Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SCALP DERMATOSES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Head louse infestations: epidemiologic survey and treatment evaluation in Argentinian schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to demonstrate that the treatment of individual cases is effective, but not sufficient, to control endemic Pediculus capitis, and that eradication of the epidemiologic school focus may lower significantly the prevalence of infestation. Statistical data on the degree of infestation relating to socio-economic and cultural variables were also updated. Therapeutic effects and educational impact were evaluated. METHODS: An educational and motivational program was designed for pupils, parents, and teachers: 326 children and 15 adults were subjected to clinical and parasitologic evaluation. The recorded parameters included the age, sex, hair style and length, presence of other dermatologic diseases, degree of infestation, clinical remission, parasitologic remission, dwelling type and features, need to share a bed with co-dwellers, availability of home tap water supply, level of family income, and periodic medical controls. The entire population received treatment with neutral shampoo and rinsing cream containing 1% permethrin. Exclusion criteria were the presence of acute scalp inflammation and a history of pyrethrin and/or pyrethroid sensitivity. Statistical analysis was performed as required on data expressed as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations by chi-square and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS: The overall infestation prevalence rate was 81.5%, the highest values corresponding to children from 6 to 11 years of age, with a slight predominance in males (55.4% vs. 44.6%). A significantly greater rate of clinical remission was observed in subjects enjoying home tap water supplies (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The model of research plus action adopted allows the following conclusions to be drawn: (i) individual and isolated treatments for pediculosis are useful, but will not by themselves allow for the epidemiologic control of this parasitosis; (ii) massive, complete, and simultaneous treatments lead to a significant decrease in infestation prevalence; (iii) educational measures tending to foster collective awareness enable greater epidemiologic surveillance to be achieved; (iv) careful inspection of the entire scalp is essential with the use of a powerful light source and lenses with high magnification, as the parasite has no predilection for any given area; (iv) socio-economic and cultural conditions are not relevant for infestation, although a good home tap water supply is essential for treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Can school teachers improve the management and prevention of skin disease? A pilot study based on head louse infestations in Guerrero, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The effect of health education provided by teachers, in three primary schools of Guerrero, Mexico, on the prevalence of head louse infestation was compared. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey and rapid appraisal methods were performed, including a child questionnaire and qualitative data from teachers and focus groups of mothers in the same schools. RESULTS: Nine hundred and forty-four students and 33 teachers were interviewed; a focus group discussion with 6-8 mothers per school was performed. In the self-diagnosis of pediculosis, the prevalence was 22% (range, 18%-33%) with a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 86%. In one school, 100% of the teachers applied a health program, whereas in the other two schools this percentage was only 20%. A child under 9 years of age who attended a school without information on health was 3.6 times more likely to have head louse infestation (OR = 3.6, CI 95% = 2.1-6) than a child of the same age who attended a school where information was given. In older children the effect and potential impact were lower. The difference between the two age groups is unlikely to be explained by chance (X2 het = 5.7, df = 1, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes the potential value of simple, but effective, health education provided by school teaching staff through liaison with patents in the amelioration of endemic disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Crusted scabies of the scalp in dermatomyositis patients: three cases treated with oral ivermectin.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous features in the scalp area among adult patients are rarely considered as a manifestation of scabies. METHODS: Three patients with clinical and laboratory data of dermatomyositis with scalp involvement (fulfill three or four of Bohan and Peter's criteria), of 4 years, 8 months, and 3 years duration, were seen at our department between 1995 and 1996. For relapses of ordinary scabies, they were treated repeatedly with local scabicide with temporary effect. After a symptom-free period during the treatment of dermatomyositis with corticosteroids and azathioprine, they developed diffuse redness with scales and crusts on the scalp areas. Light microscopy examination of material taken from these crusts showed an abundance of live mites. RESULTS: All patients were successfully cured of scabies with a twice oral dose of 200 microg/kg ivermectin within 8 days. CONCLUSIONS: Our patients with crusted scabies of the scalp and dermatomyositis prompted us to change our standard diagnostic and therapeutic regimens. Fascinating features included mimicry of scabies in patients with dermatomyositis, location of parasites on the scalp, suppressed cell-mediated immunity and successful cure of mange by ivermectin.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cerebriform sebaceous nevus.

A 20-year-old man presented with a well-defined, soft to firm, freely mobile pinkish-yellow plaque of 9.5 cm over the right parieto-occipital region with a typical cerebriform appearance. In total, nine folds were present with short black terminal hair in the sulci area. There was no follicular plugging. Skeletal survey and neurologic and ophthalmologic assessments were normal. Skin biopsy was compatible with sebaceous nevus showing mature sebaceous glands in the upper dermis and mature apocrine glands in the lower dermis with malformed hair germ.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Head lice in pupils of a primary school in Australia and implications for control.

BACKGROUND: Anecdotal reports suggest that head lice infestations are a common problem in school-aged children in Australia; however, only a few data are available. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of infestation with head lice in children in an urban Australian school. METHODS: All 735 pupils from grades preschool to five of a government run primary school were invited to participate in the cross-sectional survey. Overall, 212 boys (46.5%) and 244 girls from 29 classes were examined. The main outcome measures were: (1) the detection of lice or eggs by visual examination of the child's head, and classification into 'not infested' and 'infested;' infested cases were further classified into 'active infestation' (lice or viable eggs found) or 'inactive infestation' (only unhatched eggs found); (2) for each child, a parent or guardian was asked to complete a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 456 children examined, 33.7% (95% confidence interval = 95%-CI = [26.9%, 40.4%]) had evidence of infestation with head lice, 21.0% (95%-CI = [15.2%, 26.8%]) with active infestation. The prevalence of infestation (active plus inactive) varied greatly between classes, ranging from zero to 72.2% (p < 0.001). Head lice were more prevalent in girls than boys (p < 0.001). Analysis of questionnaires showed that 47.7% (95%-CI = [43.0%, 52.4%]) of the children had been infested with head lice in the previous 6 months. For children with active pediculosis capitis on examination, 14.0% (95%-CI = [7.9%, 22.4%]) of parents or guardians had not noticed the infestation. CONCLUSIONS: In an urban primary school in Australia, head lice infestation was present at a hyperendemic level. Clustering by class indicated the classroom as a main source of infestation. Control strategies implemented in schools and including the education of teachers and parents need to be evaluated.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Pediculosis capitis in northern Jordan.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prevalence of pediculosis among school students in northern Jordan. OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence of pediculosis among school students of different socio-economic levels in northern Jordan. METHOD: A total of 2519 school students of both sexes enrolled in eight elementary governmental schools were examined for the presence of Pediculus capitis. Schools were grouped into four socio-economic classes: very low (VL), low (L), medium (M), and high (H). The chi-squared test was performed to analyze the results. RESULTS: Overall, 338 students (13.4%) were infested with nits, immature or adult P. capitis. Girls showed a higher prevalence (14.5%) than boys (11.1%). Statistical analysis for socio-economic classes and infestation rates yielded a significant effect of the four classes on infestation. This conclusion was evident among schoolgirls, where infestation rates were 28.8%, 18.9%, 6.1%, and 0.2% in VL, L, M, and H socio-economic classes, respectively. Schoolchildren in the age group 8-9 years exhibited higher prevalence rates (16% in boys and 22.1% in girls), while prevalences declined to 10.2% and 6.6% among boys and girls aged 10-12 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that socio-economic status is a major factor influencing the occurrence of pediculosis among school students of both sexes in Jordan. A national campaign should be implemented to enhance public awareness.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Management of endemic outbreaks of scabies with allethrin, permethrin, and ivermectin.

BACKGROUND: At three residences for the elderly, recurrent scabies infestations became out of control. Due to the failure of repeated, nonsynchronized therapeutic efforts with conventional external anti-scabies treatments, an eradication program had to be developed. We describe a protocol for the management of outbreaks of scabies. METHODS: According to the clinical examination and microscopically identified mites, all individuals of the population (IOP: patients, staff, and family members) were divided into two groups: (a) healthy and infested IOP; and (b) cases with crusted scabies. The first group was treated simultaneously once with external scabicides (allethrin or permethrin). All others were hospitalized and treated either with systemic ivermectin or with the latter in combination with permethrin. RESULTS: In 252 IOP living in three residences for the elderly, clinical signs of scabies were reported in 91.5%, 78.5%, and 15.4% of the patients (age 55-97 years; mean, 80.5 years), 54.1%, 32.9%, and 16.6% of staff members, and in 7%, 3%, and 0% of family members. The infested IOP showed crusted scabies (index cases) in 5.3%, 5.0%, and 1.7%, common scabies in 43.1%, 36.7%, and 7.1%, and postscabiotic dermatitis in 10.3%, 7.6%, and 3.5%. In 99.2% of the synchronously treated IOP in group (a) (n = 240), the conventional treatment with permethrin cream 5% or allethrin spray was effective. Group (b) (n=12) received ivermectin (12 mg) once (n=5) or twice (n= 7) after an interval of 8 days. One index case received permethrin three times. CONCLUSIONS: Outbreaks of scabies in populations of elderly people require special management for disease control. Synchronous treatment with external permethrin cream 5% or allethrin spray, including all IOP once, and close control offers a time-saving, cheap, and reliable method. Crusted scabies should be treated by oral administration of ivermectin once or twice after an interval of 8 days. Additional applications of permethrin and mechanical clearing of hyperkeratotic subungual areas shorten the course.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Lichen planopilaris.

P, a 20-year-old laborer displayed initial symptoms of the disease in question when he was 10 years old. Initially he had an asymptomatic progressive loss of hair on the scalp. A couple of years later he had mild to moderate pruritus, and the appearance of slate-blue eruptions on the scalp and elsewhere on the body. This resulted in a complete loss of hair on the vault of the scalp, which led him to seek specialist opinion. Skin surface examination revealed the presence of grayish-blue acuminate follicular papules, disposed singly and in groups (plaques). The pilo-sebaceous orifices were conspicuously obliterated and filled by keratin plugs. Perifollicular erythema was a predominant feature on the scalp. The lesions were present over the scalp, around the neck, chest, back, axillae, groin and legs. Shiny atrophied scalp skin depicting scarring alopecia mimicking male-type baldness was a salient feature. In addition, it was studded with conspicuous acuminate papules in its center (Fig. 1a). The known nonhairy (glabrous) skin had classic lichen planus lesions (Fig. 1b). Hemotoxylin-eosin stained microsections prepared from typical lichen planus (LP) lesions over the abdomen and those of lichen planopilaris (LPP) of the scalp were simultaneously studied. The former revealed changes in the epidermis comprising of hyperkeratosis, increase in thickness of stratum granulosum, hydropic degeneration of the basal cell layer and band-like lympho-histiocytic infiltrate pressing against and invading the epidermis, while the latter revealed uniform atrophy of the epidermis and vacuolization of basal cells. The hair follicles were dilated and were filled with keratin plugs. In addition to fibrosis of the dermis, pigment laden microphages and lympho-histiocytic infiltrate was prominent. The follicles and the sebaceous glands were absent. However, arrectores pilorum and sweat glands were preserved (Fig. 2a,b).

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Levamisole: a safe and economical weapon against pediculosis.

Twenty-eight patients with pediculosis capitis, defined as the presence of pruritus, living eggs, and/or lice in the hair, were enrolled in an uncontrolled open pilot study. The subjects were school-age girls (7-12 years old), apparently free of other diseases, and not treated for pediculosis for 4 weeks prior to this study. Family contacts were not treated for pediculosis. The mothers of the patients, who had given informed consent, were asked not to use any topical pediculocide on the girls during the drug trial. Other than the drug administered in the study, the subjects did not take any oral medicine, including cotrimoxazole and ivermectin, during the trial. Treatment consisted of 3.5 mg/kg once daily oral administration of levamisole for 10 successive days, which was given to the subjects in their school by health personnel. A 10-day course was chosen because the subjects lived in unhygienic and overcrowded conditions in a poor village where head lice infestation was hyperendemic. Therefore, two treatment courses spaced 10 days apart could not preclude new infestations from other affected persons and fomites and might have led to a false deduction of drug ineffectiveness. Substituting "N" for the grade of living nits and "L" for adult lice, three forms of response based on the meticulous examination of the entire scalp with the use of a lens with high magnification and a powerful light source were considered: (i) total responsiveness, defined as N2 = 0 and L2 = 0; (ii) partial responsiveness, defined as 0 not equal N2 < N1 and 0 not equal L2 < L1; and (iii) complete unresponsiveness, defined as N2 > or = N1 or L2 > or = L1. The detection of unhatched nits which were operculated and generally located within one-quarter of an inch of the scalp was used to indicate the presence of lice infestation and also to judge the clinical response. For those small nits whose opercula were difficult to see with a hand lens, a low power microscopic study was performed to determine whether the nits were unhatched or not. Of the 28 girls enrolled in the study, one patient refused to take the drug after 2 days of treatment. No adverse reactions were noted in any of the 28 subjects. On the 11th day, meticulous hair examination showed that 23 patients had responded to treatment (85%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 66-94%). Of these, 18 showed complete responsiveness (67%; 95% CI: 48-82%). More complete information is given in Table 1. Confidence intervals were calculated using the likelihood method. This study suggests that levamisole is effective against pediculosis with a dose of 3.5 mg/kg administered for 10 days.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Secular trends in the epidemiology of pediculosis capitis and pubis among Israeli soldiers: a 27-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Pediculosis capitis and pubis are not mandatorily reported diseases in most countries. Thus, the reported rates of these diseases in large populations are usually inaccurate and based on estimations. OBJECTIVE: To describe the global epidemiology of pediculosis capitis and pubis in the Israeli Defense Force. METHODS: We analyzed the data obtained from the routine and mandatory reporting of every individual case of pediculosis capitis and pubis to the Army Health Branch Epidemiology Department since 1972 and 1973, respectively. RESULTS: During this period, epidemics of pediculosis capitis and pubis were observed between 1973 and 1985 and 1972 and 1987, with 17.7- and 3.9-fold increases in incidence, respectively. These two epidemics were followed by a sharp decline in morbidity (113.6- and 13.6-fold between 1981 and 1999 and 1984 and 1999, respectively) to the present. CONCLUSIONS: A number of factors could be responsible for the observed decline in morbidity, e.g. socioeconomic, pharmacologic, environmental, or prevention policy modifications. The rates of pediculosis capitis and pubis have continuously declined since the last epidemic of 1972-1987, indicating the influence of these and possibly other factors.

Adolescent↗