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PubMed1998

The modulation of the human sodium iodide symporter activity by Graves' disease sera.

The transport of iodide into the thyroid, catalyzed by the Na+/I- symporter (NIS), is the initial and rate-limiting step in the formation of thyroid hormones. To study the basic characteristics of the human (h) NIS, we have established a Chinese hamster ovary cell line stably expressing the hNIS (CHO-NIS9). In agreement with previous work on the rat NIS, iodide uptake in these cells was initiated within 2 min of the addition of 131I, reaching a plateau after 30 min. Both perchlorate and thiocyanate inhibited iodide uptake in a dose-dependent manner, with inhibition evident at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.1 micromol/L, respectively, and reaching complete inhibition at 20 micromol/L and 500 micromol/L, respectively. Ouabain, which blocks the activity of the Na+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase, also inhibited iodide uptake in a dose-dependent manner, starting at concentrations of 100 micromol/L and reaching maximum inhibition at 1600 micromol/L, indicating that iodide uptake in these cells is sodium dependent. CHO-NIS9 cells were further used to study 88 sera from patients with Graves' disease, for iodide uptake inhibitory activity, which were compared with sera from 31 controls. Significant iodide uptake inhibition was taken as any inhibition in excess of the mean + 3 SD of the results with the control sera. On this basis, 27 (30.7%) of the Graves' sera, but none of the controls, inhibited iodide uptake in CHO-NIS9. IgGs from these patients also inhibited iodide uptake, indicating that this inhibitory activity was antibody mediated. In summary, we have established a CHO cell line stably expressing the hNIS and shown that antibodies in GD sera can inhibit iodide uptake in these cells. This further emphasizes the role of NIS as a novel autoantigen in thyroid immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Selenium as a sulphydrylic group inductor in plants.

We investigated the effect of selenium form and dose on the total glutathione and non-protein -SH group contents in the edible spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and ground tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants. Our experiments were carried out in a hydroponic culture. Selenium was added to the culture medium in its selenite (Na2SeO3 x 5H2O) and selenate (Na2SeO4) forms. Regardless of the selenium form, we observed an increase in the non-protein thiol content. The non-protein -SH group content depended on the form and dose of selenium as well as on the organ and plant species. Regardless of the selenium form, a higher content of non-protein -SH groups were found in the spinach biomass than in the tomato biomass. Selenite contributed to a larger accumulation of non-protein -SH groups in the roots, whereas selenate contributed to their accumulation in the shoots

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1975

The chemistry of local anaesthetic agents: classification of blocking agents.

Compounds with local anaesthetic properties may be classified according to their action upon the nerve membrane. Four classes of agent are recognized: A. Compounds acting at the exterior of the sodium channels; B. Compounds acting at the axoplasmic part of the sodium channels; C. Compounds acting through a physicochemical mechanism; BC. Compounds acting by a combination of B and C mechanisms. The chemical basis for these different mechanisms is discussed.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1992

Reversible activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by oxidizing agents.

Soluble guanylate cyclase of human platelets was stimulated by thiol oxidizing compounds like diamide and the reactive disulfide 4, 4'-dithiodipyridine. Activation followed a bell-shaped curve, revealing somewhat different optimum concentrations for each compound, although in both cases, higher concentrations were inhibitory. Diamide at a concentration of 100 microM transiently activated the enzyme. In the presence of moderate concentrations of diamide and 4,4'-dithiodipyridine, causing a two- to fourfold activation by themselves, the stimulatory activity of NO-releasing compounds like sodium nitroprusside was potentiated. In contrast, higher concentrations of thiol oxidizing compounds inhibited the NO-stimulated activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. Activation of guanylate cyclase was accompanied by a reduction in reduced glutathione and a concomitant formation of protein-bound glutathione (protein-SSG). Both compounds showed an activating potency as long as reduced glutathione remained, leading to inhibition of the enzyme just when all reduced glutathione was oxidized. Activation was reversible while reduced glutathione recovered and protein-SSG disappeared. We propose that diamide or reactive disulfides and other thiol oxidizing compounds inducing thiol-disulfide exchange activate soluble guanylate cyclase. In this respect partial oxidation is associated with enzyme activation, whereas massive oxidation results in loss of enzymatic activity. Physiologically, partial disulfide formation may amplify the signal toward NO as the endogenous activator of soluble guanylate cyclase.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1997

Faulty sausage production causing methaemoglobinaemia.

A family outbreak of methaemoglobinaemia following ingestion of sausages made using 'saltpetre' is reported. Saltpetre is a generic term for several potassium and sodium based compounds. On this occasion imprecise ordering led to the use of sodium nitrite rather than the usual potassium nitrate, with extremely serious consequences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Interaction of monolaurin, eugenol and sodium citrate on growth of common meat spoilage and pathogenic organisms.

Interactions of monolaurin, eugenol (phenolic compound) and sodium citrate (chelator) on the growth of six organisms including common meat spoilage (Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus sake, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Brochothrix thermosphacta) and pathogenic (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes) organisms were investigated. The combinations of 100 to 250 ppm monolaurin with 500 and 1000 ppm eugenol, and 0.2 and 0.4% sodium citrate were more effective than each component separately. More than one combination prevented detectable growth of each organism. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and E. coli O157:H7 were most resistant and L. monocytogenes and B. thermosphacta most sensitive to control by the chosen combinations. The presence of sodium citrate was necessary to yield potent inhibition of Lb. curvatus and Lb. sake growth by the monolaurin and eugenol combinations.

Bacteria↗