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PubMed1975

Histological changes in the submandibular glands of rats after intraductal injection of chemical carcinogens.

Carcinogens injected into the excretory canal of submandibular gland of Donryu rats revealed the following histologic changes in salivary glands. 20-Methylcholanthrene induced squamous cell metaplasia, fibrosis in the early stages, and "benign lymphoepithelial lesion"-like pattern after 3 months. Dense hyalinization occurred after 4-5 months with so-called "mixed tumor"-like pattern. In the later stages epidermoid carcinoma and fibrosarcoma were observed. 9, 10-Dimethylbenzanthracene caused degenerative change, metaplasia, fibrosis and cell infiltration, and later carcinoma and sarcoma appeared at a high rate. 4-Nitroquinoline-N-oxide led to dense hyalinization and so-called "mixed tumor"-like pattern was observed in many specimens. N-nitroso-N-methyl urethane and N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine revealed metaplastic changes, fibrosis and lymphoid infiltration. Scarlet red induced remarkable infiltration and aggregation of lymphoid cells, showing benign "lymphoepithelial lesion"-like pattern.

4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide↗
PubMed1984

A comparative study on the immunolocalization of keratin and myosin in salivary gland tumors.

Surgical specimens of the salivary gland tumor were studied by immunohistochemical techniques using the anti-keratin antibody and the anti-myosin antibody. In the normal tissue, keratin was localized predominantly in the duct epithelial cells and myosin in the myoepithelial cells. According to the immunohistochemical staining patterns, the tumors were able to be divided into two groups: one group consisted of pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma which showed a mixture of keratin- and myosin-positive cells, respectively, mimicking the structures of the intercalated duct; the other comprised monomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid tumor which disclosed keratin-positive cells predominantly, resembling the constituent of the excretory duct. These results were mostly consistent with the "bicellular theory" that the salivary tumors generate from the intercalated duct reserve cells and the excretory duct reserve cells.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Immunohistochemical localization of keratin, vimentin and myosin in salivary gland tumors.

An immunohistochemical study on keratin, vimentin, and myosin was performed in 117 specimens of human salivary gland under normal and several neoplastic conditions. In normal glands, positive immunostaining for keratin was observed in the inner cells of all ductal systems, whereas myosin and vimentin were the cytoskeletal components of myoepithelial cells. In pleomorphic adenoma, the inner cells showing a tubular pattern demonstrated positive immunostaining for keratin, and the outer cells as well as the neoplastic cells with a solid and myxoid pattern exhibited positive immunostaining for all antibodies. Monomorphic tubular and trabecular adenoma, and adenolymphoma showed positive immunostaining for keratin, although one case of tubular adenoma exhibited positive immunostaining for all antibodies. Squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid tumor showed positive immunostaining only for keratin, but one case of adenocarcinoma, two cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma, and clear cell tumor disclosed positive immunostaining for keratin and vimentin.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1990

Immunohistochemical investigation of vimentin, neuron-specific enolase, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and alpha 1-antitrypsin in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland.

Fifty-four adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) arising in major and minor salivary glands as well as in normal salivary glands were studied by immunohistochemistry for the presence of vimentin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (alpha 1-ACT) and alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT). Five patterns of histological differentiation were found in ACC, and for the cellular components of each, it was possible to establish a special immunohistochemical profile. In ACC, vimentin-positive cells were observed in the outer tubular, cyst-lining and small angular cells. NSE was positive in the myoepithelial cells of normal salivary gland. Neoplastic cells of ACC showed NSE positivity mainly in the small angular cells and partly in the duct luminal cells. alpha 1-ACT was localized in the intercalated duct cells and serous acinar cells of normal salivary gland, and in the duct luminal cells of ACC. alpha 1-AT could not be detected in any of the epithelial cells of normal salivary gland. In ACC, eosinophilic hyaline material in the cribriform spaces was positive for alpha 1-AT, but no positivity was demonstrated in tumor cells. The present study showed that there are at least two populations of tumor cells in ACC: duct luminal cells that express alpha 1-ACT, thus indicating their ductal character, and small angular cells that express vimentin, characteristic of non-luminal cells. Moreover, our results indicate that alpha 1-AT is a useful marker of basement membrane-like material.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Proliferative activity in normal salivary gland and pleomorphic adenoma. A study by argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining.

Proliferative activity of the structural components of normal salivary glands (27 cases) and characteristic histological areas in salivary pleomorphic adenoma (51 cases) was examined by visualization of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs). In the normal salivary gland, there were clusters of cells, each with two or three AgNOR dots, within the intercalated ducts. The mean number of AgNORs in this portion was 1.80, which was significantly higher than in the other epithelial parts. This indicates vigorous proliferative activity of the intercalated ducts, and thus the ducts may play an important role as reserve cells in neoplastic transformation. In pleomorphic adenoma, solid nests had a high AgNOR count (1.61), showing a significant difference from the tumor cells scattered in the "stroma". Thus the decrease in proliferative ability might occur concurrently with formation of the extracellular matrix.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

c-myc, ras p21 and p53 expression in pleomorphic adenoma and its malignant form of the human salivary glands.

Using an immunohistochemical study and an immunoblot analysis, the expression of cellular oncogenes of the human salivary glands such as c-myc, ras p21, and p53 tumor-suppressor gene in pleomorphic adenomas and its malignant form, carcinoma in pleomorphic adenomas was examined to evaluate a differential biological significance, in comparison with that in normal salivary gland tissues. Immunohistochemically, the c-myc product was detected in 42% of the pleomorphic adenomas and in 56% of the carcinomas in pleomorphic adenoma. The ras p21 expression was observed in 24% of pleomorphic adenomas, and in 50% of carcinomas in pleomorphic adenoma. The p53 protein was detected in 18% of the pleomorphic adenomas and in 67% of the carcinomas in pleomorphic adenoma. Although there was no significant difference between the benign and malignant forms for the expression of c-myc, a statistical significance in ras p21 and p53 expression was found between the pleomorphic adenoma and its malignant form (P < 0.05) and P < 0.001, respectively). An immunoblotting assay clearly demonstrated the expression of c-myc and p53 gene products in both the benign and malignant forms of the pleomorphic adenoma, and that of ras p21 in the malignant form. These results indicate that activation of c-myc and ras p21 proto-oncogenes and the involvement of p53 mutation may play important roles in the malignant transformation of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMed1996

Stromal melanocytosis of an adenoid cystic carcinoma arising from the palatal minor salivary gland.

An unusual case of adenoid cystic carcinoma arising from the palatal minor salivary gland in a 63-year-old Japanese female is reported. In addition to the characteristic histopathologic features of adenoid cystic carcinoma, spindle- and dendritic-shaped cells containing excessive amounts of melanin pigment were densely and widely distributed in the stroma resulting in a blue nevus-like appearance. Neither melanocytes nor melanin pigments were seen within the parenchyma. The possible histogenesis of melanocytes in the stroma of the salivary gland carcinoma is discussed, although no firm conclusion could be drawn.

Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic↗
PubMed1998

Pleomorphic adenoma of the minor salivary gland with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the overlying oral mucosa: report of two cases.

Two cases of intra-oral pleomorphic adenoma with marked pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the overlying oral mucosa are reported. Incisional biopsy specimens, taken a few weeks before surgical excision of the tumor, showed no squamous cell element. Surgically excised specimens revealed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia with hyperortho- and para-keratinization, which extended from overlying oral squamous epithelium, where an incisional biopsy was performed into the deep tumor area. Approximately half of the tumor area in case 1 and one-third in case 2 were occupied by hyperplastic squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa. Although the induction mechanism of such prominent pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the overlying oral mucosa occupying more than one-third of the tumor area could not be understood, it is thought that surgical injury and/or focal anesthesia during the incisional biopsy played an important role. To the best of our knowledge, these two cases represent the first reported association between benign salivary gland tumor and marked pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the overlying oral mucosa.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMed2006

Inverted ductal papilloma of minor salivary gland: case report with immunohistochemical study and literature review.

Inverted ductal papilloma (IDP) is a type of ductal papilloma arising in ducts of minor salivary glands. Very few cases, and no cases in Japan, have been reported. Reported herein is a case of IDP with a review of the literature. The patient was a 49-year-old man presenting with a lump in the right buccal mucosa of the premolar area of the mandible. The tumor was excised en bloc after a biopsy diagnosis of IDP. On the surface of the covering epithelium, an opening was seen to be filled with mucinous material. On cut surface the opening led to the tumor cavity. The major portion of the tumor parenchyma was made up of papillary proliferation of basaloid squamous cells. Some crypts, microcysts, and mucous cells were seen. There were no findings suggestive of a malignant tumor. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful and there has been no recurrence after 1 year's follow up. Immunohistochemical analysis of the present case supports the hypothesis that IDP originates from squamous metaplasia and proliferation of minor salivary gland duct cells.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2006

Follicular lymphoma frequently originates in the salivary gland.

The aim of the present study was to examine the clinicopathological presentations of follicular lymphomas (FL) of the salivary glands, as compared to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. A total of 27 primary salivary gland lymphomas were examined: 6 FL (five, grade 1; one, grade 2); 19 MALT lymphomas; and two diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. The FL patients ranged in age from 24 to 73 years, with a mean of 49 years, which was younger than that of MALT patients (mean: 64 years; P < 0.05). Four of the six FL arose from the submandibular gland, which was the origin of only five out of a total of 19 MALT lymphomas. One FL patient was in clinical stage (CS) IE, two in CS IIE, and two in CS III and IV. As regards the MALT lymphoma patients, 13 (68%) were in CS IE and five (26%) in CS IIE. None of the FL patients had clinical diagnosis of autoimmune disease but eight MALT lymphoma patients had autoimmune disease. The present study found a relatively high incidence of FL in the salivary glands. The observed differences in age of onset, background of autoimmune disease, and lesion site suggests that the pathogenesis of FL may differ from that of MALT lymphoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Close correlation between chronic sclerosing sialadenitis and immunoglobulin G4.

In four patients with chronic sclerosing sialadenitis, serum immunoglobulin G4 concentration was markedly increased and abundant infiltration of immunoglobulin G4-positive plasma cells was observed in the salivary glands. Autoimmune pancreatitis occurred in the two patients during follow up. Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis and autoimmune pancreatitis would appear to show essentially the same pathophysiological mechanism. Measurement of serum immunoglobulin G4 concentration is useful in differentiating chronic sclerosing sialadenitis from neoplasia.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Acinic cell carcinoma presenting as an upper lip mass.

BACKGROUND: Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor generally involving the parotid gland and infrequently the minor salivary glands. OBJECTIVE: Clinical and histopathological characteristics of a case of ACC of the minor salivary glands, and brief review of the literature. METHODS: Routine stains with H&E, PAS, iron, and mucicarmine; immunohistochemistry with cytokeratin, CEA, S-100, and leu-M1. RESULTS: The ACC was removed by wide local excision. Histopathology revealed papillary cystic, solid, and ductal architectural features. The mucinous material within the lumina of the cystic and ductal structures was PAS and mucicarmine positive, and diastase resistant. All tested immunohistochemical reagents reacted with the epithelial cells. There were no mitoses, necrosis, cellular pleomorphism, or infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: ACC is a rare tumor of salivary glands characterized by an indolent clinical course with the potential for both local recurrence and metastatic spread when tracked for decades. Published mortality rates vary from 6 to 50%. Histopathologic features do not reliably predict biologic behavior.

Carcinoma, Acinar Cell↗
PubMed1975

A qualitative and quantitative electronmicroscopic study of the structure of the adenoid cystic carcinoma of human minor salivary glands.

The fine structural characteristics of five adenoid cystic carcinomas of human minor salivary galnds and a quantitative assessment of the relative volumes occupied by morphologically defined cell types in these tumors are reported. We observed that the cyst-like spaces which give the characteristic cribriform pattern to the adenoid cystic carcinoma contain replicated basement membrane-like materail. Material comprisimg aggregates of fine tubules having a median diameter of 270 A, and rounded, electron dense bodies were noted within duct-like lumena of one tumor. In addition, dilatation of the intercellular spaces and squamous metaplasia were noted. From 500 electronmicrographs obtained by standardized techniques and used for the morphological part of the study, 175 were selected by a random sampling method and analyzed by the stereological technique of point counting. This method demonstrated that duct type cells occupied 75% by volume of the tumor in these glands; myoepithelial cells occupied 3%, acinar cells occupied 2%, and other tissues occupied 22% of the tumors. These proportions differ significantly (P less than 0.001) from our previously published figures for normal specimens of these glands.

Basement Membrane↗
PubMed1983

Specificity of the involvement of chromosomes 8 and 12 in human mixed salivary-gland tumours.

Using the G-banding technique the chromosomal patterns in 10 in vitro-cultured human mixed salivary gland tumours were studied. When surveying the results from the present 10 adenomas together with previous results from 31 adenomas, the following characteristic features were found. Mixed tumours probably always originate with a normal diploid stemline. This stemline type was also found to predominate during progression. However, about 41% of the tumours showed abnormal stemlines characterized by highly specific, usually structural, clonal aberrations. The deviations in these abnormal stemlines seemed to preferentially affect certain chromosome types, viz. Nos. 8 and 12. This non-random pattern of deviations - not found earlier in either benign or malignant tumour types in man - indicates that certain regions of, especially, chromosomes 8 and 12 are selectively affected in mixed tumours. Among other things, changes of gene dosage and/or oncogene activation are mentioned as factors possibly influencing the characteristics of this non-random pattern.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗