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At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Preventing adolescent drug abuse and high school dropout through an intensive school-based social network development program.

Purpose. The hypothesis tested was that experimental subjects, relative to controls, would demonstrate significant increases in school performance and decreases in drug involvement at program exit (5 months) and at follow-up (10 months). Design. A two-group, repeated-measures, intervention trial was the design used. Setting. The study involved four urban Northwest high schools. Subjects. Participants included 259 youth at high risk of potential school dropout, 101 in the experimental group and 158 in the control group. Intervention. The Personal Growth Class experimental condition was a one-semester, five-month elective course taken as one of five or six regular classes. It had a 1:12 teacher-student ratio, and integrated group support and life-skills training interventions. The control condition included a regular school schedule. Measures. School performance measures (semester GPA, class absences) came from school records. Drug use progression, drug control, and adverse consequences were measured by the Drug Involvement Scale for Adolescents. Self-esteem, school bonding, and deviant peer bonding were measured using the High School Questionnaire: Inventory of Experiences. All multi-item scales had acceptable reliability and validity. Results. As predicted, trend analyses revealed significantly different patterns of change over time between groups in drug control problems and consequences; in GPA (but not attendance); and in self-esteem, deviant peer bonding, and school bonding. The program appeared to stem the progression of drug use, but group differences only approached significance. Conclusion. Program efficacy was demonstrated particularly for decreasing drug control problems and consequences; increasing GPA and school bonding; and desired changes in self-esteem and deviant peer bonding. Program effects on progression of drug use were less definitive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Neonatal endotoxin exposure alters the development of social behavior and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in selectively bred mice.

Developmental differences in the biobehavioral consequences of immune activation in early life were investigated in two lines of mice selectively bred for high and low levels of inter-male aggressive behavior. At age 5 or 6 days, male mice were administered saline or 0.05 mg/kg gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (Escherichia coli, LPS, ip). There was a transient endotoxin-induced reduction in the growth rate of the neonates in the high-aggressive line. At age 45-50 days, the animals' behaviors were assessed in a dyadic task. Hypothalami and sera were harvested 20 min later. Rates of socially reactive behaviors to conspecific contact (i.e., kick, startle) were increased in the endotoxin-treated groups from both lines. For the high-aggressive line only, endotoxin treatment increased behavioral immobility, decreased attack frequency, and decreased levels of hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF). The effects of endotoxin exposure in early life on socially reactive behaviors in later life were associated with endotoxin-induced individual differences in CRF levels in the high-aggressive line but not the low-aggressive line. The findings demonstrate long-term social developmental consequences of immune activation during the neonatal period.

Aggression↗
PubMed1979

Effects of ethyl alcohol on development and social behaviour in the offspring of laboratory mice.

Behavioural and developmental effects of exposure to a low level of ethyl alcohol from conception to adulthood have been examined in mice. A 5% solution of alcohol in the drinking fluid of male and female adults did not impair fertility. The offspring of treated mice were significantly lighter at birth than their controls and remained so throughout their life span. No congenital malformations were observed. Behaviour of the offspring 3--4 weeks of age and in adulthood was examined by ethological analysis of encounters between alcohol-treated and control mice of the same sex. In male and female juvenile mice receiving 5% alcohol, the frequency and duration of social investigation were significantly lower than those of control partners and the duration of non-social behaviour was raised. Individual elements of 'investigate' and 'sniff' were significantly reduced in frequency. In alcohol-treated adults, the only behavioural difference from controls was an increased frequency of flight elements occurring in males. It is suggested that long-term exposure to alcohol may lead to behavioural adaptation.

Aging↗
PubMed1977

Development of social behavior in an adult total isolate rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

A 12-year-old female total isolate rhesus monkey was pretested with age mates and subsequently housed for 20 weeks with an infant "therapist" monkey. Daily observations during that period revealed a 24-fold increase in the probability of social behavior. Self-directed behaviors also increased significantly. Disturbance behaviors (self-slapping, self-biting, bizarre limb movements, etc.) remained unchanged. Although problems obviously exist in cross-species generalization, and are here considered, these results emphasize the importance of early therapeutic intervention as well as the need for a more comprehensive approach to both social and disturbance behaviors if the treatment of adults is to be as successful as the treatment of immature isolate subjects.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Exposure, susceptibility, and breast cancer risk: a hypothesis regarding exogenous carcinogens, breast tissue development, and social gradients, including black/white differences, in breast cancer incidence.

At present, known risk factors account for only one-third of breast cancer cases diagnosed in the United States. They explain an even smaller fraction of the ten-fold variation in international breast cancer incidence rates. The low population-attributable risk of these identified risk factors, plus the existence of phenomena that cannot be easily explained by current etiologic hypotheses (such as the higher rate of breast cancer among black as compared to white women under age 40 within the United States), suggests that unidentified risk factors contribute substantially to breast cancer causation. This paper summarizes evidence to propose that two socially-conditioned factors determine a society's breast cancer incidence and its social gradients in risk: 1) the extent of exposure to exogenous carcinogens, and 2) breast tissue susceptibility to these exposures. It is further hypothesized that breast tissue susceptibility is inversely related to breast tissue differentiation, and that socially-mediated reproductive patterns (involving both early-terminated and full-term pregnancies) affect susceptibility both by altering (via hormonally-mediated mechanisms) the number and ratio of undifferentiated and differentiated cells, and by stimulating the growth of initiated and transformed cells. This view is presented in contrast to hypotheses that propose exposure to endogenous hormones as the major determinant of breast cancer risk.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1986

Effects of lead in the laboratory mouse--2. Development and social behaviour after lifelong administration of a small dose of lead acetate in drinking fluid.

Administration of 0.13% lead acetate solution as drinking fluid to breeding mice was without significant effect on the numbers of live or dead births or on weight of pups at 1 day. The appearance of fur was delayed and the body weights at 21 days and 31-38 weeks were smaller than in controls. On weaning, the treated offspring received 0.13% lead acetate as drinking fluid. Concentrations of lead in bone and brain were markedly raised above control levels at 18 and 34 weeks, being greatest at 34 weeks. There were no significant sex differences. The behaviour of the treated offspring in social encounters was shown by ethological procedures to differ from that of controls. The most consistent change after treatment with lead was enhancement of social and sexual investigation. This was seen in females at 26-27 weeks when encountering male partners, in isolated males at 32-33 weeks encountering male partners and in group-housed males and females in single sex encounters at 17-18 weeks. At 17-18 weeks, the duration of this behaviour was increased in treated females in the first 3 min and in treated males in the final 5 min of the 20 min period of observation. Behavioural changes in juvenile mice at 6--7 weeks occurred only during the final 5 of the 20 min observation. At 3--4 weeks only a marginal difference in behaviour was detectable, this being in the treated females. Overall the behavioural effects of lead differed between males and females and were different in juveniles from those seen in adulthood.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of sodium valproate on development and social behaviour in the Mongolian gerbil.

Sodium valproate is an anticonvulsant widely prescribed because of its broad spectrum of activity. While acute toxicity from high doses is well recognized, there have been few animal studies of its chronic toxicity at therapeutic dose levels. Sodium valproate given continuously in drinking fluid (600 mg/l) throughout pregnancy and lactation to breeding gerbils caused developmental delay of the self-righting reflex in their pups. Dams ingested 97 mg/kg daily during gestation and 151 mg/kg on average during lactation, a dose in the lower range of anticonvulsant effectiveness. Reproductive performance, birth weights and subsequent growth of the pups remained normal, as did brain weights in adulthood. Drug-treated offspring, continuing to receive valproate as drinking fluid after weaning (600 mg/l; 82 to 111 mg/kg) showed negligible behavioural alteration at 6 weeks of age as assessed by ethological procedures, although behavioural change did occur at 20 weeks in the female animals. These females were characterised by significant enhancement of exploration and scanning during dyadic encounters in an unfamiliar cage, and showed a concomitant reduction of other nonsocial activities. Short-term administration of this dose of the drug did not affect behaviour. These results suggest an increased reactivity to the environment which becomes evident only after long-term treatment with valproate and to which female animals are more susceptible than males. These findings of developmental delay and of modifications to behaviour later in life points to the need for more detailed clinical assessments of the effects of valproate in human patients.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

Renal transplantation in children.

The application of the principles underlying successful renal transplantation in children has led us to increasing success in achieving our goals, which involve more than simple renal function replacement and include effective growth in stature, skeletal and central nervous system development, as well as social development. To succeed in these diverse areas, all modalities of therapy for ESRD may be needed at various times in some patients. Pretransplant therapy must be judiciously selected, and post-transplant protocols often modified to reflect individualized needs.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Effects of alcohol exposure during development on social behavior in rats.

In addition to the cognitive deficits associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), clinical and animal studies indicate that alcohol exposure might also have detrimental effects on social behavior. In a rat model of FAS, experimental rats were given alcohol from gestational day (GD) 1 to 22 and from postnatal day (PD) 2 to 10, a period roughly equivalent to all three trimesters in humans. Control groups consisted of rats exposed to the administration procedures but not to alcohol and nontreated rats. At 30 days of age, rats were tested for social behavior in an alley maze that contained its cagemate in the goal box. After varying periods of isolation, the animals' latencies to reach the goal box and their social behaviors once inside the goal box were recorded. Alcohol-exposed animals ran faster than control rats to the occupied goal box regardless of the amount of isolation. The alcohol-exposed animals also exhibited aberrant social interactions with their cagemate once inside the goal box compared to one or both of the control groups. Specifically, the alcohol-exposed animals showed greater amounts of anogenital sniffing, chasing, hopping and darting, and retrieving and lesser amounts of pinning and biting compared to one or both of the control groups. The alcohol-induced change in anogenital sniffing varied over increasing amounts of isolation compared to both control groups, but the alterations in the other behaviors did not. It is argued that the altered social behavior of alcohol-exposed animals is not the result of changes in the animals' motivational state or social learning and may be the result of an increased responsiveness to social stimuli.

Analysis of Variance↗