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PubMed1989

The adolescent as forgiver.

A social cognitive developmental model of forgiveness is described and tested in two studies, the second being a replication of the first. In study 1, 59 subjects in grades 4, 7, 10, college and in adulthood were given a forgiveness interview that assessed six stages of forgiveness development, Rest's DIT measure of justice development, and a religiosity scale. As predicted, there were strong age trends for forgiveness and justice. Both forgiveness and justice were related but distinct constructs. The more one practiced one's faith, the higher one was in forgiveness stage. Study 2, with 60 subjects, replicated the above findings. The studies give strong evidence that people's understanding of forgiveness develops with age. Implications for adolescent development are drawn.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A predictive and follow-up study of abusive and neglectful families by case analysis.

The aim of this study was to develop methods, categories, and criteria for investigating and evaluating parental functioning and potential and to relate the accuracy of such categories to prognosis. A case analysis, a predictive study, and a follow-up study of 17 abused and/or neglected children was conducted 5-6 years later. Categories were developed and cases analyzed for stress factors in childhood, youth, and early adult life and for factors related to social network, finances, work, accommodation, pregnancy, and marriage. The cases were also analyzed with regard to the following dimensions: immaturity, emotional problems, psychosis, mental retardation, alcohol and drugs. Seven areas of parental functioning were scored on a 4-point scale. The child's role and the effect of parents' unresolved problems upon the parent-child interaction were also studied. The findings of this study, limited though it is in scope, suggest that the prognosis for abusive and/or neglectful parents is poorer when they are scored high on immaturity than when they are scored high on emotional problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Lilliputian hallucinations and medical illness.

Lilliputian hallucinations have been described in patients with delirium, schizophrenia, seizure disorders, visual disturbances, and brain tumors. The authors report two cases of patients with lilliputian hallucinations, one with AIDS-dementia complex and the other with dementia following head trauma. This is the first time that lilliputian hallucinations have been described in association with such medical conditions.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1994

The impact of social cognitive variables on the initial level of depression and recovery.

Thirty-seven patients who fulfilled DSM-III-R criteria for Major Depressive Disorder were recruited for a double-blind controlled trial of Desipramine and placebo for 6 weeks. Data about social cognitive variables, including social adversities, investment in roles and goals, general social support and crisis support were collected. Crisis support had a moderating effect on the initial level of depression: the more crisis support the subjects had, the less depressed they were on recruitment. Initial level of depression, the experience of adversity and drugs all contributed significantly to recovery defined as Hamilton Rating for Depression less than 10 at week 6. When recovery was defined as Hamilton score halved or more than halved between week 2 and week 6, subjects' level of ideal emotional support, and whether they had experienced adversity in their most invested domains, contributed significantly to recovery, independent of any drug effects or the initial level of depression. The higher their level of ideal emotional support, the less was the chance of these subjects recovering. The findings of this study pointed to the importance of controlling for psycho-social variables in studies of response to treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Dependency, matching adversities, length of survival and relapse in major depression.

This paper reports the 1-year follow-up of a sample of depressed patients. Social cognitive variables obtained during the index episode, including ideal emotional support, roles and goals investment in various domains and dysfunctional attitudes were used to predict subjects' likelihood for subsequent relapse. More subjects who experienced severe life events in the year were found to have relapsed. However, the predictive value of life events was improved if adversity was in the most invested domain according to the roles and goals questionnaire that subjects filled in during their index episode (matching adversity). Subjects who experienced matching adversity had a 3-fold chance of relapse compared with subjects with nonmatching adversity. The majority of the matching events were in the interpersonal domain. Levels of dysfunctional attitudes alone did not predict relapse. However, matching adversity and the dependency subscale of the dysfunctional attitude scale contributed significantly both to whether or not subjects relapsed and to the number of weeks subjects survived before they relapsed. The higher the level of dependency dysfunctional attitudes, the sooner subjects relapsed. The findings of the follow-up study supported the importance of psychological and social factors in determining relapse.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

Professional socialization in dentistry. A longitudinal analysis of attitude changes among dental students towards the dental profession.

In a longitudinal study conducted as part of a broad project dealing with socialization of health professionals in Israel, it was observed that during the course of professional socialization several major transformations occur in the dental student's image of the 'competent' dentist and in his self-image as a professional. Although students initially emphasized people-oriented traits as important to the competent dentist, this emphasis gradually decreased as their professional socialization advanced, concomitant with an increase in importance placed on status-oriented traits. The people-oriented elements likewise decreased in importance with regard to the student's self-image as professionals as they became more accustomed to professional reality. The correlation between these variables indicates the changes occurring in the students' acceptance or rejection of various aspects of their chosen profession throughout their years of study.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1985

Coping with a handicapped child: differences between mothers and fathers.

This paper considers coping styles of mothers and fathers of handicapped children. Cautioning against stereotyping, the authors find that mothers and fathers differ in how they appraise and cope with the stress of rearing a developmentally disabled child. The need for systematic investigation of gender-related coping styles in families with handicapped children is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

The political economy of doctors' strikes in Nigeria: a Marxist interpretation.

Professions have been traditionally conceptualized as special occupational categories with distinguishing traits called to provide needed service. The social and economic context of these attributes is assumed unproblematic or taken for granted. This study of doctor's strikes in Nigeria critiques this conception and offers a political economy alternative. It analyses professions and their traits within a given context, and in relation to other groups. It is suggested that doctors in Nigeria are a powerful and privileged group, a view they seem to successfully use to pursue their interests.

Hospitals, Public↗
PubMed1989

Coping with political violence in Northern Ireland.

Recent community based research, employing a self-assessed measure of psychological distress, has suggested that people in Northern Ireland may be coping relatively well with the stress of continuing political violence. This paper reports a first direct investigation of coping in Northern Ireland. Using two scales from the Folkman and Lazarus Ways of Coping Questionnaire--Distancing and seeking Social Support--an attempt was made to investigate the role of coping in relation to local levels of violence, the appraisal of violence, gender and trait neutoticism. The results indicated that trait neuroticism was not related to the appraisal of levels of violence, but that appraisal was related to both types of coping. In particular, those who perceived the violence to be more serious reported using less distancing, while they also reported seeking the most social support. In addition more women reported seeking social support compared to men. Finally those who lived in a high violence area were more likely to report using distancing than were those from a less violence prone area. These results were taken to support the contention that some form of denial may be the main form of coping in Northern Ireland, and that coping is related more to the appraisal of violence than to actual violence levels, while the appraisal of violence is in turn not related to trait neuroticism.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Medicalization, public policy and the elderly: social services in jeopardy?

This paper examines the medicalization of community-based services for the elderly; a process of restructuring to provide more highly medical services to a frail older population at the expense of providing a broader range of social and supportive services to older persons with varying levels of need. Medicalization is tied to changes in government policy (particularly Medicare reimbursement) which have led to increased competition within the health and social service sector. The paper utilizes data on services, policy impact and staffing from the DRG Impact Study conducted at the Institute for Health and Aging (UCSF), a 3-year study of the impacts of federal policy on 7 types of community providers of services to the elderly. Data are presented from telephone interviews conducted at two points in time (1986 and 1987) with directors of a representative sample of home health agencies (HHAs). Findings include: HHAs were more likely to report adding highly medical services and cited social/supportive services (as opposed to highly medical and/or highly technical services) as the most commonly requested services they cannot provide. Policy effects and societal implications of the medicalization of home care are considered.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Stigma, biomedical efficacy, and institutional control.

This paper explores the role of biomedical efficacy in the rehabilitation of the disabled. Ethnographic data are presented from two studies, one concerned with the prevocationally blind, the other with the institutionalized chronically mentally ill. A comparison of rehabilitation for these two groups suggests that when disabilities do not respond well to biomedical interventions, inconsistent and contradictory interpretations and policies about etiology, therapy, and post-treatment prognosis are likely to flourish. These conflicts may, in turn, increase pressure on rehabilitation institutions to maintain control over their clients. This paper addresses these issues in order to stimulate discussion about the relationship of different kinds of disability to stigma and rehabilitation.

Behavior Control↗
PubMed1990

Within and without: images of community and implications for South African psychology.

This paper critically analyses the historical embeddedness and ideological functions of the concept of community as it is used in South Africa by representatives of the state and its opponents. The analysis shows that 'community' is a key concept in the ideology of separatism through which an apartheid psychology and society is reproduced. This has implications for progressive psychologists who aim to empower oppressed ordinary people through interventions based upon theoretical models of community. Some of these are explored by examining the interplay between political and theoretical images of community and ordinary people's ideas about social ills. This suggests that whilst community psychology can revitalise a sense of community amongst the oppressed, it may also reinforce existing social inequalities by deflecting experts and ordinary people from the reconstruction of individual agency upon which liberating social transformation depends. It is concluded that a central task for South African psychologists is to engage in critical self-reflection with the aim of identifying and eliminating oppressive forms of social and psychological discourse, thereby empowering themselves and contributing to the construction of a coherent counterideology.

Models, Psychological↗