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PubMed2003

Prevalence of prenatal drinking assessed at an urban public hospital and a suburban private hospital.

BACKGROUND: Although the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) varies within the population, few data are available concerning variation in the prevalence of prenatal drinking. METHODS: Postpartum women delivering singleton infants at two Atlanta hospitals in 1993 or 1994 were interviewed. Those delivering infants who were small for gestational age (SGA) (n = 638) were over-sampled relative to those delivering infants with birth weights that were appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (n = 247). The prevalence of prenatal drinking was estimated as a weighted average of reports from mothers of SGA and AGA infants. Estimates of the prevalence of FAS come from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: The prevalence of first-trimester drinking was half that reported for the three previous months (private hospital: 72% vs. 35%; public hospital: 52% vs. 28%). Most women (85%) reported abstaining throughout the second trimester. Fewer than 10% of women delivering at the public hospital (7.5%), but one-quarter of those delivering at the private hospital, reported third-trimester drinking. Binge, moderate and heavy drinking in pregnancy were more common among women delivering at the public hospital. Eight infants born at the public hospital during this period, but none of those born at the private hospital, were identified as possibly having FAS; four of the eight were identified as probably having FAS. CONCLUSIONS: These results have implications for health education programs. For example, obstetricians in private practice may wish to reaffirm their advice to abstain from drinking in the third trimester. They also suggest that prenatal abstinence programs be targeted at populations identified as most likely to engage in risky drinking.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2002

Mapping disease incidence in suburban areas using remotely sensed data.

A method using remotely sensed data was developed to map the incidence of Q fever in the vicinity of Cayenne, French Guiana. A satellite image was processed to map land cover and generate a population density index, which was used to determine areas of high disease incidence during the 1996-2000 period. A comparison with results obtained using population census data showed strong concordance between the two incidence maps. All high-incidence areas identified using population census data were also detected using remotely sensed data. This demonstrates the potential of remote sensing as a new tool for rapid mapping of disease incidence in epidemiologic surveys.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1991

Comprehensive community-based mental health outreach services for suburban seniors.

An outreach program to deliver mental health services to mentally ill older adults has been developed in Baltimore County, Maryland. Incorporating prevention and early intervention strategies, this program targets persons aged 60 and over with late-onset or previously undiagnosed psychiatric histories. Services are provided through a novel one-third/one-third/one-third delivery schedule in senior centers, in community mental health centers, and in seniors' homes.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Relative importance of bird species as hosts for immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in a suburban residential landscape of southern New York State.

Abundance of birds and their tick parasites were estimated in a residential community located in Westchester County, NY, where Lyme disease is endemic. In total, 36 bird species (416 captures) were collected, of which 25 species (69%) were parasitized by ticks. Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin composed 96.4% of the 1,067 ticks found on birds. The bird species most heavily parasitized was house wren, Troglodytes aedon Vieillot (11.1 Ixodes dammini per bird). Relative density estimates of birds, using fixed circle radius counts, revealed dominance by the American robin, Turdus migratorius L. (29.3%), followed by the common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula (L.) (9.3%). Bird density estimates were combined with tick abundance data to calculate an importance value for each bird species as a host for immature I. dammini. The American robin was most important, accounting for 72.7% of all larval I dammini found on birds, followed by the common grackle (8.2%) and the house wren (5.9%). Both the American robin and house wren are reservoir competent for the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner and therefore may contribute to the risk of Lyme disease for humans. During August when larvae were most prevalent, 39% of the American robins and 70% of the common grackles were observed on lawns. These species are probable contributors to nymphal I. dammini populations found on lawns.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses circulating in suburban Khartoum, 1997-2000.

Measles remains endemic in many East African countries, where it is often associated with high morbidity and mortality. We collected clinical specimens from Sudanese measles patients between July 1997 and July 2000. Sequencing of the 3' 456 nucleotides of the nucleoprotein gene from 33 measles virus (MV) isolates and 8 RNA samples extracted from clinical specimens demonstrated the presence of a single endemic MV strain with little sequence variation over time (overall nucleotide divergence of 0 to 1.3%). This was confirmed by sequencing of the complete H gene of two isolates from 1997 and two from 2000, in which the overall divergence ranged between 0 and 0.5%. Comparison with MV reference strains demonstrated that the viruses belonged to clade B, genotype B3, and were most closely related to a set of viruses recently isolated in Nigeria. Our study demonstrates a remarkable genetic stability of an endemically circulating MV strain.

Genetic Variation↗
PubMed2005

Incidence and prevalence rates for occupational contact dermatitis in an Australian suburban area.

Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) regularly causes high levels of worker morbidity; however, this is often not reflected in available statistics. This study aimed to collect and verify OCD reports/referrals and generate disease estimates for a defined geographical area in Melbourne, Australia. Two methods of data collection were used. In the first method, 30 general practitioners (GPs), 2 dermatologists and 1 dermatology outpatient clinic within a defined area reported each worker with suspected OCD seen as part of routine practice. With the second method, workers living in the area who were referred to a tertiary referral OCD clinic were included in the study. An occupational dermatologist used a gold standard process that included diagnostic patch testing to verify suspected cases. The incidence rate for confirmed cases was 20.5 per 100,000 workers [95% confidence interval (CI): 13-32.1]. The 1-year-period prevalence rate was 34.5 per 100,000 (95% CI: 24.4-48.7). The positive predictive value (PPV) was highest for the occupational dermatology clinic referrals [63% (95% CI: 49-76%)] compared with reports from the dermatologists/dermatology outpatient clinic [55% (95% CI: 36-74%)] and from GPs [43% (95% CI: 29-59%)]. This study utilizes reports from GPs and dermatologists to provide OCD disease estimates and validation data for an OCD disease register.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Epidemiologic survey of multiple sclerosis in the Bucharest city and suburban area.

Epidemiologic survey over a restricted area of Romanian territory, i.e. the city of Bucharest with a population of 1,934,052 and a surface of 605 km2, established the following values for the MS parameters studied. On January 5, 1977 the prevalence rate for "probable" and "possible" cases was 46.4 per 100,000 inhabitants and for "probable" cases alone (with certain clinical diagnosis) 41.3 per 100,000. The specific 20- to 60-year age adjusted prevalence rate was 79.4 per 100,000. The incidence rate over the 1969--1976 period was 1.78 per 100,000. The prevalence and incidence rates in this survey are similar to those reported for two other large urban centers of Romania (population over 100,000 each), Romania being therefore situated in a geographical area of "high risk" for MS. The 0.61 per 100,000 nationwide and the 0.65 per 100,000 Bucharest mortality rates are lower than those reported in other geographical areas of "high risk" for MS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Introducing community mental health services. The effects on a suburban patient population.

By means of a computerised psychiatric case register, the effects on a defined population with 71,371 inhabitants were studied when the mainly hospital-based psychiatric services in the area were changed to community mental health units with substantial outpatient resources. Diagnostic, social and demographic variables and care utilisation rates were compared. A 29% increase in patients under the new system was observed. Most of the newcomers had acute crisis reactions, were younger, on average, than previous patients and registered alcohol abuse and somatic diseases. Outpatient utilisation increased (170%) and hospital admissions decreased (22%). Compulsory admissions increased (43%), as did sick-leave registrations (21%). These trends are discussed in light of the new organization.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1996

Maternal perception of cause, signs and severity of diarrhoea in a suburban west African community.

With the aim of investigating perceived morbidity and care seeking behaviour, a household survey was conducted, where 319 episodes of diarrhoea were followed by interviews every second day. The chance of consultation increased with the number of symptoms reported by the mother. The appearance of the eyes and how the child breastfed were early warnings that mothers recognized best. By contrast, there was an 80% reduction in the likelihood of seeking consultation when the mother perceived the diarrhoea as caused by teeth eruption (n = 96). Children with "teething diarrhoea" were, however, just as likely to develop signs of dehydration as children with non-teething diarrhoea. We conclude that health education concerning diarrhoea should emphasize early signs of dehydration and the discouragement of "teething" as an explanation of natural diarrhoea.

Africa, Western↗