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PubMed1997

Height phobia and biases in the interpretation of bodily sensations: some links between acrophobia and agoraphobia.

The present study was designed to investigate some of the factors that might underlie the commonly found association between agoraphobia and fear of heights (acrophobia). The results showed that measures of acrophobia are highly associated with the tendency to interpret ambiguous bodily sensations as threatening, and with an increased tendency to report bodily sensations of anxiety. These features of acrophobia did not appear to be characteristics found in phobic states in general, nor did measures of acrophobia show any significant relationship to the tendency to interpret external and social stimuli as threatening. These findings suggest that the frequently found co-morbidity between agoraphobia and acrophobia may be linked to cognitive biases in the discrimination and interpretation of bodily sensations that agoraphobia and acrophobia share in common. In addition, the present findings also generate testable hypotheses about the aetiology of acrophobia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Sensation seeking as a common factor in opioid dependent subjects and high risk sport practicing subjects. A cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Animal research has outlined a vulnerability trait to drug dependence like behavior. The behavioral characteristic of this vulnerability is hyperactivity in response to a novel environment of which sensation seeking (SS) has been suggested as a possible equivalent in humans. If this is the case, SS should be more frequent in drug dependent and risky sports practicing subjects then controls. The objective of this study was to determine if opioid dependent subjects (ODS) and regular paragliders (RP) would be more SS then normal controls. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Three groups of 34 individuals (total 102) matched for age and sex were selected from ODS seeking treatment, a paragliding club, and a college staff. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Global and sub-scores of the Zuckerman sensation seeking scale (SSS). RESULTS: Non parametric statistics (Kruskal Wallis and Wilcoxon 2-Sample Tests) were used given the non-normal distribution of SSS scores in the ODS and RP groups. Significant differences were found across the three groups for the Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS) (P = 0.001), dishinibition (Dis) (P = 0.0003) and total score (P = 0.001). ODS and RP scored significantly higher than controls on two (Dis and the TAS scales). RP also scored significantly higher on the Boredom Susceptibility (BS) scale (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Our results show that RP and ODS differ from controls and have some similarities based on the SSS. In this study, the ODS and the RP could express different forms of a general tendency to seek intense and abrupt sensations through various behaviors. Our results in humans are in favor of the hypothesis that the behavioral trait of vulnerability to drug dependence behavior is expressed through SS.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Sensation elicited by mechanical stimuli to the oropharyngeal mucosa.

An inaccurate localization of the site of stimulus, a higher two-point threshold for touch than those at lower lip or soft palate mucosae, and reference of touch sensation to the submaxillary cervical region following mechanical stimuli to the posterior oropharyngeal wall or lateral pharyngeal band were observed in the present study on otolaryngologists, medical students and patients with abnormal sensations in the throat. These results indicated that not only the somatic but also the visceral nervous system might contribute to the elicitation of sensation from the oropharyngeal structures behind the soft palate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Abnormal sensations of the pharyngo-larynx.

By use of a chart questionnaire, abnormal sensations of the pharyngo-larynx (ASPL) were analyzed between May 1-October 30, 1984 and followed up uintil 1 year after the first consultation date. Two hundred ninety-one patients from the total were found to suffer from ASPL, the ratio of ASPL to all out-patients being 1.47%. The ratio of sex distinction was 6.2 (males): 10 (females). A significant number of ASPL cases occured between the ages of 30-59 years old. ASPL patients were divided into the following categories: (1) causes originating from the ENT field, (2) internal medicine origin, (3) psychological internal medicine, (4) malignant origin and (5) unknown origin. The authors also conducted an investigation of the relationship between iron deficiency and abnormal sensations of the pharyngo-larynx. ASPL in females aged between 30 to 40 years indicated a significant relation to anemia of latent iron deficiency. The authors also investigated from the psychological internal medicine view and the results revealed sticky sensations of the pharyngo-larynx and autonomic imbalances with position reaction to psychosomatic and neurotic symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Recovery of corneal sensation after myopic correction by laser in situ keratomileusis with a nasal or superior hinge.

PURPOSE: To measure corneal sensitivity after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) to determine the time required for recovery of this parameter. SETTING: Ohshima Hospital of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka, Japan. METHODS: Corneal sensation was measured with a Cochet-Bonnet-type esthesiometer in 75 patients before and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after correction of myopia by photorefractive keratectomy (n = 21) or LASIK (n = 54). RESULTS: Photorefractive keratectomy did not affect corneal sensation. In the LASIK group, a large and significant decrease in corneal sensitivity was apparent at 1 month (P<.05). Although corneal sensitivity appeared to have recovered slightly at 3 months, it remained significantly decreased (P<.05). By 6 or 12 months, the corneal sensitivity in LASIK patients was not statistically different from the preoperative values in the study patients. A significantly greater decrease in corneal sensitivity was apparent in the LASIK patients with a nasal hinge than in those with a superior hinge (F = 7.54, P<.01). Corneal sensitivity was in the normal range in 31.5% of LASIK patients at 3 months and in 57.4% and 82.1% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Recovery of corneal sensation had begun 3 months after LASIK and appeared complete after 12 months.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Safety and efficacy of intracameral injections of unpreserved lidocaine to reduce intraocular sensation.

PURPOSE: To determine the safety and efficacy of intracameral injections of unpreserved lidocaine to reduce intraocular sensation. SETTING: Carolina Eye Associates, Southern Pines, North Carolina, USA. METHODS: In this prospective study, 100 patients having phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive an intracameral injection of unpreserved lidocaine (0.5 cc of a 1% unpreserved solution) or balanced salt solution. RESULTS: Ninety-three patients completed the study. There were no significant between-group differences in cell density parameters or Kowa laser flare-cell meter measurements. Seventy-eight percent of lidocaine patients and 56% of controls reported no sensation (P = .048, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: Intracameral injections of unpreserved lidocaine safely and effectively reduced intraocular sensation during phacoemulsification.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1989

Nasal airflow: resistance and sensation.

For many years nasal resistance to airflow measured by rhinomanometry has been regarded as the objective measure of nasal patency. However, recently it has become apparent that this may not be the case. The present study was designed to affirm or refute this view by using large numbers of subjects and observations. Five hundred estimations of (objective) nasal resistance to airflow and (subjective) nasal sensation of airflow where carried out. No correlation could be demonstrated between these two parameters. It is concluded nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation of airflow are two separate modalities which are not directly related. The possible reasons for this finding are discussed with reference to previous work on nasal sensation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Attributions about common bodily sensations: their associations with hypochondriasis and anxiety.

BACKGROUND: Causal attributions about bodily sensations may determine help-seeking and influence patients' demands for medical treatment. The present study aimed to differentiate the causal attributions associated with health-related and non-health-related anxiety. METHODS: Anxious hypochondriacal, generally anxious, and non-anxious general practice attenders were compared on their propensity to give somatic, psychological or normalizing attributions for common bodily sensations, measured by number of each type of attribution in a given time period and the frequency of first response of each type. RESULTS: The groups differed in all three types of attributions. Giving more psychological and fewer normalizing attributions was related to general anxiety whereas giving more somatic attributions was related specifically to hypochondriasis. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety and hypochondriasis can be distinguished in terms of their associated patterns of attributions for bodily sensations, reinforcing the importance of attributional processes and interventions which use reattributional training.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Serious delinquent behavior, sensation seeking, and electrodermal arousal.

Low tonic skin conductance level (SCL) has been related, inconsistently, to both delinquency and sensation-seeking. This study tests the hypothesis that there is an interaction such that high sensation seeking delinquents, in particular, have low SCLs. Participants consisted of 335 boys from the Pittsburgh Youth Study classified as serious delinquents or controls based upon 10 years of prospectively collected self-report delinquency data. Participants' skin conductance was evaluated at age 16 along with several personality and neuropsychological measures. Both delinquency and sensation seeking were characterized by low SCL. However, there was no evidence to suggest that the presence of both of these factors together lead to especially low skin conductance levels. This finding is not explained by differences between the groups on measures of negative emotionality, IQ, socioeconomic status, or impulsivity.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Misinterpretation of body sensations in panic disorder.

Cognitive accounts of panic predict that panic disorder patients will be particularly prone to misinterpret autonomic sensations. Several studies have produced results consistent with this prediction, but each is open to alternative interpretation. To clarify matters, 2 studies administered the Body Sensations Interpretation Questionnaire (BSIQ) to panic patients and controls. Panic patients were more likely to interpret ambiguous autonomic sensations as signs of immediately impending physical or mental disaster and were more likely than other anxiety disorder patients and nonpatients to believe these interpretations. In a 3rd study, a brief version of the BSIQ was shown to have satisfactory test-retest reliability, to change with treatment, and to discriminate treatments that varied in their effects on panic.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Sensation seeking, augmenting-reducing, and absolute auditory threshold: a strength-of-the-nervous-system perspective.

The following measures were obtained from 42 student volunteers: the General and the Disinhibition subscales of the Sensation Seeking Scale (Form IV), the Reducer-Augmenter Scale, and the Absolute Auditory Threshold. General sensation seeking correlated significantly with the Reducer-Augmenter Scale, r(40) = .59, p less than .001, and the Absolute Auditory Threshold, r(40) = .45, p less than .005. Both results proved general across sex. These findings, that high-sensation seekers tend to be reducers and to lack sensitivity to weak stimulation, were interpreted as supporting strength-of-the-nervous-system theory more than the formulation of Zuckerman and his associates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Neural correlates of prickle sensation: a percept-related fMRI study.

The painful sensations produced by a laceration, freeze, burn, muscle strain or internal injury are readily distinguishable because each is characterized by a particular sensory quality such as sharp, aching, burning or prickling. We propose that there are specific neural correlates of each pain quality, and here we used a new functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) method to identify time-locked responses to prickle sensations that were evoked by noxious cold stimuli. With percept-related fMRI, we identified prickle-related brain activations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), prefrontal cortex (PFC), premotor cortex (PMC), caudate nucleus and dorsomedial thalamus, indicating that multiple pain, sensory and motor areas act together to produce the prickle sensation.

Brain↗
PubMed2006

The effect of a medium-term activity- and diet-induced energy deficit on subjective appetite sensations in obese children.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the subjective appetite responses to an imposed activity- and diet-induced energy deficit during a residential intervention programme for obese children. DESIGN: A 6-week intervention of fixed, reduced dietary intake and 6 h/day of skill-based physical activity while resident in a weight loss camp. SUBJECTS: Thirty-eight obese (mean body mass index (BMI)=34.9 kg m(-2)) boys and girls (mean age 13.9+/-1.57). MEASUREMENTS: An electronic appetite rating system (EARS) was used to periodically measure subjective appetite sensations at the start (WK1) and at the end (WK6) of the camp. Subjective ratings of hunger and fullness were compared at the start and end of 6 weeks of an activity- and diet-induced-based weight loss intervention. RESULTS: At the end of the 6 weeks, the children had lost 8.4 kg in body mass. The diurnal profiles of subjective appetite sensations demonstrated clear oscillations in hunger and fullness. There was a significant increase in hunger (P<0.0001) and decrease in fullness (P<0.005) at the end (WK6) of the medium-term energy deficit. In WK6, morning ratings of hunger were higher than in WK1 (P<0.005) and the fixed energy evening meal induced a lower suppression of hunger (P<0.02). CONCLUSION: A programme of fixed, reduced-dietary intake combined with an activity and behavioural programme was successful at inducing a significant reduction in body mass in obese children. Subjective sensations of appetite were sensitive to a medium-term negative energy balance and weight loss. These data are essential as we continue to evolve methods of treatment for overweight and obese children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effect of sustained inspiratory loading on respiratory sensation and CO2 responsiveness in normal humans.

1. To examine the effects of sustained resistive loading on the relationship between inspiratory effort sensation and respiratory drive (P0.1) and to determine if the change in CO2 responsiveness after sustained loading is accompanied by altered effort perception, hypercapnic responses were measured before, immediately after and 15 min after sustained resistive loading in seven subjects (six men, one woman). Sustained resistive loading was set to exceed a diaphragm tension-time index of 0.2. 2. Mean time to task failure during sustained loading was 17.7 min (range 12.5-22.5 min). The mean inspiratory effort sensation score rose from 3.4 (SEM 0.8) to 8.1 (0.8), whereas P0.1 fell from 29.5 (3.6) to 18.1 (3.6) cmH2O. 3. Immediately after loading the slopes of the ventilatory and sensory responses to CO2 fell (ventilatory response: before loading 16.7 (2.4) lmin-1kPa-1, immediately after loading 7.88 (2.18)lmin-1kPa-1; sensory response: before loading 1.95 (0.38) units/kPa; immediately after loading 1.12 (0.38) units/kPa; P < 0.05. Changes reverted to preloading levels by 15 min. 4. Sustained loading can lead to a dissociation between respiratory drive, as reflected by P0.1, and inspiratory effort sensation, and this disturbance can persist once the load is removed. Impaired sensory perception may be the primary determinant of the change in CO2 responsiveness seen after sustained resistive loading.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Restoration of lower-lip sensation: neurotization of the mental nerve with the supraclavicular nerve.

Trigeminal nerve palsy resulting from cerebrovascular accidents can result in significant disability for patients. Loss of lip and chin sensation may involve lip biting, impaired speech, and diminished salivary retention. Neurotization of the mental nerve with the supraclavicular nerve can restore sensibility to the lower lip for patients with central dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve. The authors report a case describing this procedure and document recovery of sensation with quantitative sensory testing. This recovered sensation came from the ipsilateral inferior alveolar nerve and not the contralateral mental nerve, as demonstrated by nerve block. An algorithm outlining the treatment options in the management of trigeminal nerve palsy is also presented.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Referred sensations following stroke.

Referred sensations are recognized as phenomena experienced after amputation of a limb and have been used as proof of the consequences of changes in somatosensory body part representation in the adult brain. Such changes may accompany interruption of afferent sensory projections after subcortical stroke. This report describes some misplaced localization to touch in a subject 15 months after cerebral haemorrhage involving the posterior limb of the right internal capsule and lateral thalamus. The results revealed the occurrence of referred sensations, indicating some scrambling of the somatosensory representation of the affected limbs. While many stimuli were localized correctly, there were a number of stimuli applied to the hand and foot that were referred to more proximal limb segments. Stimuli to the upper arm were sometimes felt in more distal parts of the limb. Stimuli to the face were localized to the arm and not the hand. With the aim of determining consistency of findings, testing of the upper limb was carried out on four separate occasions. The subject had less referred sensations in each test, possibly indicating some change in his somatosensory representation that occurred with experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Hypnotic emotions and physical sensations: a real-simulating analysis.

Real hypnotizable Ss and simulating unhypnotizable Ss were administered a suggestion for either happiness, emotional neutrality, or sadness. The emotion was assessed through subjective and behavioral measures taken once before, twice during, and once after the emotion. Findings indicated that emotionally congruent changes occurred in both self-report and performance measures. Ss' physical sensations during the emotion were assessed on a 34-item self-report scale. It was demonstrated that Ss in the happy versus sad conditions reported different physical sensations; in particular, they reported different facial sensations. The responses of real hypnotizable Ss, however, were essentially paralleled by those of simulating unhypnotizable Ss. Therefore, the possibility exists that hypnotized Ss may have been responding on the basis of social demands. The findings are discussed in terms of the effects of the emotion suggestions, and the implications of real and simulating Ss displaying similar affective responses.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Differences in the sensations of warmth on the anterior torso of normal and spinal-cord transected individuals.

The threshold to warming was measured at 10 sites on the anterior torso between the umbilicus and the clavicle of normal and spinal-cord transected individuals. In normal individuals, thresholds were higher on the thorax than on the abdomen. Men had higher and more variable thresholds than women. Magnitude estimations of supra-threshold stimuli showed that men offer verbal estimates of warmth that are about half of the size of the estimates given by women to the same stimuli. The psychometric function shows that in women, the sensation of warmth grows more rapidly than in men after starting from a higher initial value. After spinal-cord injury, thresholds for detection of warming were elevated. This effect was most noticeable within 8 cm of the anesthetic zone, but farther away, thresholds were still elevated but uniform as a function of distance, being about 30% higher than in normal individuals. After spinal-cord injury, the psychometric functions show that small stimuli elicit relatively large sensations and that these sensations grow more slowly with increasing skin temperatures than for normal individuals. Thus, for small warm stimuli spinal-cord-injured patients (both men and women) have a response similar to normal women but the slope of the psychometric function is flat, being similar to the slope observed for normal men.

Adult↗