediated physiological, behavioral and affective changes during suckling.

Milk delivery through suckling lowers human newborn heart and metabolic rats. In rat and human infants pain threshold is markedly elevated and crying is arrested. These changes are induced by milk flavor or sugar taste which release central endorphins. In rats the changes are naloxone reversible; human infants born to women who were maintained on methadone during pregnancy were not quieted by sweet taste. Cholecystokinin (CCK) released during milk absorption quiets infant rats as does beta-casomorphine derived from casein hydrolysis. Through opioid and CCK mediation, milk also causes affective change that facilitates infant-mother bonding.

Animals↗