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PubMed2002

Muscles may contribute to shoulder dislocation and stability.

Joint instability is one of the most common human afflictions, affecting not only the hip, knee, and shoulder but all joints of the body. Surgical repair for joint instability is done commonly, yet has not been able to restore function consistently. Pain, recurrence of instability, joint stiffness, muscle injury, and degenerative joint disease are all too common sequelae. Because the glenohumeral joint is most commonly dislocated, efforts have been directed to understanding shoulder instability. Study has included not only the static restraints (capsulolabrum, articular surfaces, intracapsular pressure), but also their important interplay with the dynamic restraints (shoulder muscles). Furthermore, not only were muscles known to stabilize the joint studied but also may have contributed to dislocation. An in vitro, cadaveric model that included relevant shoulder muscles and a mechanism of dislocation similar to an in vivo mechanism was developed. The capsulolabral pathoanatomy that occurred after dislocation was studied. Increased understanding of joint dislocation may improve functional results after rehabilitation and surgical repair, not only at the shoulder, but also at all other joints.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1989

[Ultrastructure of the deltoid muscle in wrestlers with habitual shoulder dislocation and during rehabilitation after surgical treatment].

Electron microscopical investigation of the musculus deltoideus bioptates has been performed in wrestlers with a habitual shoulder-slip (7 persons). In the same persons contralateral muscle of the healthy arm has been studied (4 persons) and state of the muscle after operative treatment of the shoulder-slip (4 persons) has been analysed. At repeated shoulder-slips signs of the muscle atrophy are noted; this is clear from destructive changes of myofibrils, appearance of a great number of necrotized fibers, outgrowth of the connective tissue. In two cases ectopic formation of the bone in the muscle tissue has been observed. Increasing number of myosatellitocytes, appearance of newly formed fibers after the operative treatment contributes to restoration of the atrophied muscles. During rehabilitation period after the operative eradication of the shoulder-slip, when the program of the restorative loading is working out, it is necessary to take into consideration the severity of the trauma and duration of the disease, in order to avoid lesions of the weakend muscles.

Athletic Injuries↗