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PubMed1977

Incidence rates for cleft lip and palate in British Columbia 1952-71 for North American Indian, Japanese, Chinese and total populations: secular trends over twenty years.

The incidence of cleft lip and/or cleft palate was examined for the 1952-71 period for the Province of British Columbia. Although there were some fluctuations, some of which were significant, there was no general trend which indicated that the rates were either increasing or decreasing. These rates are important for a background calculation when investigating new invironment teratogens. The total rate of 1.97 per 1,000 live birth is comparable with other Caucasian populations where there is good ascertainment and adequate follow-up period. This study also confirmed the previously reported high rate for North American Indians in British Columbia (3.74 per 1,000 live births) and established rates for the Japanese (3.36 per 1,000 live births) and Chinese (1.76 per 1,000 live births) of British Columbia. Since these three sub-populations are relatively small in relation to the total population, they do not influence the overall total rate to any great extent.

British Columbia↗
PubMed1993

Sex and drugs and nuclear war: secular, developmental and type A influences upon adolescents' fears of the nuclear threat, AIDS and drug addiction.

Researchers are divided over the significance of teenagers' expressed fear of nuclear war. This study of 3556 secondary school pupils examined whether (1) fear of nuclear war remains a feature of adolescent concern during the current east-west détente; (2) the examination of responses in a large sample reveals age and sex differences in such expressed fears; (3) worry about 'real world' issues like nuclear war, AIDS and drug addiction relates more generally to Type A proneness in adolescents. The results suggest that fewer teenagers spontaneously raise fear of nuclear war than in previous "pre-Glasnost" research in Britain, that such concern is expressed differentially according to the child's age and sex and that secondary school pupils who express concern about nuclear war and AIDS are more likely to show significantly higher Type A identification.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Mass media, secular trends, and the future of cardiovascular disease health promotion: an interpretive analysis.

Mass media roles in promoting cardiovascular health in the context of lessons learned from major U.S. community studies, changing media technology, and emergent models of media-community partnerships are discussed. Three principal issues are explored: (1) implications of the current expansion, convergence, and harmonization of mass media technology;(2) recent trends in media coverage of heart disease and population practices; and (3) implications for the future relationship between the media and public health in cardiovascular health promotion. It is concluded that classic campaign models focusing on individual-level change have evolved to recognize environmental-level influences on behavior. Emergent public health campaign models have moved toward "agenda-building," in which the focus is on a more unified approach to influencing public and community agendas for social, behavioral, and policy change. Recent developments among the commercial mass media may offer new opportunities for public health partnerships to promote cardiovascular health.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1994

Secular changes in the short-term preventive, positive, and temperature checks to population growth in Europe, 1460 to 1909.

"Annual variations in births, marriages, deaths, grain prices, and quarterly temperature series in England, France, Prussia, and Sweden [for the period 1460-1909] are analyzed using a distributed lag model. The results provide support for the existence of the short-term preventive, positive and temperature checks to population growth. Decreases in fertility and nuptiality are generally associated with increases in grain prices. Increases in mortality appear to be associated with high grain prices, cold winters and hot summers. Changes in these responses over time are examined within the context of economic development."

Climate↗
PubMed1992

Secular trends and sociodemographic regularities of coital debut age in Norway.

Gender and birth cohort differences and the influence of social background variables on the coital debut age were investigated in the general population of Norway. The data derive from a 1987 questionnaire on sexual behavior mailed to a random sample of 10,000 Norwegians of both sexes, ages 18 through 60; 63% responded to the questionnaire. 94.5% reported that they had experienced intercourse. The median coital debut age was 18.2 years. There were both cohort and gender differences. Younger cohorts have lower coital debut ages, and women younger than 35 years experienced their first intercourse at an earlier age than men in the same age group. When each independent variable was analyzed separately, there were substantial differences between educational levels and social classes with respect to age of coital debut. Multivariate analysis of six separate cohorts revealed independent effects of gender in the two youngest cohorts, whereas educational level had significant independent effects in all but the oldest cohort. Social class did not reveal any independent effect on coital debut age. Population density of the place of residence of the respondents was not substantially related to age of coital debut. Seen together, the independent variables explain about 13% of the variance in coital debut age (by multiple regression).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Geometric measurements of the proximal femur in UK women: secular increase between the late 1950s and early 1990s.

The aim of this study was to determine whether hip axis or femoral length has increased in women in the United Kingdom between the late 1950s and early 1990s. Such an observation would be of interest as it might explain the rise in age-specific incidence of hip fracture observed during these years. We studied two sets of antero-posterior pelvic radiographs of women aged 55-69 years taken during the course of population-based studies in the UK, one in 1958-60 and the other in 1989-91. One observer (S.G.) recorded the following measurements at the right hip: hip axis length (HAL), femoral length (FL) and femoral width (FW). Two summary ratios, HAL/FW and FL/FW were calculated to allow for differences in radiographic technique. HAL, FL and FW were greater in the 1989-91 films compared with those taken in 1958-60. Both HAL and FL expressed as a ratio to FW were also greater in the later films. FL/FW increased by 4.5% (p < 0.05); HAL/FW increased by 2.3%, though this was not statistically significant. We conclude that there has been a small apparent change in geometric measurements of the hip during the past 36 years. Cautious extrapolation suggests that such a change may explain up to one third of the increase in incidence of hip fracture observed during this period.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

No secular increase in the prevalence of vertebral fractures due to postmenopausal osteoporosis.

We examined whether the prevalence of vertebral fractures in otherwise healthy, 70-year-old Danish women had increased during an interval of 10 years. The population-based epidemiological study included two age-matched groups of postmenopausal women. Group 1 consisted of 70-year-old women (n = 386) living in a defined area of suburban Copenhagen recruited in 1979 for an epidemiological study. Of the 285 women who were entered, 173 were judged healthy, without secondary causes of osteoporosis. Group 2 was recruited by sending questionnaires to all women aged 68-72 years living in the same area in 1989. Of the 512 women who attended a medical screening, 387 were found to be without secondary causes of osteoporosis and had a spinal radiograph. Radiographs of the thoracolumbar spine were assessed for vertebral fracture by five radiological methods. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the prevalence of vertebral fractures and the 95% confidence intervals overlapped completely in all methods. The prevalence rates varied by method from about 35% to more than 80% but the distribution of fracture types was similar in the two groups. We conclude that the prevalence of vertebral fractures due to postmenopausal osteoporosis has not increased since 1979 in otherwise healthy women residing in suburban Copenhagen, and that comparison of prevalences between studies requires that they use the same method of radiological assessment.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Mortality rate of Huntington disease in Japan: secular trends, marital status, and geographical variations.

The death rate from Huntington disease (HD) in Japan was analyzed using Japanese vital statistics for 1969-1985. There was no significant change in the HD death rate over the years. The overall death rate per million population was 0.15 for both sexes. As for marital status, a quarter of the HD deaths was the single group for both sexes. There were remarkable differences in the HD death rates for each sex among the four marital categories. The geographical variations in the HD death rate were observed with the highest death rate in Tokushima prefecture (1.03). The excess of observed than expected numbers of HD deaths was obtained in the occupational category VI (other) of the head of household. The mean age at death in HD was nearly constant during the period, and overall mean age at death was 48 years for both sexes, which value was eight years shorter than that in South Wales.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Genetics of educational attainment in Australian twins: sex differences and secular changes.

The relative effects of genetic and environmental factors in producing individual differences in educational achievement are compared across women and men and over birth cohorts. In a large sample of Australian twin pairs, the heritability of self-reported educational attainment did not vary among women and men born before and after 1950. In a "psychometric" model of twin resemblance, based on separate self-reports in 1981 and 1989, genetic factors explained 57% of the stable variance in educational achievement, while environmental factors shared by twins accounted for 24% of the variance. Corrections for phenotypic assortative mating for educational level, however, suggested that estimated common-environmental effects could be entirely explained by the correlation between additive genetic values for mates. Taking this into account, heritability "true" educational attainment in Australia may be as high as 82% with the remaining variation being due to individual environments or experiences. Unlike previous studies in Scandinavian countries, results in Australia suggest that factors influencing educational success are comparable between women and men and for individuals born at different points during this century.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Secular trends in mortality from asthma in children and young adults: Republic of Ireland, 1970-91.

Trends in mortality attributed to asthma in children (0-14 years) and young adults (15-44 years) and the age group 5-34 years were examined for the Republic of Ireland over the period 1970-91. Childhood mortality rates were low with no clear trend. A recent rise in asthma mortality was observed in the 5-34 year olds but not in the 15-44 year age group. More detailed examination of these rates revealed that the rise in mortality in the 5-34 year olds derived from the age band 25-34 years. This increase is masked in the 15-44 year age group by wide fluctuations in mortality in the age band 35-44 years. A similar discrepancy in asthma mortality trends for the 15-44 and 5-34 year age groups has been reported in Britain. Possible reasons for the recent rise in asthma mortality in the 25-34 year age group are discussed.

Adolescent↗