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PubMed1994

Local intramural drug delivery using an infusion balloon following angioplasty in normal and atherosclerotic vessels.

Local intramural delivery of various pharmacologic agents following angioplasty has been proposed as a means of reducing restenosis. This study tested whether local intramural delivery of aqueous solutions using an infusion balloon could be accomplished safely in normal vessels and whether such infusion was safe following standard angioplasty in diseased vessels. Infusion of aqueous agents into normal canine arteries had no adverse effect. Infusion of several aqueous agents (< or = 4 cc at 4 atm) into diseased swine iliac arteries following balloon angioplasty did not worsen existing or create new dissections. Histologically, infusion treated vessels did not differ in either model from vessels treated with angioplasty alone. We conclude that local intramural drug infusion does not create new, or worsen existing, dissections produced during standard balloon angioplasty in diseased vessels.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed1977

[Studies of the CFT in the diagnosis of Aujeszky's disease virus in swine].

It was found that the complement-fixation test is a prompt and suitable method in the diagnosis of the Aujeszky's disease virus, the antigen employed being a cell culture virus. A virulent virus, a slightly virulent one, and the vaccinal mutant strain MK have shown a good complement-fixing activity and they detect specific complement-fixing antibodies in the immune serum. By means of cross CFT an antigenic relation has been established between some strains of the Herpes group and the Aujeszky's disease virus, it being predominantly unilatera. In Aujeszky's disease antisera neutralizing and complement fixing antibodies have been deomonstrated in titres up to 1:64, and in MK antisera--CF-antibodies only. In blood sera from farms with a moderate course in the manifestation of Aujeszky's disease the titre of the CF-antibodies has been 1:8.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Vascular lesions in nine Göttingen minipigs with thrombocytopenic purpura syndrome.

Tissues from 9 Göttingen minipigs, aged 7 weeks to 1 year, with clinically diagnosed thrombocytopenic purpura syndrome were examined microscopically. All pigs had a history of spontaneous cutaneous purpura that was generally accompanied by disseminated visceral hemorrhages. Hematologic abnormalities included anemia (8 out of 9 pigs) and thrombocytopenia (7 out of 9 pigs), with platelet counts consistently below 20,000/microl. Microscopically, degenerative vascular lesions with morphologic features of arteriosclerosis were present in all 9 pigs. Vascular lesions affected small- to medium-sized muscular arteries and arterioles in various organs and extraparenchymal tissues; vessels of the renal pelvis and coronary arteries were consistently involved. Microscopic lesions in small- to medium-sized muscular arteries consisted of neointimal proliferation, medial thickening, luminal stenosis, thrombosis, disruption and fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina, necrosis of the tunica media, and medial deposits of myxoid matrix material. Microscopic lesions in arterioles included concentric laminar thickening of vessel walls (onion-skin pattern), endothelial cell hypertrophy, smooth muscle cell vacuolation, necrosis of the tunica media, thrombosis, and partial to complete luminal stenosis. Arteritis and/or periarteritis were also noted in 4 out of 9 pigs. Additional microscopic lesions included membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (3 out of 9), myocardial microinfarcts (4 out of 7), renal interstitial fibrosis (2 out of 9), extramedullary hematopoiesis (6 out of 9), and intracapillary hyaline thrombi (2 out of 9). Degenerative vascular lesions have not been previously described in Göttingen minipigs with thrombocytopenic purpura syndrome. The etiopathogenesis of both the vascular lesions and thrombocytopenic purpura syndrome is currently unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 strains isolated from pigs.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for thirty-three epidemiologicaly unrelated clinical isolates of Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 were determined in relation to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin, clavulanate-amoxicillin, penicillin G, cephalexin, gentamicin, streptomycin, erythromycin, tylosin and doxycycline, using the microtitre broth dilution procedure described by the U.S. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Gentamicin was the most active compound tested, with an MIC for 90% of the strains tested (MIC(90)) of 0.4 mg/L. Overall, 70% of strains were resistant to doxycycline (MIC(90) > or = 100.0 mg/L), followed by penicillin G (51% of strains) (MIC(90) + or = 100.0 mg/L). Resistance to amoxicillin and ampicillin was 36.4% (MIC(90) 12.5 mg/L) and 33.3% (MIC(90) 50.0 mg/L), respectively. 15.2% of S. suis strains were resistant to streptomycin, tylosin and cephalexin with MIC90 values of 25.0 mg/L, 12.5 mg/L and 25.0 mg/L, respectively. A combination of ampicillin and sulbactam (MIC(90) 6.3 mg/L) and a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate (MIC(90) 3.1 mg/L) as well as erythromycin (1.6 mg/L) were of the same efficacy, with a total of 9.1% resistant S. suis strains. This high percentage of resistance to doxycycline and penicillin G precludes the use of these antibiotics as empiric therapy of swine diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of epitopes for neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to classical swine fever virus E2 and Erns using phage-displayed random peptide library.

Infection of cells with classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is mediated by the interaction of envelope glycoproteins E2 and Erns with receptor molecules on the cell surface. These proteins are also the major antigens for eliciting neutralizing antibodies and conferring protective immunity. Here we report the identification of multiple neutralizing epitopes on these proteins by screening a phage-displayed random peptide library with CSFV-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Two different E2-specific neutralizing mAbs (a18 and 24/10) were found to bind to a common motif SPTxL, which is similar to the sequence SPTTL of the E2 protein (aa 289-293), indicating that this is likely to be an immunodominant epitope. Similarly, an immunodominant epitope corresponding to the sequence DKN of Erns (aa 117-119) was identified for two independent Erns-specific neutralizing antibodies, b4-22 and 24/16, respectively. Another binding motif, CxNNxTC, was identified for mAb 24/16, but not for b4-22. Sequencing analysis of the genes coding for the light chain of these mAbs was conducted to ensure that all mAbs were derived from different hybridomas, rather than from different subclones of a common parent line. Inhibition studies using immunofluorescent antibody assay and virus neutralization test demonstrated that the mimotope peptides truly mimicked the antibody binding determinants on the viral proteins. The detailed mapping data for these neutralizing epitopes will be useful for development of improved diagnostic tests and perhaps a peptide-based vaccine for this important swine disease.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed2005

Establishment of swine interleukin-6 sandwich ELISA.

We established a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for swine interleukin-6 (SwIL-6), which was applied for detection of SwIL-6 in vitro and in vivo. Anti-SwIL-6 rabbit- and goat-polyclonal antibodies, and monoclonal antibody (mAb) were prepared, conforming that all of the antibodies were reactive with recombinant SwIL-6 by Western blotting and indirect ELISA. A sandwich ELISA was developed using the mAb as a capture antibody and biotinylated goat-polyclonal antibody as a detection antibody. The detection limit of the sandwich ELISA for rSwIL-6 was 49pg/ml and did not show cross-reactivity with swine IL-1b, IL-4, IL-8, IL-18, IL-12, and IFN-g. Using the ELISA, SwIL-6 was detected in culture medium of the monocytes stimulated with PHA-P and PMA, and the plasma or the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae or Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. This ELISA for SwIL-6 may be useful for understanding the role of this cytokine in various swine diseases.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed2001

Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease in miniature swine after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: similarity to human PTLD and association with a porcine gammaherpesvirus.

Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is a major complication of current clinical transplantation regimens. The lack of a reproducible large-animal model of PTLD has limited progress in understanding the pathogenesis of and in developing therapy for this clinically important disease. This study found a high incidence of PTLD in miniature swine undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and characterized this disease in swine. Two days before allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, miniature swine were conditioned with thymic irradiation and in vivo T-cell depletion. Animals received cyclosporine daily beginning 1 day before transplantation and continuing for 30 to 60 days. Flow cytometry and histologic examination were performed to determine the cell type involved in lymphoproliferation. Polymerase chain reaction was developed to detect and determine the level of porcine gammaherpesvirus in involved lymph node tissue. PTLD in swine is morphologically and histologically similar to that observed in human allograft recipients. Nine of 21 animals developed a B-cell lymphoproliferation involving peripheral blood (9 of 9), tonsils, and lymph nodes (7 of 9) from 21 to 48 days after transplantation. Six of 9 animals died of PTLD and 3 of 9 recovered after reduction of immunosuppression. A novel porcine gammaherpesvirus was identified in involved tissues. Miniature swine provide a genetically defined large-animal model of PTLD with many characteristics similar to human PTLD. The availability of this reproducible large-animal model of PTLD may facilitate the development and testing of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for prevention or treatment of PTLD in the clinical setting.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Replication of virulent and attenuated strains of Aujeszky's disease virus in swine alveolar macrophages.

In vitro and in vivo replication of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) in swine alveolar macrophages (AM) was studied using two virulent strains and a vaccine strain with deletions in the thymidine kinase and gIII genes. In vitro, AM were highly permissive to virulent ADV infection. Virus progeny titers of virulent strains in the cell phase and in the fluid phase were higher than 10(7.3) TCID50/ml at 84 hr post-inoculation (PI). For vaccine strain infection, AM were less permissive, yielding virus titers of 10(2.3) TCID50/ml at 84 hr PI. To study in vivo replication of ADV in AM, virus isolations were made from AM collected at intervals from pigs inoculated intranasally with both the virulent and vaccine strains. Virus was isolated from AM samples collected from all pigs infected with the virulent strain from days 2 to 22 PI. On the contrary, no virus was detected in AM samples collected from pigs infected with the vaccine strain. The results presented suggested that in vivo virulent ADV replicates for a relatively long period in swine alveolar macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Aujeszky's disease: sanitation of swine herds in enzootically infected areas using labelled vaccines].

Both in the Federal Republic of Germany and in some neighbouring countries the epizootic situation of Aujeszky's disease has been unsatisfactory for a long time, especially in areas with a high pig density. New findings on vaccines with certain protein deletions have recently indicated the possibility that the disease might be eradicated even in vaccinated herds. By using labelled vaccines it seems possible to distinguish the carriers of vaccine virus antibodies from the carriers of field virus antibodies and to eliminate the animals infected with field virus, while leaving the other animals in the herd and protecting them from infection by vaccination. This procedure would also be practicable in epizootically infected areas and would be less expensive than eradicating the disease on the basis of serological tests without using vaccines. A skeleton of an eradication programme, which was discussed and agreed with scientific experts and with the Federal Laender, as well as rough estimates of costs are being presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Eperythrozoon infection in swine as a disease factor].

Infection with Eperythrozoon suis (E. suis) normally takes a latent course and depends on various factors. Only animals suffering extreme stress show clinically manifest attacks with anemia, fever and occasionally jaundice. Stress in the form of high animal-concentration in the stables, poor climatic conditions, change of stables or food or chronic general diseases predispose the pigs to clinical illness. The diagnosis of E. suis infection is made difficult by the prevalence of general diseases in the stocks. Experimental infections have shown that also latent infections with E. suis cause partly significant deviations in the red and white blood cell count as well as in the glucose and acid-base balance and lead to serologically detectable immune reactions which could be used as a basis for stock-diagnosis. It is still unknown to what extent infection with E. suis represents a factor in the manifestation of other complex diseases. Some observations, however, give reason to believe that Eperythrozoonosis as a basis infection is itself a precursor for the manifestation of widespread infectious diseases.

Anaplasmataceae Infections↗
PubMed2005

Long-term studies on maternal immunity for Aujeszky's disease and classical swine fever in wild boar piglets.

The aim of the studies was to fathom the duration and the role of maternal immunity for Aujeszky's disease (AD) and classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar offspring. In one experiment, two wild boar sows were infected with a low pathogenic pseudorabies virus (PRV) in 1999. A total of 51 offspring was born between 1999 and 2002 and was monitored for PRV maternal antibodies. In a second experiment, the maternal immunity for CSF was analysed. Therefore, a sow was orally vaccinated against CSF using vaccine baits containing the live-attenuated C-strain vaccine. The vaccination took place in January 1999. The sow gave birth to four piglets in 2001 and to two piglets in 2002. With respect to maternal immunity for AD, some piglets reacted positive in the ELISA up to 27-week post-partum while in the neutralization test antibodies were detected up to 15-week post-partum. The calculated half-life of neutralizing antibodies was 21 days. Regarding CSF, the neutralization titres of maternal antibodies dropped continuously reaching values of < or =10 ND50 20-week post-partum. After the 12th week post-partum, most of the sera reacted negative in the ELISA. However, after the third month, low levels of neutralization titres were still detectable. The results are discussed with respect to the epidemiology and control of both diseases in wild boar populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Production and testing of a live lyophilized bivalent vaccine against Aujeszky's disease and erysipelas in swine].

A live freeze-dried bivaccine against swine erysipelas and Aujeszky's disease in pigs was produced, its antigen titers reaching 10(8) and 10(4.67) for the two components, respectively. The immunity conferred to the vaccinated pigs (so far as Aujeszky's disease is concerned) had an antibody titer of 1:4, and in sheep the titer was up to 1:16, these animals showing resistance at a control infection with 5000 LD50 per head. The vaccinated pigs likewise withstood a control infection with a mixed 24-48-hour broth culture of virulent strains causing swine erysipelas.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Animal models in the study of atherosclerosis].

When selecting an animal species for atherosclerosis research, the most important issue is matching the model to the experiment. In choosing the atherosclerosis model there is a wide variety of choices. Genetic hyperlipidemic disorders are best studied in Watanabe rabbits and in transgenic (knockout or overexpressed) mice. Interaction between clotting disorders and atherosclerosis can be evaluated in von Wilebrand's disease swine. If hypo- or hyper-responsiveness to atherogenic stimuli is to be investigated, one should consider the pigeons. Interactions between atherosclerosis and hypertension can be studied in rabbits and monkeys. Macaca nigra has proven to be very valuable in studies concerning the interactions between atherosclerosis and diabetes. Using suitable manipulation and other advantages, rabbits will yield significant insight into specific aspects of hypercholesterolemic effects and atherosclerosis.

Animals↗