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Results for “Rural Spatial Distribution”

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PubMed1983

Urban squatting and migration in Peninsular Malaysia.

"This article examines some of the links between the phenomena of urban migration and squatter settlements in the Third World city. This will be done by demonstrating that both are outcomes of fundamental social and political forces that have operated on these societies. Migration and squatting are placed in a context of the historical processes that led to the uneven development of Malaysia. The article offers some explanation for the origin of the inequalities observed in spatial structures--in this case urban housing--by focusing on one of the contributory factors, namely migration."

Asia↗
PubMed1986

[Migration in Austria: 1850-1900. Migration flows within the monarchy and the structure of migration to Vienna].

The author surveys migration within the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1850 to 1900 using census data. "As a result of the increase in regional mobility during the nineteenth century, clearly defined patterns of migration developed involving movement from the peripheral areas to the center.... In the process of this development, various sub-systems of migration appeared. Of these, migration from one region to another was more important than that within the same region...and Vienna, the Imperial capital, became the center of migration." Migrants are studied by place of origin and distance traveled and by social class and demographic characteristics. Employment, segregation, and the integration of urban migrants are also considered. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Acculturation↗
PubMed1987

On the move: migration, urbanization and development in Papua New Guinea.

"Migration and urbanization data from Papua New Guinea's first truly national census in 1980 are considered against a backdrop of spatial and social inequalities. Source and destination factors affecting migration flows and destinations are found to relate to population density, availability of rural wages, ease of access, destination wage-earning opportunities, historical linkages and present day developments. Short-distance migration differs from longer-distance migration; many migrants are short-term, and possibly circular, migrants. Migration and urbanization are considered part of the same process of developmental change." A section is included on earlier censuses and surveys, data reliability, and related problems.

Censuses↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Agrarian change and regional settling in Chile].

"This study analyzes the effect of agrarian change on regional settling dynamics in Chile during the last 35 years. The transformations of agrarian structure have produced important changes in the spatial configuration of country-city relations, particularly regarding the new features of rural-urban migration in regional contexts. Whereas until the sixties rural-urban migration was associated with an occupational shift from agriculture to urban employment, after the seventies this relation practically disappeared, leaving a virtual disassociation between the territorial mobility of the population and the occupational mobility of the labor force. This disassociation is a central trait of the current regional pattern of country-city relations." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Bacterial indicators of risk of diarrhoeal disease from drinking-water in the Philippines.

Inadequate measures of water quality have been used in many studies of the health effects associated with water supplies in developing countries. The present 1-year epidemiological-microbiological study evaluated four bacterial indicators of tropical drinking-water quality (faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci and faecal streptococci) and their relationship to the prevalence of diarrhoeal disease in a population of 690 under-2-year-olds in Cebu, Philippines. E. coli and enterococci were better predictors than faecal coliforms of the risk of waterborne diarrhoeal disease. Methods to enumerate E. coli and enterococci were less subject to interference from the thermotolerant, non-faecal organisms that are indigenous to tropical waters. Little difference was observed between the illness rates of children drinking good quality water (less than 1 E. coli per 100 ml) and those drinking moderately contaminated water (2-100 E. coli per 100 ml). Children drinking water with greater than 1000 E. coli per 100 ml had significantly higher rates of diarrhoeal disease than those drinking less contaminated water. This threshold effect suggests that in developing countries where the quality of drinking-water is good or moderate other transmission routes of diarrhoeal disease may be more important; however, grossly contaminated water is a major source of exposure to faecal contamination and diarrhoeal pathogens.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1989

The spatial variation of mortality among children under 5 years of age in South Africa.

Childhood mortality rates between 1 and 4 years and under 5 years of age were systematically calculated according to the statistical regions of South Africa for the white and coloured populations. The geographical variation is wide and the statistical significance in these mortality rates is presented in map form. Mortality rates are particularly high in rural areas. For the coloured group, the correlation between the spatial distribution of infant mortality rates under 1 year of age and the 1-4 year mortality rate pattern was high.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1998

Caretakers' perceptions of clinical manifestations of childhood malaria in holo-endemic rural communities in Tanzania.

A cross-sectional household survey was carried out in Kibaha district, Tanzania to obtain caretakers' knowledge on symptoms of childhood malaria in children under five years of age in relation to its management. A total of 1530 caretakers were interviewed, 620 (40.5%) reporting malaria attacks among their children in the last three months of which, 432 (70%) reported that the attacks were severe. Only 15.7% (68/432) of those reporting severe attacks could mention convulsions as symptoms of severe malaria, while fever and vomiting were mentioned as symptoms of severe malaria by 93.3% (403/432) and 52.3% (226/432) of the care-takers respectively. Higher level of education was significantly associated with knowledge of symptoms of severe malaria, also with promptness in taking management action. The fact that most of the caretakers reported fever and vomiting as symptoms of severe malaria, and hence the observed high proportion of reported severe malaria, implies that the communities under study do not perceive febrile convulsion as being a symptom of severe malaria. The implication of these findings on the control of malaria through treatment on demand are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Risk factors and spatial patterns of hookworm infection among schoolchildren in a rural area of western Côte d'Ivoire.

This study is aimed at investigating the risk factors for hookworm infection among schoolchildren in a rural area of western Côte d'Ivoire and predicting and mapping the spatial distribution of infection. We used demographic and socio-economic data from a cross-sectional survey of 6-16-year-old schoolchildren from 56 schools. Infection with hookworm was determined by microscopic examination of stool samples employing the Kato-Katz technique and an ether-concentration method. Environmental data were derived from satellite images and digitised maps. Bayesian variogram models were applied to investigate the variation of hookworm infection in relation to demographic, socio-economic and environmental factors. The overall hookworm infection prevalence, based on the pooled microscopic diagnoses, was 43.3% and ranged from 5.4 to 79.1% in the schools surveyed. Bivariate analyses showed that sex, age, socio-economic status, elevation, rainfall and land cover were significantly associated with the spatial distribution of hookworm infection. The final multivariate spatial model consisted of the covariates age, sex, socio-economic status, elevation and land cover. When assuming non-stationary underlying spatial dependency, the results of the model suggested that spatial correlation depended on the location only marginally. We conclude that, at the current resolution, it seems more reasonable to target interventions based on well-established epidemiologic risk factors, rather than on spatial factors.

Adolescent↗