Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Regulation of phosphatidylinositol kinases by arachidonic acid in rat submandibular gland cells.

Phosphoinositide kinases were characterized in membrane extracts of rat submandibular gland cells. Both phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-kinase and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) 5-kinase phosphorylated endogenous substrates in reactions that were linear for up to 5 min, were activated by Mg2+ and showed maximal activity around neutral pH. PI 4-kinase was stimulated by Triton X-100 at an optimal concentration of 0.22%, but the detergent had an inhibitory effect on PI(4)P 5-kinase. Arachidonic acid (AA), at concentrations greater than 100 microM, inhibited the activity of both enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect was replicated by other unsaturated fatty acids, but not by a saturated fatty acid of the sn-20 series. The nature of AA inhibition of the kinases was examined in enzyme kinetic studies with exogenous phosphoinositide and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) substrates. Lineweaver-Burk plots of PI 4-kinase activity showed that AA had no effect on the apparent Km for either PI or ATP, but that the fatty acid significantly reduced Vmax (PI) from 331 to 177 pmol.mg-1.min-1 and Vmax (ATP) from 173 to 59 pmol.mg-1.min-1. This inhibitory action was consistent for PI(4)P 5-kinase kinetics, where again, AA did not alter apparent Km values, but lowered Vmax for both PI(4)P and ATP by around 50%. Since the combination of a reduced Vmax and an unchanged Km value indicates noncompetitive enzyme inhibition, it is proposed that AA regulates phosphoinositide cycle activity in submandibular gland cells by acting as a noncompetitive inhibitor of PI 4-kinase and PI(4)P 5-kinase.

1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase↗
PubMed2006

Involvement of level I neck lymph nodes and submandibular gland in laryngeal and/or hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of level I neck lymph node metastases or submandibular nodal metastases in laryngeal and/or hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty consecutive neck dissection specimens from 100 patients with laryngeal and hypopharyngeal SCC, who were treated at our institution between 1992 and 2002, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The tumour stage was T1-T4, and the neck stage was N0-N3. Metastases were never found in level I (Ia + Ib) or in the submandibular gland. Metastases were concentrated within the jugular chain (levels II-IV in 92.2% of the N-positive necks). CONCLUSION: Metastases of level I of the neck and the submandibular gland are extremely rare in cases of laryngeal and/or hypopharyngeal carcinoma. The risk of facial or hypoglossal nerve injury does not justify the dissection of level I and of the submandibular gland in this type of tumour.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Intracellular potassium ion activity in resting and stimulated mouse pancreas and submandibular gland.

Intracellular potassium ion activities (aiK+) and membrane potentials were measured with double-barrelled, potassium-specific microelectrodes in superfused mouse pancreas and submandibular gland. Stimulation with the cholinergic agonist bethanechol caused a marked decrease in aiK+ in the submandibular gland, whereas no change in aiK+ could be detected in the pancreas. This indicates that bethanechol increases the permeability of the cell membranes to potassium ions in the submandibular gland but not in the pancreas. Pancreatic acinar cells hyperpolarized promptly when the extracellular potassium ion activity was restored after a prolonged period of potassium deprivation. In comparison, the recovery of aiK+ was a slow process. This finding gives support to the view that the hyperpolarization is due to electrogenic sodium pumping.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ca2+, calmodulin and phospholipids regulate nitricoxide synthase activity in the rabbit submandibular gland.

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role as an intra- and intercellular signaling molecule in mammalian tissues. In the submandibular gland, NO has been suggested to be involved in the regulation of secretion and in blood flow. NO is produced by activation of NO synthase (NOS). Here, we have investigated the regulation of NOS activity in the rabbit submandibular gland. NOS activity was detected in both the cytosolic and membrane fractions. Characteristics of NOS in the cytosolic and partially purified membrane fractions, such as Km values for l-arginine and EC(50) values for calmodulin and Ca(2+), were similar. A protein band that cross-reacted with anti-nNOS antibody was detected in both the cytosolic and membrane fractions. The membrane-fraction NOS activity increased 1.82-fold with treatment of Triton X-100, but the cytosolic-fraction NOS activity did not. The NOS activity was inhibited by phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)). The inhibitory effects of phospholipids on the NOS activity were relieved by an increase in Ca(2+) concentrations. These results suggest that the Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-regulating enzyme nNOS occurs in cytosolic and membrane fractions, and PA and PIP(2) regulate the NOS activity in the membrane site by regulating the effect of Ca(2+) in the rabbit submandibular gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Expression and localization of hepatocyte growth factor in rat submandibular gland.

By combination of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques, the expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was demonstrated in the submandibular gland of rats. Both the mRNA signal and immunoreactivity for HGF were localized exclusively to the epithelial cells of granular convoluted tubules, whereas they were absent from the other components of the submandibular gland. In the granular convoluted tubule cells, HGF-immunoreactivity was localized to the apical secretory granules, which was further substantiated by immunoelectron microscopy. These results added HGF to the list of many growth factors that are produced in the rat submandibular gland and secreted into the saliva.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Impaired induction of cystatin S gene expression by isoproterenol in the submandibular gland of hypophysectomized rats.

Cystatin S, an inhibitor of cysteine proteases, is produced and secreted by acinar cells of the rat submandibular gland. Expression of the cystatin S gene is known to be induced at high levels by the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. In the present study, we revealed that in the submandibular gland of hypophysectomized adult male rats, the levels of induced cystatin S mRNA 24 h after a single administration of isoproterenol are strikingly lower than those in the gland of normal rats. Administration of one of the pituitary-dependent hormones testosterone, estradiol, dexamethasone and thyroxine, together with isoproterenol resulted in marked enhancement of the isoproterenol-induced cystatin S mRNA expression in hypophysectomized rats, whereas administration of any of these hormones alone had no significant effect. These results suggested the existence of cross-talk between the signaling pathways of steroid hormones and isoproterenol in inducing cystatin S gene expression in the rat submandibular gland.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1995

Reduction of androgen receptor mRNA concentration by testosterone in mouse submandibular gland.

In this study, we examine the effect of testosterone on the steady-state concentration of androgen receptor (AR) mRNA of mouse submandibular gland. Northern blot analysis showed the expression of an AR-specific 10-kb transcript in the submandibular glands of both sexes. Quantitative analysis was done by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with a non-radioactive label of digoxigenin. The RT-PCR demonstrated that the steady-state of AR mRNA concentration was less in males than in females. Moreover, AR mRNA increased in the castrated male mice, while the administration of testosterone reduced the AR mRNA in female mice. In conclusion, the amount of AR mRNA in mouse submandibular gland is reduced by androgen.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Atypically located submandibular gland diagnosed by Doppler ultrasound.

The anatomical location and relationships of the submandibular gland are well-known to most otolaryngologists and gross variations from the norm are rare. We report a case of an atypical submandibular gland located 2 cm below the mandible which presented as a painful neck swelling with non-diagnostic fine needle aspiration cytology. Using Doppler ultrasound the mass was noted to be closely located to the facial artery and vein and following the administration of oral lemon juice, the peak systolic velocity of a small artery within the mass rose from 8.5 cm/s to 16.4 cm/s, confirming the tissue's salivary nature. We review the literature on using Doppler ultrasound in this area of the neck and discuss realistic practical applications of the technique.

Arteries↗
PubMed2003

Preproglucagon mRNA expression in adult rat submandibular glands.

Salivary glands of various animal species have been reported to contain and suggested to produce glucagon or glucagon-like material, but the origin and the nature of this salivary peptide are still doubtful. The present study was undertaken to ascertain whether the glucagon gene is expressed in rat submandibular glands and in an immortalized murine cell line derived from salivary glands (SCA-9 cell line). For this purpose, total RNA was isolated from submandibular glands or cultured cells and submitted to reverse transcription. The cDNAs obtained were amplified by a nested polymerase chain reaction using preproglucagon primers. The results showed that the preproglucagon mRNA was expressed in adult rat submandibular glands but not in the SCA-9 cell line. Determination of cyclic DNA (cDNA) sequence established identity with the coding regions of rat pancreatic pre-proglucagon gene. In conclusion, these results strongly support the idea that rat submandibular glands could represent a source of extrapancreatic glucagon or of its precursor's peptide.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Immunohistochemical and morphological investigations of the influence of botulinum toxin type A on the submandibular gland of the rats].

OBJECTIVE: The morphological changes and the expression of substance P of BTX-A effected on the submandibular gland of the rat were investigated in the study. METHOD: A total of 18 female Wistar rats were used. BTX-A was injected at right side submandibular gland. All the animals were sacrificed at the 6th day, 10th day and 30th day after treatment. Using morphological and SABC immunohistochemical methods to observe the changes of cell morphology and the expression of substance P after local applications of BTX-A at different times. The left gland was injected with physiological saline as control. RESULT: The morphology of acinar cells and ducts were different after BTX-A injection at observed time points. At the 6th day after BTX-A injection, acinar cells began to atrophy. Especially to the 10th day after treatment, lots of acinar cells and gland ducts showed atrophy. At the 30th day, few atrophic acinar cell was observed which was as same as control side. There were no cellular infiltration and necrosis around the acinar cells and ducts in all groups. Immunohistochemical study revealed that the density of substance P immunoreactive (SP-IR) fibers lowered at the 6th day after BTX-A injection. A marked decrease of SP-IR fibers was shown at the 10th day after BTX-A application. There was significant difference vs control side (P<0.01). However, the expression of SP-IR increased at the 30th day, which was similar to control side. CONCLUSION: It has been shown that BTX-A induced temporarily atrophy of acinar cells and ducts in rats submandibular gland and reduced the expression of substance P temporarily. The results suggested that local BTX-A treatment was a selective method to treat the hypersalivation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of topotecan treatment on antioxidant enzymes and TBA-RS levels in submandibular glands of rabbits: an experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of topotecan (Hycamtin), a topoisomerase I inhibiting anticancer agent, on antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) and TBA-RS values of the submandibular glands of the rabbits. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The study was conveyed in two groups (Group I, II) and control with a total of 24 rabbits. Eight rabbits in group I received intravenous (i.v.) topotecan (0.25 mg/kg once daily) for 3 days. Eight rabbits in group II received i.v. topotecan (0.5 mg/kg once daily) for 3 days. On the 15th day after administration of topotecan, submandibular glands were removed and levels of the SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and the TBA-RS in the submandibular glands of the rabbits were examined. RESULTS: SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px values were significantly higher in high-dose topotecan group compared to control group (P < 0.05). SOD and TBA-RS values were significantly higher in high-dose topotecan group compared to low-dose topotecan group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that, to prevent the hazardous effects of oxygen free radicals due to topotecan, antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px were increased. The higher levels of the TBA-RS values in group II showed that permanent damage was present because of high-dose topotecan administration in the submandibular glands of the rabbits.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Proliferative response of mouse submandibular gland to androgen but not to thyroid hormone.

Hormone-induced differentiation and proliferation of cells were investigated in the submandibular gland of castrated female mice, by determining the esteroprotease activity and 3H-thymidine labelling index, respectively. Injections of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (4 micrograms/g body weight/day) or L-thyroxine (0.5 microgram/g body weight/day) induced a significant increase in the activity of esteroprotease, which has been shown to be localized in the convoluted tubule cells of the submandibular gland. Injections of the above-mentioned dose of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone for 3 days induced a 43-fold increase in the labelling index of the convoluted tubule cells, but injections of the above-mentioned dose of L-thyroxine for any duration did not induce a significant increase in the labelling index. The present result suggests that hormones which induce differentiation of cells in mouse submandibular gland do not necessarily induce cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effect of pilocarpine and atropine administration on radiation-induced injury of rat submandibular glands.

In the management of head and neck tumors by radiotherapy, the patients are prone to suffer from radiation-induced damage of the salivary glands. This experiment was carried out to examine the effect of pilocarpine and atropine on the rat submandibular gland and to establish whether it is possible to protect the salivary glands from irradiation by altering the amount of secretory granules in the serous cells prior to irradiation. The submandibular glands of rats were irradiated after pretreatment with or without drugs. Single irradiation of 18 Gy caused significant damage to the submandibular glands without pretreatment, showing the most severe changes 1 week after irradiation and slowly recovering thereafter. Pilocarpine pretreatment was protective against irradiation, displaying much less damage after irradiation of the same dosage, and with complete recovery after 4 weeks. On the other hand, atropine-pretreated animals revealed more extensive damage than the other two groups, possibly due to the retention of secretory granules.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1983

Kallikrein concentration in submandibular glands of rats chronically treated with isoproterenol.

The effect of chronic beta-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol on the kallikrein content of rat submandibular gland was estimated by radioimmunoassay, by immunohistochemistry, and by analytical isoelectric focusing. Radioimmunoassays revealed that the kallikrein content of the submandibular gland was already significantly decreased after 6 days of treatment. After 21 days, the kallikrein content was 40 times lower and by 33 days an almost complete depletion was found. These findings were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Analytical isoelectric focusing also showed that, after 33 days of treatment, the typical bands corresponding to the kallikrein isoenzymes of the submandibular gland had disappeared. These results indicate that kallikrein secretion is influenced by beta-adrenergic stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Age-related changes of male mouse submandibular gland: a morphometric and radioautographic study.

The DNA synthesis and the changes of cell population kinetic of aging male mouse submandibular glands were studied by light and electron microscopic radioautography from embryonic day 19 to 21 months postnatal. At the embryonic day 19, the gland consisted of developing acinar cells (49%), intercalated duct (ICD) (37%), juxta-acinar (JA) (3%) and striated duct (SD) cells (11%). At birth, JA cells increased rapidly to 32%, thereafter decreased gradually. At 1 month of age, granular convoluted tubule cells appeared and increased rapidly in number with age. They reached a maximum at 6 month after birth. Then they appeared to decrease gradually from 6 to 21 months. The most conspicuous feature of the aged submandibular glands was the regressive changes of the granular ducts. The extent and height of the granular ducts as well as the content of mature secretory granules decreased. These changes may play an important role during the development of mice, because the granular duct synthesizes many biological factors. The 3H-thymidine labeling index of each cell type of male mouse submandibular glands reached a peak 1 day after birth and decreased with aging. The labeling index of intercalated duct cells was higher than the others and persisted for a long time. On the other hand, the labeling indices of the other cells were significantly depressed at one week after birth. From these observations on morphology, it was also shown that ICD cells were concerned with the generation of the other cell types.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Compensatory hyperplasia of the rat submandibular gland following unilateral extirpation.

This study investigated the morphological changes in rat submandibular glands undergoing compensatory hyperplasia. Fifteen adult male rats underwent left submandibulectomy, after which they were killed in groups of five (at days 3, 7, and 14), and their right submandibular glands (SMG) were excised. Fifteen control rats were killed in groups of five (at days 0, 7, and 14), and their right SMG were removed. Sections of 3 microns were cut, and the parenchymal and stromal cells were counted in 50 microscopic fields and sorted according to their morphological features and "class". Class is equivalent to the number of nuclei in an acinar or tubular cross-section. No change in glandular weight was noted post-surgery. Total cell count/field rose to 138.5 +/- 7.1% of control values on day 3 after gland extirpation, remaining almost constant thereafter until the end of the experiment. Acinar cell count and class showed a 154.1% peak on day 3, followed by a 30% drop in cell count by day 7 and an equivalent decline in class by day 14. Tubular cell count increased gradually to 146.5% by day 14, without a change in class. In the first week, the increase in tubular cells was mainly due to intercalated duct (ID) cells, while in the second week, there was a sharp rise in granular duct (GD) cells. This diverging cellular behavior indicates that the GD cell stems from the ID cell. The cellular changes in the hyperplastic SMG indicate death of newly generated acinar cells and expansion of the glandular progenitor compartment, as expressed in elongation of the ID.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Antisense inhibition of transglutaminase 2 affects development of mouse embryo submandibular gland in organ culture.

Tissue transglutaminase (TGase 2) has been implicated in numerous cellular functions, i.e., apoptosis, differentiation, extracellular matrix protein cross-linking and organogenesis. Earlier report of the strong transient expression of TGase 2 localized at the anchoring sites of muscle bundles of human embryo and recent findings of a similar transient expression of the TGase 2 in the salivary myoepithelial cells of mouse embryo indicated a definitive role of TGase 2 in the cytodifferentiation of myoepithelial cells. To understand functional role(s) of TGase 2 in the organogenesis of salivary gland, antisense inhibition of TGase 2 expression was performed in the organ culture of mouse embryo submandibular gland. The antisense of TGase 2 transfection tested using oral keratinocyte cell line, KB cells, elicited significant inhibition of cellular transglutaminase expression. The same antisense treatment of submandibular glands in organ culture also resulted in the suppression of cellular TGase 2 expression as indicated by weak immunoreaction against anti-TGase 2 in the myoepithelial cells of submandibular glands in contrast to strong reaction in those of the normal and sense-treated glands. Antisense to TGase 2 treatment induced retarded growth of salivary epithelium in 1 week and severe aberrant growth of salivary ducts and acini in 2 weeks and also expression of apoptotic inducer, Bax specifically localized in the myoepithelial cells, suggesting apoptotic state of myoepithelial cells. These data suggest that the antisense inhibition of TGase 2 expression affects the cytodifferentiation of ductal cells and myoepithelial cells, and resulted in severe retardation of tubuloalveolar structure formation of salivary gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Age-related changes in cellular activity in human submandibular glands as evaluated by argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the age-related changes in cellular activity of epithelial components of human submandibular glands, evaluated on the basis of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs). DESIGN: Epithelial components of human submandibular glands were divided into serous acinar cells, mucous acinar cells, intercalated duct cells, striated duct cells, and interlobular duct cells. The mean AgNOR number of each cell type was compared among six age groups. SETTING: The study was conducted at the Department of Oral Pathology, Tohoku University School of Dentistry, Japan. SUBJECTS: Necropsy specimens from 66 males and 57 females 1 to 97 years old. RESULTS: In all cell types except for intercalated duct cells, the mean AgNOR number was lowest in the 0-14 year-old group and highest in the 15-29 year-old group. The value then gradually decreased with advancing age and ultimately reached a similar level to that in the 0-14 year-old group. In intercalated duct cells, the mean AgNOR number did not differ significantly between any age group. There were no significant sex-related differences. CONCLUSIONS: The cellular activity of almost all components of human submandibular glands rises in adolescence and young adulthood and then decreases with aging. These results suggest that intercalated duct cells are capable of not only proliferation but also division into other components; these cells may thus compensate for the reduced activity of other components in elderly subjects.

Adolescent↗