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PubMed1997

Preparation and stabilization of heparin/gelatin complex coacervate microcapsules.

The aims of this study are to optimize conditions for the preparation, stabilization, and harvesting of heparin/gelatin microcapsules prepared by complex coacervation. Microelectrophoresis and dry coacervate weight were used to determine the optimum conditions of pH and ionic strength for maximum heparin/gelatin coacervate yield. Heparin/gelatin microcapsules were formed by complex coacervation in the presence and absence of poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP), which was used as a stabilizer. The microcapsules were collected using a spray-drying technique. Microcapsule particle size was analyzed using an AccuSizer optical sizer. Optimized conditions for maximum coacervate yield were pH 2.6, ionic strength 10 mM, and a 1:2 heparin/gelatin A ratio. PVP stabilized the heparin/gelatin coacervate droplets and reduced droplet aggregation during spray-drying. The mean particle diameter of the spray-dried coacervate droplets was lower in the presence of PVP and was unaffected by PVP concentration (in the range 0.5-2.0% w/w). Heparin/gelatin microcapsules, prepared under conditions optimized for maximum coacervate yield, were stabilized without the use of chemical cross-linking agents. Stabilization was achieved by a combination of the addition of PVP and spray-drying.

Drug Carriers↗
PubMed2005

Characterization and in vivo evaluation of ocular minitablets prepared with different bioadhesive Carbopol-starch components.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate different bioadhesive ocular formulations based on drum dried waxy maize starch (DDWM), Amioca starch and Carbopol 974P. The concentrations of Carbopol 974P in the mixtures varied between 5 and 25% (w/w). The rheological properties of the non-sterilized and gamma-irradiated physical blends of Carbopol 974P with either DDWM or Amioca were compared to those of the corresponding co-spray dried Amioca starch/Carbopol powders. Higher viscosity or consistency values were measured for sterilized co-spray dried powder mixtures containing an amount of Carbopol 974P equal or above 15% (w/w) compared to the physical blends. Sustained release minitablets (2 mm, 6 mg), consisting of sodium fluorescein as model drug and the bioadhesive powders, were manufactured at a compression force of 1.25 kN. Afterwards, the tablets were sterilized with gamma-irradiation. The amount of Carbopol in the co-spray dried powder mixtures on the one hand and gamma-irradiation on the other hand had no significant influence on the crushing strength and friability of the minitablets evaluated. However, these two factors affected the in vitro release properties of the minitablets. The slowest release was obtained with tablets containing 25% Carbopol 974P, which unfortunately possess mucosal irritating properties. By using co-spray dried Amioca with 15% (w/w) Carbopol 974P, a slower release can be achieved compared to the physical mixtures of DDWM or Amioca starch with Carbopol 974P. Moreover, this ocular formulation is very promising and is preferred, as it did not cause any mucosal irritation and released the model drug for at least 12 h, after application in the fornix.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1998

Adhesion inhibitory activity of beta-lactoglobulin isolated from infant formulae.

Beta-lactoglobulin was isolated from infant formulae that were ultra high temperature (UHT) -treated, sterilized or spray-dried. The effect of the isolated beta-lactoglobulin on SfaII-fimbriae-mediated adhesion of Escherichia coli to human ileostomy glycoproteins was studied in vitro. Beta-lactoglobulin isolated from sterilized formulae was found to perform significantly less well than preparations from spray-dried formulae (p = 0.05). Great heterogeneity was observed in the adhesion inhibitory capacity of beta-lactoglobulin isolated from UHT-treated formulae. Therefore, no significant difference was observed between UHT-treated and sterilized formulae or spray-dried formulae (p > 0.10). It can be hypothesized that beta-lactoglobulin from spray-dried and some UHT-treated infant formulae may affect the colonization of mucous membranes by E. coli strains causing neonatal septicaemia and meningitis.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2006

Preparation of prolonged release clarithromycin microparticles for oral use and their in vitro evaluation.

Prolonged release microparticles of clarithromycin (CL) were prepared using Eudragit RL 100 and RS 100 by spray-drying and casting-drying techniques. For the characterization of those microparticles, preparation yield, particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction, thermal behavior, active agent content and in vitro dissolution from the microparticles were performed. HPLC was used for the assay of clarithromycin and the assay method was validated. All the formulations obtained showed prolonged release when compared to pure clarithromycin. Microparticles prepared by spray-drying method had a slower release compared to those of casting-drying method. Spray-drying method seems to be a more suitable method to prepare microparticles for prolongation in release.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2001

Non-aqueous encapsulation of excipient-stabilized spray-freeze dried BSA into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres results in release of native protein.

Encapsulation of the model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) into poly(D,L lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microspheres was performed by a non-aqueous oil-in-oil (o/o) methodology. Powder formulations of BSA obtained by spray-freeze drying were first suspended in methylene chloride containing PLG followed by coacervation by adding silicon oil and microsphere hardening in heptane. The secondary structure of BSA was determined at relevant steps of the encapsulation procedure by employing Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. This fast and non-invasive method demonstrated the potential to rapidly screen pharmaceutically relevant protein delivery systems for their suitability. Structural perturbations in BSA were reduced during the spray-freeze drying step by employing the excipient trehalose. The protein was then encapsulated into PLG microspheres under various conditions without inducing significant structural perturbations. BSA released from these microspheres had a similar monomer content as unencapsulated BSA and also the same secondary structure. Upon blending of a poloxamer (Pluronic F-68) with the polymer phase, in vitro release was characterized by a small initial release and a prolonged and continuous sustained phase. In conclusion, the developed o/o methodology coupled with FTIR spectroscopic monitoring of protein structure is a powerful approach for the development of sustained release microspheres.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2000

Feeding value of an enzymatically digested protein for early-weaned pigs.

Weanling pigs were used in a series of studies to determine the feeding value of an enzymatically digested protein product developed from a blend of swine and poultry abattoir by-products. The initial study used 156 pigs weaned at approximately 22 d of age to compare the product with menhaden fish meal in Phase II diets. The product supported equal growth rate, and there was no preference for diet exhibited based on inclusion level of the enzymatically digested protein product. The second study used 100 pigs weaned at approximately 21 d of age to compare the product with spray-dried animal blood cells in Phase II diets. The product supported a growth rate equal to that with the blood cells, and the combination of products enhanced growth rate (P<.05). The third study used 265 pigs to compare the product with spray-dried porcine plasma in a slope ratio growth assay. Results demonstrated a relative feeding value of 91% for the product over a 4-wk feeding period. The fourth study used 290 pigs to compare the product with spray-dried porcine plasma in Phase II diets; results demonstrated comparable growth performance. The final study used 180 pigs to compare the product with spray-dried porcine plasma in Phase I diets; results demonstrated comparable growth performance. These data indicate that the enzymatically digested abattoir by-product is a high-quality protein source for weanling pigs.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2004

The role of particle engineering in relation to formulation and de-agglomeration principle in the development of a dry powder formulation for inhalation of cetrorelix.

We formulated cetrorelix acetate, as an adhesive mixture for use in dry powder inhalation. To achieve the highest possible deposition efficiency we investigated both the influence of different micronization techniques and different inhalers. The Novolizer with an air classifier as the powder de-agglomeration principle and the ISF inhaler were used for in vitro deposition experiments (cascade impaction). Micronization by milling as the classical approach and micronization by spray drying and spray freeze drying as advanced particle engineering techniques were investigated to determine whether advanced techniques are necessary to obtain high fine particle fractions (FPF) for this specific drug. It was found that the effects obtained with a certain micronization technique depended on the complex interaction of the physical characteristics of the drug substance with the type of formulation chosen, as well as with the de-agglomeration principle used. The combination of particle engineering by spray drying and the use of the air classifier technology resulted in a fine particle fraction of 66%, while spray freeze drying yielded extremely fragile particles resulting in a FPF of only 25%. The behaviour of the milled material showed similar trends as the spray dried material but FPF values were lower. It was concluded that when a drug is to be formulated as a powder for inhalation with high fine particle fractions, it is profitable to use advanced particle engineering techniques, however the applied technique should be tuned with the characteristics of the formulation type and process as well as with device development.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2004

Aerosol dispersion of respirable particles in narrow size distributions using drug-alone and lactose-blend formulations.

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of formulation type on the aerosolization of respirable particles in narrow size distributions. METHODS: Aerosol dispersion of two formulation types (drug alone and 2% w/w drug-lactose blends) containing micronized or spray-dried fluticasone propionate (FP) particles (d50% = 1.3 to 9.6 microm, GSD = 1.8 to 2.2) were examined using cascade impaction at 60 l/min with low and high resistance inhaler devices: Rotahaler and Inhalator, respectively. RESULTS: The aerosol dispersion of FP particles was significantly affected by the particle size, particle type, inhaler device, and formulation type. Interactions were observed between all factors. Generally, greater powder entrainment was obtained with smaller d50%. Higher emitted doses were obtained from drug-alone formulations of spray-dried FP particles and lactose blends of micronized FP particles. Greater aerosol dispersion of spray-dried FP particles was obtained using lactose-blend formulations with d50% around 4 microm. Greater aerosol dispersion of micronized FP particles was obtained using formulations of drug alone. Larger d50% produced larger mass median aerodynamic diameters. CONCLUSIONS: Small changes in the particle size within the 1-10-microm range exerted a major influence on aerosol dispersion of jet-milled and spray-dried FP particles using drug-alone and lactose-blend formulations.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1999

Complexation of ursodeoxycholic acid with beta-cyclodextrin-choline dichloride coprecipitate.

The inclusion complexes of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) with beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD) coprecipitated with choline dichloride (CDC) or beta-cyclodextrin were investigated to evaluate the effect of the presence of choline for UDCA inclusion in betaCD. The inclusion complexes were investigated in solution by phase solubility diagrams and 1H NMR spectrometry and in solid state (kneading, freeze-drying, sealed heating and spray-drying) by DSC, SEM, HSM, XRD and IR spectroscopy. Stability constants were determined at pH 5.5 and 7.0 to simulate the environmental pH of the first intestinal tract and at different temperatures (25, 30 and 37 degrees C) to obtain the thermodynamic parameters of inclusion. Both betaCD-CDC and betaCD increased the water solubility of UDCA particularly betaCD-CDC. All complexes showed a high dissolution rate particularly the spray-dried complexes obtained in the presence of betaCD-CDC.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗
PubMed2004

Glass encapsulation of flavours with chemically modified starch blends.

Carrier compositions based on blends of various octenylsuccinic acid anhydride (OSAN)-modified starches were utilized in the glass encapsulation of flavours by means of melt extrusion and spray drying. Dextrinized, acid and enzymatically hydrolysed OSAN starches were used in various combinations. Processing parameters were optimized for desirable physical chemical and functional properties of the encapsulating compositions. One key property in the optimization of the extrusion process was setting rate of the exiting melt into a glass. Glassy states of identical spray-dried and extruded compositions were characterized by MDSC for glass transition temperature(s), heat capacity change and enthalpy relaxation. Flavour retention, surface flavour, moisture, particle density and flavour particle size distribution were also measured and compared for the extruded and spray-dried compositions. In addition, elastic recovery and caking were evaluated for extruded compositions. The glass transition parameters were correlated directly or indirectly with most of the physical properties of encapsulating compositions, especially flavour retention, surface flavour and caking. In extruded compositions, two phases were revealed by the presence of two glass transitions, whereas spray-dried compositions showed only one broad glass transition.

Drug Compounding↗
PubMed2005

The development of DMA for the detection of amorphous content in pharmaceutical powdered materials.

The aim of this short study was to develop a novel method of sample presentation that will allow currently available DMA apparatus designed for the testing of self-supporting materials to detect amorphous content in controlled mixtures of amorphous and crystalline powders. The preparation of amorphous lactose was carried out by spraying drying, using a Büchi mini spray drier. Controlled mixtures of amorphous and crystalline lactose were produced to give eight samples ranging between 2% and 75% (w/w) amorphous content. These powdered mixtures were loaded into the DMA using a novel powder-pocket device, which consisted of folded sheet of stainless steel. The pocket was clamped directly into the DMA using a single cantilever configuration, and subjected to oscillating displacement, forcing horizontal shearing of the powder between the two plates of the pocket. Typical experimental parameters were a dynamic displacement of 0.05 mm with a frequency of 1 Hz and a heating rate of 5 degrees C/min, from 25 degrees C to 250 degrees C. Over the glass transition region of amorphous lactose, the storage modulus decreased rapidly and a peak was observed in the tandelta signal, which are typical DMA responses for self-supporting glassy materials over their glass transition region. In both the storage modulus and tandelta signals, contributions from both plasticized and non-plasticized amorphous lactose were demonstrated. Such an observation was caused by the powder pocket restricting the loss of the 2.5% (w/w) water present in the spray-dried lactose within the time scale of the first heating cycle. The tandelta peak for the non-plasticized amorphous lactose showed Arrhenius behaviour as function of oscillation frequency. The relationship between the increase in the tandelta peak with increasing frequency allowed the determination of an activation energy that was comparable to the literature values for similar compounds. The height of the tandelta peak for the non-plasticized material was directly proportional to the amount of amorphous lactose present in the mixtures. The glass transition response was still detectable in mixtures containing as little as 2% (w/w) amorphous content, however the theoretical limit of detection was higher than that determined for the same mixtures using solution calorimetry. The results demonstrate that the novel powder pocket allows the use of conventional DMA instruments for the analysis of pharmaceutical powders, however the technique requires more development to further reduce its theoretical limit of detection.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Development of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine milling process to reduce initial burst release from PLGA microparticles.

The aim of this study was to prepare 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdUrd) loaded poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres with a reduced initial burst in the in vitro release profile, by modifying the drug grinding conditions. IdUrd particle size reduction has been performed using spray-drying or ball milling. Spray-drying significantly reduced drug particle size with a change of the initial crystalline form to an amorphous one and led to a high initial burst. Conversely, ball milling did not affect the initial IdUrd crystallinity. Therefore, the grinding process was optimized to emphasize the initial burst reduction. A first step allowed us to set qualitative parameters such as ball number (7) and cooling with liquid nitrogen to obtain a mean size reduction and a narrow distribution. In a second step, three parameters including milling speed, drug amount and time were studied by a response surface analysis. The interrelationship between drug amount and milling speed was the most significant factor. To reduce particle size it should be necessary to use a moderate speed associated with a sufficient drug amount (400-500 mg). IdUrd release from microparticles prepared by the o/w emulsion/extraction solvent evaporation process with the lowest crystalline particle size (15.3 microns) was studied. Burst effect could be reduced significantly. Concerning the first phase of drug release, the burst was 8.7% for 15.3 microns compared to 19% for 19.5 microns milled drug particles.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1999

Modification of electrostatic charge on inhaled carrier lactose particles by addition of fine particles.

Triboelectrification affects particle adhesion and agglomeration and hence the formulation, manufacture, and use of dry powder inhaler (DPI) devices. Electrostatic charge measurement of two component mixes of spray-dried or crystalline lactose fine particles (< 10 microns) 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30% w/w with spray-dried or crystalline lactose 63-90 microns, respectively, has been undertaken using a system incorporating pneumatic transport of the mixed powders to a stainless steel cyclone charging device. The magnitude of charge on the mixes was shown to decrease with increased fine particle content, and there was no significant difference in charge for each concentration between spray-dried and crystalline lactose. Both the variation of charge and powder adhesion to the cyclone surface increased with increase in fine particle content. The proportion of fine particles in carrier systems in DPIs may thus have an important role where triboelectrification is involved.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed2005

Chemical composition, protein quality, palatability, and digestibility of alternative protein sources for dogs.

The chemical composition and protein quality of 11 alternative protein sources (chicken products, blood products, enzyme-hydrolyzed fish protein concentrate, soybean meal, and spray-dried pork liver) were determined, and an experiment was conducted to determine palatability and digestibility of processed red blood cell-containing diets. Chicken protein sources differed in concentrations of CP, acid-hydrolyzed fat, and total AA (TAA) by 20, 31, and 24%, respectively, and GE by 1.7 kcal/g. Blood protein sources varied little in acid-hydrolyzed fat and GE concentrations, but concentrations of CP and TAA differed by 11 and 8%, respectively. Protein solubility of chicken and blood protein source categories averaged 57 and 69%, respectively. Protein solubility of enzyme-hydrolyzed fish protein concentrate, soybean meal, and spray-dried pork liver was 53, 67, and 26%, respectively. Based on calculations from immobilized digestive enzyme assay values, lysine digestibility averaged approximately 80.4 and 81.7% for blood and chicken protein sources, respectively. Lysine digestibility values for soybean meal and spray-dried pork liver were 89 and 77%, respectively. A chick protein efficiency ratio (PER) assay showed that chicken protein sources had high protein quality values, as the PER ranged from 2.7 to 5.3, whereas blood protein sources had poor protein quality (PER values less than 1.5). Enzyme-hydrolyzed fish protein concentrate, spray-dried pork liver, and soybean meal had high protein quality (PER values greater than 2.8). In the dog palatability and digestibility experiments, a corn and chicken-based diet supplemented with either 0 or 3% processed red blood cells was tested. The palatability test showed that dogs consumed more of the diet that contained 0% vs. 3% processed red blood cells. The intake ratio for the 3% processed red blood cells diet was 0.34. Nutrient digestibilities did not differ, except for CP, where the digestibility was greater (P = 0.01) for dogs consuming the 0% processed red blood cells diet. These data suggest that chemical composition and quality of alternative protein sources differ greatly among ingredients within the same category. Palatability data suggest that a processed red blood cells-containing diet is not highly palatable but, when this diet was offered as only one food, dogs demonstrated no aversion response but some decrease in protein digestion.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Amino acid and energy digestibility of protein sources for growing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA and DE, and to estimate ME and NE of rice protein concentrate, salmon protein hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, and spray-dried plasma protein. In Exp. 1, 6 barrows (initially 29.5 +/- 2.5 kg of BW) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and fed each of 5 cornstarch-based diets in a balanced crossover design over 35 d. During a given week, there were either 1 or 2 replications of each treatment, resulting in 6 total replications over 5 wk. The 4 test diets (fed from d 0 to 28) were formulated to contain 12.5% CP by using analyzed nutrient compositions of rice protein concentrate, salmon protein hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, or spray-dried plasma protein. The fifth (N-free) diet was fed from d 28 to 35 to estimate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA, which were used to calculate SID. Ileal digesta were collected and analyzed, and AID and SID values were calculated. Apparent ileal digestible Lys, Met, and Thr values were 80.0 +/- 3.3, 65.6 +/- 3.1, and 68.4 +/- 4.5% for rice protein concentrate; 85.6 +/- 4.8, 85.5 +/- 4.3, and 69.8 +/- 8.5% for salmon protein hydrolysate; 93.3 +/- 1.4, 89.9 +/- 5.8, and 83.6 +/- 5.3% for whey protein concentrate; and 92.8 +/- 0.9, 85.7 +/- 2.1, 86.5 +/- 2.3% for spray-dried plasma protein, respectively. In Exp. 2, 6 barrows (initially 37.6 +/- 1.7 kg of BW) were fed each of 5 corn-based diets in a balanced crossover design over 35 d. During a given week, there were either 1 or 2 replications of each treatment, resulting in 6 total replications over 5 wk. The 4 diets containing the test ingredients were formulated to contain approximately 20% CP by using their analyzed nutrient compositions. The fifth (corn control) diet containing 8.2% CP was also used to calculate energy values by difference. Feces were collected to determine DE. The ME and NE contents were estimated using published regression equations. The DE, ME, and NE (as-fed) values were 4,724 +/- 461, 4,226 +/- 437, and 3,235 +/- 380 kcal/kg for rice protein concentrate; 4,173 +/- 1,052, 3,523 +/- 1,002, and 2,623 +/- 872 kcal/kg for salmon protein hydrolysate; 4,949 +/- 1,002, 4,352 +/- 955, and 3,344 +/- 831 kcal/kg for whey protein concentrate; and 4,546 +/- 673, 3,979 +/- 652, and 3,020 +/- 567 kcal/kg for spray-dried plasma protein, respectively. The excellent AA digestibility and relatively high DE, ME, and NE values indicate that these protein sources warrant further investigation as ingredients for growing pig diets.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2001

Nutritional value of fish meals in the diet for young pigs.

A series of three experiments was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of fish meals as protein sources in young pigs' diets. Four fish meals (menhaden; mackerel, dried at 85 degrees C and 70 degrees C; and herring, dried at 70 degrees C) were tested. For the first experiment, eight pigs (2 wk old) were surgically fitted with ileal cannulas and used to measure apparent digestibility of the fish meals over the age period of 3 to 7 wk. Compared with menhaden fish meal, mackerel and herring fish meals yielded higher (P < 0.05) ileal digestibility values for threonine, serine, alanine, valine, histidine, lysine, and arginine and also for the average of all amino acids. Ileal digestibility was increased (P < 0.05) as pigs grew. For the second experiment, four different diets each containing different fish meals were fed to 120 pigs to evaluate growth performance over the age period of 3 to 7 wk. Average daily gain was higher (P < 0.07) in pigs fed diets containing either mackerel or herring fish meal than in pigs fed menhaden fish meal during 3 to 5 wk of age and was highest (P < 0.07) in pigs fed a diet containing mackerel fish meal during 5 to 6 wk of age. Gain/feed was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets containing mackerel and herring fish meals than in pigs fed menhaden fish meal. Mackerel dried at 70 degrees C showed the highest value from the previous two experiments and was chosen to measure the relative bioavailability in comparison to spray-dried porcine plasma. A classical slope-ratio design was used to measure relative bioavailability of mackerel fish meal compared to porcine plasma protein. This study showed that mackerel dried at 70 degrees C can replace spray-dried porcine plasma with the same bioavailability during d 17 to 29 postpartum with additional crystalline lysine and amino acid supplementation to match amino acid profile of the spray-dried porcine plasma.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Spray freezing into liquid versus spray-freeze drying: influence of atomization on protein aggregation and biological activity.

Protein aggregation and enzyme activity were compared for reconstituted lysozyme particles produced by two cryogenic technologies, spray freezing into liquid (SFL) and spray-freeze drying (SFD). The particles were characterized by enzyme activity measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and BET specific surface area analysis. Highly porous microparticle aggregates of protein nanoparticles, observed by SEM, were produced by both processes. The smaller degree of protein aggregation and smaller losses in enzyme activity for the SFL process relative to the SFD process were due primarily to the spraying step. The higher stability of the SFL versus SFD powders was consistent with the smaller surface excess of lysozyme measured by XPS in SFL, resulting from the reduced time of exposure to the air-water interface during atomization. For pure lysozyme, the degree of aggregation and enzyme activity were comparable for lyophilization and SFL, despite the much larger particle surface area for SFL.

Enzyme Stability↗
PubMed2004

Effects of emulsification, fat encapsulation, and pelleting on weanling pig performance and nutrient digestibility.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of lysolecithin on performance and nutrient digestibility of nursery pigs and to determine the effects of fat encapsulation by spray drying in diets fed in either meal or pelleted form. In Exp. 1, 108 pigs (21 d of age; 5.96 +/- 0.16 kg BW) were allotted to one of four dietary treatments (as-fed basis): 1) control with no added lard, 2) control with 5% added lard, 3) treatment 2 with 0.02% lysolecithin, and 4) treatment 2 with 0.1% lysolecithin in a 35-d experiment. Added lard decreased ADG (P = 0.02) and ADFI (P < 0.06) during d 15 to 35 and overall. Lysolecithin improved ADG linearly (P = 0.04) during d 15 to 35 and overall, but did not affect ADFI or G:F. Addition of lard decreased the digestibility of DM (P = 0.10) and CP (P = 0.05) and increased (P = 0.001) fat digestibility when measured on d 10. Lysolecithin at 0.02%, but not 0.10%, tended to improve the digestibility of fat (P = 0.10). On d 28, digestibilities of DM, fat, CP, P, (P = 0.001), and GE (P = 0.03) were increased with the addition of lard, and lysolecithin supplementation linearly decreased digestibilities of DM (P = 0.003), GE (P = 0.007), CP, and P (P = 0.001). In Exp. 2, 144 pigs (21 d of age, 6.04 +/- 0.16 kg BW) were allotted to one of six treatments in a 3 x 2 factorial randomized complete block design. Factors included 1) level (as-fed basis) and source of fat (control diet with 1% lard; control diet with 5% additional lard; and control diet with 5% additional lard from encapsulated, spray-dried fat) and 2) diet form (pelleted or meal). Addition of lard decreased feed intake during d 0 to 14 (P = 0.04), d 15 to 35 (P = 0.01), and overall (P = 0.008), and improved G:F for d 15 to 35 (P = 0.04) and overall (P = 0.07). Encapsulated, spray-dried lard increased ADG (P = 0.004) and G:F (P = 0.003) during d 15 to 28 compared with the equivalent amount of fat as unprocessed lard. Pelleting increased ADG (P = 0.006) during d 0 to 14, decreased feed intake during d 15 to 35 (P = 0.01), and overall (P = 0.07), and increased G:F during all periods (P < 0.02). Fat digestibility was increased (P = 0.001) with supplementation of lard, and this effect was greater when diets were fed in meal form (interaction, P = 0.004). Pelleting increased the digestibility of DM, OM, and fat (P < 0.002). Results indicate that growth performance may be improved by lysolecithin supplementation to diets with added lard and by encapsulation of lard through spray drying.

Animal Feed↗