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PubMed2004

Selective extraction of acetic acid from the fermentation broth produced by Mannheimia succiniciproducens.

Acetic acid is by-product from fermentation processes for producing succinic acid using Mannheimia succiniciproducens . To obtain pure succinic acid from the final fermentation broth, acetic acid was selectively removed based on the different extractability of succinic acid and acetic acid with pH using tri-n-octylamine (TOA) as extractant. When successive batch extractions were performed using 0.25 mol TOA kg(-1) dissolved in 1-octanol at pH 5, the mol ratio of succinic acid to acetic acid before extraction was 4.9 and the final ratio after the fourth batch was 9.4.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2001

Synthesis and evaluation of various layered octacalcium phosphates by wet-chemical processing.

Octacalcium phosphate was synthesized by hydrolysis of alpha-tricalcium phosphate through a wet-chemical processing. Using the same wet-chemical processing in presence of various succinate ions, the preparation of some complexed octacalcium phosphates was attempted. The products were examined by X-ray diffraction method. These complexed octacalcium phosphates intercalated with succinic acid, L-asparatic acid, and methyl succinic acid showed an expanded basal spacing in the octacalcium phosphate unit cell dimensions. The microstructure was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Phosphorylated protein component present in influenza virions.

The nucleoprotein of the WSN strain of influenza was found to be phosphorylated in vitro. The phosphate-protein bond was stable to hot trichloroacetic acid, RNase, DNase, succinic acid, and succinic acid-hydroxylamine, but sensitive to hydrolysis by bacterial alkaline phosphatase. This suggested that the nucleoprotein is in the form of a phosphomonoester. Acid hydrolysis of the isolated nucleoprotein followed by thin-layer electrophoresis identified the phosphorylated amino acid residue as phosphoserine.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1967

[Autoradiographic Study On Eurytrema Pancreaticum]

Direct contact method of autoradiography was applied in order to know in Eurytrema pancreaticum which was incubated at various intervals such as 60, 120, 240, and 360 minutes in the vitro media added with radioactive succinic acid, C(14)-succinate. The distribution of the radioactive succinate was clarified by this technique and possible explanation was presented. The autoradiographic procedures were essentially the same as those reported previously by Yoon et al. (1964). The most distinct autoradiograms were obtained after 240 minutes incubation. The radioactivity of this labelled succinic acid chiefly concentrated in reproductive organs, such as testes, ovary, egg containing uterine tubules and vitelline follicles.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1967

On the localization of organic acids in Acid-induced ATP synthesis.

This study of the penetration and localization in isolated chloroplasts of some selected organic acids under inducing and non-inducing conditions has shown that there are 4 distinct relationships of acid penetration to ATP synthesis. Succinic acid which is effective as an inducer penetrates quite rapidly at pH 4.0 with the time course coinciding with that of acid-poise as determined by ATP synthesis. As the pH of stage I is raised (acid more dissociated) the penetration is slower, and the internal concentration at equilibrium is less. At pH 6.5 where succinic acid is fully dissociated there is little or no penetration of the dianion. A portion of the succinic acid (presumably the dianion) is retained in the chloroplasts on pH transition. This internal acid can be removed by placing plastids back in solution whose pH is less than 5.A relatively ineffective dicarboxylic acid, e.g. malonic, penetrates quite slowly at pH 4.0. The acid-poise is maximized and declines (possibly due to acid denaturation of phosphorylating enzymes) much before the internal malonate is maximal. This dicarboxylic acid also shows little penetration as the dianion and some of it is effectively retained on pH transition from 4.0 to 8.4.Acetic, an ineffective acid, penetrates quite well both as the acid and the anion and is not retained as the anion on transition from pH 4.0 to 8.4.Glutamic acid which produces ATP yields comparable to those obtained with HCl was found to penetrate very slowly and did not reveal a measurable amount of retained acid on transition from pH 4.0 to 8.4.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

An organic acid-induced sigmoidal release system for oral controlled-release preparations. 2. Permeability enhancement of Eudragit RS coating led by the physicochemical interactions with organic acid.

The drug release mechanism of the sigmoidal release system (SRS), which is a newly developed multiple-unit type time-controlled release system, was investigated. The drug release rate from the Eudragit RS-coated theophylline beads was considerably enhanced in succinic acid aqueous solution compared with the release rate in water. However, the drug release rate from the beads coated with Eudragit NE 30D, which has no quaternary ammonium groups in the polymer chain, was not affected by succinic acid, suggesting that the quaternary ammonium groups of Eudragit RS are essential to produce the unique drug release profile of the SRS. Ion-exchange experiments revealed that organic acids could interact with Eudragit RS by an ion exchanging mode to various extents depending on the acid species. To examine the individual effect of dissociated and undissociated forms of succinic acid on the drug release behavior of the Eudragit RS-coated theophylline beads, dissolution studies were performed in succinic acid or monosodium succinate aqueous solutions with various concentrations. The drug release rate was found to change depending on the concentration of either the dissociated or the undissociated form of succinic acid with different concentration dependency. From the glass transition temperature measurement using Eudragit RS cast film, it was assumed that the undissociated succinic acid was distributed to the hydrophobic segment of the polymer, resulting in the increase in mechanical flexibility of the film; whereas the dissociated succinic acid electrostatically interacted with the quaternary ammonium groups of the polymer to promote the distribution and to create new ionic circumstances: both effects of the organic acid can accelerate the hydration of Eudragit RS film. All these results suggest that the unique S-shaped drug release profile of SRS can be brought about by a drastic increase in the permeability through the hydration of Eudragit RS-based coating during the drug release process.

Acids↗
PubMed1975

A membrane-associated lipomannan in micrococci.

Membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Micrococcus flavus and Micrococcus sodonensis contain acidic lipomannans. Lipoteichoic acids could not be detected in these organisms, and the suggestion that they are substituted for by the lipomannans is strengthened by the chemical and physical resemblances between the two polymers. The mannans contain glycerol, ester-linked fatty acids and mono-esterified succinic acid residues, giving them both hydrophobic and charged properties. The M. lysodeikticus mannan has a chain of about 60 hexose units with two branch points, and is joined at its reducing end to the 1-position of a glycerol moiety bearing two fatty acid residues. Succinic acid on the mannan enables it to bind Mg2+ efficiently, and the polymer is firmly associated with the cytoplasmic membrane, probably by intercalation of its fatty acids with those of the membrane lipids.

Borohydrides↗
PubMed2006

[Drug release mechanism of famotidine time-controlled release pellets].

AIM: To study the drug release mechanism of famotidine time-controlled release pellets and to explore the mechanism of "organic acid-induced type drug delivery system". METHODS: The effects of dissociated and undissociated forms of succinic acid on the drug release behavior of famotidine time-controlled release pellets were studied from the following aspects: ion-exchange reaction, hydration, etc. RESULTS: The dissociated succinic acid created new ionic circumstances by ion-exchange reaction with Eudragit RS100. Whereas undissociated succinic acid increased the flexibility of the film by distribution in the hydrophobic segment of Eudragit RS100. Effects of both forms of the succinic acid could improve the hydration of Eudragit RS film. As a result, the permeability of the film was improved evidently. CONCLUSION: The lag time of famotidine time-controlled release pellets is induced by the hydrophobicity of the film. After water dissolve the organic acid, the dissociated and undissociated forms of succinic acid interact with the film through different ways. These interactions can change the structure of the film. Therefore the permeability of the film will be improved markedly.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nature of the stimulating substances found in the vital activity products of yeastlike fungi].

The cultural broth of Candida tropicalis was shown to contain an active compound which stimulated the synthesis of levorin, a polyene antibiotic Succinic acid was found to stimulate the antibiotic synthesis. The stimulating effect of the active compound increased in proportion to the content of succinic acid in it and became maximal at the same concentration of succinic acid as in a pure preparation. However, succinic acid was not an only compound responsible for the elevated synthesis of the antibiotic since the biostimulating effect was higher than that of pure succinic acid.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

Biosynthetic site-specific (13) C labeling of the light-harvesting 2 protein complex: a model for solid state NMR structure determination of transmembrane proteins.

Partly biosynthetic site-directed isotopically (13)C enriched photosynthetic light-harvesting 2(LH2) complexes have been prepared from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 10050 by using chemically labeled [1,2,3,4-(13)C], [1,4-(13)C] and [2,3-(13)C] succinic acid as a precursor in the growth medium. Two-dimensional proton driven spin diffusion (PDSD) solid state NMR correlation spectroscopy has been used to trace each individual (13)C isotope from the labeled succinic acid precursor to its destination into the protein and into the embedded major light-absorbing bacteriochlorophyll cofactors. For both the residues of the protein and for the cofactors distinct labeling patterns have been deduced, for protein complexes prepared from [1,4-(13)C]-succinic acid or [2,3-(13)C]-succinic labeled media. All residues, except isoleucine and leucine, have been labeled almost homogeneously by the succinic acid precursor. Carbonyl carbons in the protein backbone were labeled by [1,4-(13)C]-succinic acid, while the Calpha and Cbeta carbons of the residues were labeled by [2,3 (13)C]-succinic acid. Leucine and isoleucine residues were labeled using a uniformly labeled amino acid mixture in the medium. The pattern labeling yields an increase of the resolution and less spectral crowding. The partial labeling technique in combination with conventional solid state NMR methods at ultra high magnetic fields provides an attractive route to resolve chemical shifts for alpha-helical transmembrane protein structures.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1976

Metabolism of linoleamides. I. Absorption, excretion and metabolism of N-(alpha-methylbenzyl)linoleamide in rat and man.

1. In urine of rats dosed with N-(alpha-methylbenzyl)linoleamide (MBLA), three dicarboxylic acid monoamides, N-(alpha-methylbenzyl)succinic acid monoamide, N-(alpha-methylbenzyl)glutaric acid monoamide and N-(alpha-methylbenzyl)adipic acid monoamide, were identified. Conjugated alpha-methylbenzylamine, hippuric acid and conjugates of the dicarboxylic acid monoamides were also found in the urine. N-(alpha-Methylbenzyl)succinic acid monoamide was the main metabolite in rats. 2. Biliary excretion of radioactivity was studied in rats, cannulated for collection of bile and duodenal infusion, after oral administration of N-(alpha-methylbenzyl)[1-14C]linoleamide. With constant duodenal infusion of bile, about 7% of the dose was excreted in the bile, while excretion of radioactivity was negligible without bile infusion. 3. The g.l.c. analysis of human urine after oral administration of MBLA revealed that two dicarboxylic acid monoamides were present and N-(alpha-methylbenzyl)succinic acid monoamide was the main metabolite. 4. MBLA was excreted unchanged in the faeces of men who received MBLA to the extent of about 53% dose in 3 days. 5. MBLA was not detected (less than 1 mug/ml) in the serum of a volunteer who had been taking an oral daily dose of 1500 mg of MBLA for 3 months.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

[Analysis of volatile fatty acids in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with chronic periodontitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the volatile fatty acids in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and to analyze the relationship between the levels of the volatile fatty acids and chronic periodontitis. METHODS: GCF samples taken from 37 patients with chronic periodontitis and 16 volunteers with healthy periodontal status were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS: The detection frequencies and concentrations of succinic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid were significantly higher in GCF of chronic periodontitis than in that of healthy group. The detection frequencies of propionic acid had no statistic difference between the two groups, but the concentrations of it was significantly higher in inflammation group. We also found that the concentrations of succinic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were significantly lower in shallow pockets than that in deep pockets. CONCLUSIONS: The volatile fatty acids, especially succinic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid were associated significantly with the severity and inflammation of periodontal disease. The levels of succinic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in GCF were related to pocket depth.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Bacterial siderophores: structures of pyoverdins Pt, siderophores of Pseudomonas tolaasii NCPPB 2192, and pyoverdins Pf, siderophores of Pseudomonas fluorescens CCM 2798. Identification of an unusual natural amino acid.

Pyoverdins were isolated and characterized respectively from the cultures of Pseudomonas tolaasii NCPPB 2192 (pyoverdins Pt, Pt A, and Pt B) and Pseudomonas fluorescens CCM 2798 (Pyoverdins Pf/1, Pf/2, Pf, Pf/3/1, and Pf/3/2) each grown in iron-deficient conditions. Their structures were established by using FAB-MS, NMR, and CD techniques. These siderophores are chromopeptides, and all but one (pyoverdin Pf/3/3) possess at the N-terminal end of their peptide chain the same chromophore that has been reported in pyoverdin Pa from Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15692 [Wendenbaum, S., Demange, P., Dell, A., Meyer, J. M., & Abdallah, M. A. (1983) Tetrahedron Lett. 24, 4877-4880] and pseudobactin B 10 from Pseudomonas B10 [Teintze, M., Hossain, M. B., Barnes, C. L., Leong, J., & Van der Helm, D. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 6446-6457] which is derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline. In pyoverdins Pt this chromophore is bound to a linear peptide chain D-Ser-L-Lys-L-Ser-D-Ser-L-Thr-D-Ser-L-OHOrn-L-Thr-D-Ser-D-OHOrn (cyclic) which has its C-terminal end blocked by cyclic D-N delta-hydroxyornithine. In pyoverdins Pf, the peptide chain is also linear, SerCTHPMD-Gly-L-Ser-D-threo-OHAsp-L-Ala-Gly-D-Ala-Gly-L-O HOrn(cyclic), and contains an unusual natural amino acid which is the result of the condensation of 1 mol of serine and 1 mol of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, forming a cyclic amidine. The pyoverdins Pt differ only in substituent bound to the nitrogen on C-3 of the chromophore, which is succinic acid in pyoverdin Pt A, succinamide in pyoverdin Pt, and alpha-ketoglutaric acid bound to the chromophore by its C-5 carbon atom in pyoverdin Pt B. Similarly, pyoverdin Pf/1, pyoverdin Pf/2, pyoverdin Pf (the major compound), and pyoverdin Pf/3/2 are substituted respectively by L-malic acid, succinic acid, L-malic amide, and succinamide. Pyoverdin Pf/3/3 has the same chromophore as azotobactin, the peptidic siderophore of Azotobacter vinelandii. These pyoverdins are very similar to pseudobactin B 10, the siderophore of Pseudomonas B10: they are linear peptides containing three bidentate groups strongly chelating Fe(III) and blocked at their N-terminal end by the catecholic chromophore and at their C-terminal end by cyclic N delta-hydroxyornithine. They differ therefore from other pyoverdins such as those from P. aeruginosa ATCC 15692 which contain a partly cyclic peptide [Briskot, G., Taraz, K., & Budzikiewicz, H. (1989) Liebigs Ann. Chem., 375-384].

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Quantitative gas chromatography of Bacteroides species under different growth conditions.

From 56 strains of strictly anaerobic gram-negative rods isolated from stool and purulent lesions the fermentation products in the presence and absence of hemin were determined by quantitative gas-solid chromatography, using a simple and more rapid chromatographic procedure. With hemin the fermentation products were propionic, acetic, lactin and succinic acid. Without hemin no or little succinic acid was formed and the main products were lactic and acetic acid. In both groups the distribution of subspecies was determined and the production of fatty acids measured quantitatively. Fourteen strains of the lesion group showed a higher metabolic activity, resulting in an increased total acid production caused by an excessive production of acetic and lactic acid. This characteristic is probably a virulence factor in these strains. All strains were protoporphyrin- and oxgall-dependent. It is postulated that these substances are used for the production of cytochromes which permits the formation of succinic acid by a fumarate reductase resulting in an increased growth rate and growth yield.

Acetates↗
PubMed1991

Metabolic conversion of dicarboxylic acids to succinate in rat liver homogenates. A stable isotope tracer study.

The metabolic conversion of dicarboxylic acids into succinate and other gluconeogenic intermediates in rat liver homogenates was investigated using [1,2,4-13C4]dodecanedioic acid as tracer. Isotope enrichments in 3-hydroxybutyrate, succinate, fumarate, and malate, as well as dicarboxylates (dodecanedioic, sebacic, suberic, and adipic acids) were measured with selected ion monitoring capillary column gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Significant enrichment in the M + 4 (four labeled carbons) ion of succinate (0.4-2.9%) was detected, unequivocally demonstrating the direct conversion of dicarboxylate into succinate. In addition, significant enrichment of the M + 2 ion of succinate was also observed. This labeled species was generated from labeled acetyl-CoA through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The partition of acetyl-CoA into the tricarboxylic acid cycle relative to ketone body formation was higher in the beta oxidation of dicarboxylate than monocarboxylate. Therefore, in addition to the production of succinate, the beta oxidation of dodecanedioate resulted in the channeling of the acetyl-CoA produced to the tricarboxylic acid cycle instead of to acetoacetate production. The enrichments in lower chain dicarboxylates are consistent with a partial bidirectional beta oxidation of dodecanedioic acid. In addition to the expected M + 0 and M + 4 labels, significant M + 2 species were detected in suberic and adipic acids. These M + 2-labeled species were produced from the released free dicarboxylate intermediates which were then reactivated and metabolized. In these experiments, the overall succinate production was derived 4% from the direct conversion of dodecanedioic acid and 11% from the indirect route via acetyl-CoA through tricarboxylic acid.

Acetyl Coenzyme A↗
PubMed1994

Comparative aluminium mobilizing actions of several chelators in aluminium-loaded uraemic rats.

The relative effectiveness of deferoxamine (DFO), 1,2-dimethyl-1,3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (L1), and citric and succinic acids in mobilizing and promoting excretion of aluminium (Al) were compared in female uraemic rats which had previously received aluminium nitrate nonahydrate i.p. in a daily dose of 45 mg kg-1 for 3 weeks (5 days/week). Chelators were administered s.c. at doses equal to one-eighth of their respective LD50 for five days. L1 was also given p.o. in doses of 200 mg kg-1 day-1. Total urines were collected 24 h after each chelator administration. Total urinary Al excreted over the 5-day period, expressed as mg kg-1, were: controls, 3.4; DFO-treated, 4.5 (P < 0.05); citric acid-treated, 3.7; and succinic acid-treated, 2.7. Although the daily amounts of Al excreted into urine by L1-treated rats were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those of the controls, most animals died during the period of treatment. Measurements of Al in selected tissues 24 h after the last administration of each chelator revealed that none of the compounds significantly altered the Al concentration in bone, kidney, and brain, whereas only DFO and succinic acid significantly reduced the levels of Al in spleen. Moreover, L1 (given s.c. or p.o.) and citric acid treatment led to a significant reduction in the liver Al burden. These results indicate the need for further investigations to determine the toxicity and the therapeutical safety margins of L1.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1999

Catalytic Upgrading of Fermentation-Derived Organic Acids.

The production of organic acids in low-cost, high-efficiency fermentation processes makes available a new route to chemical production from biomass. Because of their multiple functional groups and high reactivity, organic acids can undergo a variety of reactions that are effectively catalyzed by inorganic heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysts. Lactic acid and succinic acid, in particular, are approaching large-scale production via fermentation and show excellent promise as feedstocks for catalytic conversion routes such as hydrogenation, dehydration, or condensation. A number of catalytic conversion pathways of organic acids are potentially competitive with petroleum-based routes in the current economic environment, particularly when integrated into existing biomass/crop processing schemes. This article reviews some of the key reaction pathways available using fermentation-derived organic acids as feedstocks and presents recent results from the authors' lab on succinate hydrogenation to 1,4-butanediol and tetrahydrofuran. By a judicious choice of support properties and reaction conditions, it is possible to achieve yields of either of these two products in excess of 80%.

Journal Article↗