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At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Salmonella in rodents: a risk to man?

Studies of salmonella infections in rodents in the United Kingdom have focused particularly on rats and house mice. Only rarely were more than 10% of animals found to carry salmonella. The organisms were mostly cultured from spleen or liver and less than 3% of animals were found to carry these organisms in the intestine. The extensive use of 'virus' rodenticides (consisting of salmonella cultures) in the first half of this century increased the prevalence of salmonella carriage in rodents and was a hazard to human health. Whilst rodents certainly acted as sources of human salmonella infection in the UK in the past, their role has probably never been great.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A 44-year-old woman with hematemesis and cutaneous hemorrhages as a result of superwarfarin poisoning.

The authors present the case of a 44-year-old American Indian woman with hematemesis, spontaneous cutaneous hemorrhages, and multiple ecchymoses. Coagulation factor analyses demonstrated both prolonged prothrombin time (PT, >40 s) and prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT, >120 s). Measurement of the serum level of brodifacoum (37 ng/mL), one of the superwarfarin agents commonly used in rodenticides, confirmed poisoning as the cause of the patient's symptoms. Substantial amounts of fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K were required to obtain normal coagulation parameters and maintain these parameters over a 3-week inhospital period. Oral administration of vitamin K (100 mg daily) maintained normal PT (14.1 s), PTT (33.0 s), and international normalized ratio (INR, 1.48) at 2 weeks after the patient was discharged from the hospital. By 2 months postdischarge, PT, PTT, and INR returned to elevated levels because of patient noncompliance with the prescribed tapering vitamin K regimen.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed1991

A review of selected herbicides and their toxicities.

Since 2500 BC man has strived to develop methods of orderly pest control (1). These methods included prayer, physical labor, mechanical devices and chemicals. Through chemistry many new pesticides have been developed. Pesticides are "chemicals used to kill a species or a group of species that causes trouble, annoyance or destruction" (2) and include insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides and herbicides. This review focuses on the fastest growing group of pest control agents agents--herbicides. Arsenicals, chlorates, chlorophenoxy acids, biprydyl and substituted phenols are discussed as to their physical and chemical properties, sources, environmental fates, absorption/distribution/elimination, modes of action, toxic effects and recommended treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Contaminant identification: the importance of thorough interviewing techniques.

The exact name of a contaminant is of extreme importance to the poison information specialist (SPI) in order to make a correct assessment of the poisoning exposure and to recommend proper treatment modalities. Incorrect contaminant information could lead to a serious and possibly fatal mistake on the part of the SPI. Thorough and effective interviewing techniques must be employed to avoid errors. We conducted a prospective study to determine how often misinformation is provided to the SPI at the time of the initial contact with the poison center. Over a 6-mo period 159 calls were identified in which the original caller mistakenly identified the contaminant. Fifty-two (33%) of these calls were received from health care professionals and 107 (67%) were from the lay public. Drug names were improperly reported in 80 cases, cleaning products in 26, cosmetics 14 times, general products 19, chemicals 7, rodenticides 8, and plants were incorrectly identified in 5 cases. In 110 of these cases, proper identification of the contaminant changed the assessment and also the treatment recommendations made by the SPI. Errors in contaminant identification occurs more frequently than is realized by poison center professionals. It is imperative to have the caller clarify the contaminant name by checking the container, when available, and supplying the SPI with as much information as possible. It is equally important that the SPI employ precise interviewing techniques to obtain information to avoid a serious error in assessment and treatment of the poisoned victim.

Drug Contamination↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of pesticide poisoning.

The analysis of 1,026 reports of suspected pesticide poisonings to the regional Poison Control Centre at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto consisted of 597 (58.2%) cases less than six years of age. Age was the strongest predictor: there was a risk of 3.1 that young children would encounter rodenticide poisoning compared to that of insecticides; a ten-fold risk of having symptoms from pesticide poisoning if the victim was over five years of age; an increased risk of 5.9 of exposure to moderate or large amounts of pesticide, compared to small quantities, for those over five years of age; and there was less treatment referral for young children, and a 5.7 risk of being referred if the victim was over the age of five years. Other significant predictor variables include the type of person making the inquiry (lay or physician/nurse), the calendar season of the event, and the location (metropolitan or nonmetropolitan) of the event.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Recurrent peripheral neuropathy caused by thallium poisoning].

A 28-years old woman, working as a secretary, developed a rapidly progressive paraplegia with burning pain in the lower limbs. She recovered within 4 months but relapsed shortly after she was discharged. There was flaccid tetraplegia, associated with hyperalgesia of the limbs, diffuse muscle atrophy, blindness and alopecia. The patient needed respiratory assistance for 2 months. Bilateral optic neuropathy and paraparesis persisted after a 17 months follow-up. The clinical picture suggested thallium poisoning, which was confirmed by high thallium concentration in plasma and urine. The most likely cause was accidental poisoning with rodenticides.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Thallium intoxication produces neurochemical alterations in rat brain.

Thallium, a rodenticide, has been shown to produce several neurological symptoms including motor weakness, ataxia, tremor, convulsion, coma and death. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of acute or subacute exposure to thallium on several neurochemical biomarkers in rat brain. In the acute study, adult male CD rats were treated with 0 or 20 mg thallium/kg intraperitoneally (ip) and sacrificed 2, 6, or 24 hr after exposure. In the subacute study, animals were treated with 0 or 5 mg thallium/kg ip daily for 10 days and sacrificed 24 hr after the last dose. Acute injections of thallium produced in the frontal cortex significant increases in glutamine concentration after 6 hr and in taurine after 6 and 24 hr. In hippocampus, significant decreases in aspartic acid and taurine concentrations were found after 6 hr. Subacute exposure to thallium produced significant increases of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and serotonin (5-HT) in amygdala and increases in 5-HT concentration in hypothalamus. DA or muscarinic cholinergic (MCh) receptor binding did not show any significant alterations in caudate nucleus or frontal cortex after acute or subacute exposure to thallium. However, when membranes prepared from control caudate nuclei were incubated with thallium (1-100 microM) in vitro, we observed a dose-dependent decrease in DA and MCh receptor binding. These data suggest that the neurotoxicity produced by thallium exposure may be associated with changes in the concentrations of amino acids and other neurotransmitters in various regions of the rat brain.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

Vitamin K-dependent multifactor coagulopathy in Devon Rex cats.

A coagulopathy attributable to a deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, and X) was diagnosed in 3 Devon Rex cats. There was no evidence for exposure to vitamin-antagonist-related rodenticides. The cats did not have evidence of hepatic disease, gastrointestinal disease, or fat malassimilation. Oral treatment with vitamin K1 resulted in normalization of clotting factor concentrations. However, when treatment was discontinued in 2 cats, prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin values became prolonged again, although the cats did not have clinical signs of a bleeding disorder.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Cereal grain preference of rats].

Cereal grains are usually used as the main material for preparing rodenticide baits. However, the preferences for different grains varies according to species and habitats of rats, and locations. A formula accepted at one location may not be suitable in other places, where rats are accustomed to different types of food. It is therefore important to understand the feeding habits of local rat species before implementing a control program. Seven kinds of grains, including hulled rice, corn, barley, wheat, sorghum, pranuts, and sweet potatoes were tested to study the preferences of rats in the laboratory. The results revealed that Bandicota nemorivaga, Rattus losea and R. norvegicus prefer hulled rice; Apodemus agrarius and Mus musculus prefer peanuts, and R. rattus prefers corn. The influence of quality and nutrient contents of baits on the consumption of the rats is also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of learned flavor avoidance on grooming behavior in rats.

In Experiment 1, rats were conditioned to avoid saccharin in tapwater by pairing it with LiCl in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) applied to the fur. Conditioned flavor avoidance (CFA) of saccharin was then assessed in drinking and grooming tests. In Experiment 2, rats were given saccharin CMC on their fur and NaCl in water (or vice-versa) as conditioned stimuli in a CFA paradigm. Two-choice tests (saccharin vs. NaCl) followed in drinking and grooming contexts. In Experiment 3, rats were given saccharin CMC on one flank and vehicle (CMC only) on the other. After grooming, animals were injected with LiCl and then given 2-choice tests, first between saccharin and water, then between saccharin-CMC and plain-CMC, and finally, between saccharin and water. Strong CFA was exhibited in drinking tests in all 3 experiments. This was not the case in grooming tests. Rats continued to groom when tastant was applied to only one flank (Experiment 1), and exhibited only weak CFA when a different tastant was applied to each flank (Experiments 2 and 3). We conclude that grooming can be directed to minimize the ingestion of noxious substances, but that such ingestion is not sufficiently reduced to affect the efficacy of grooming as a delivery method for unpalatable substances (e.g., rodenticides, chemosterilants). We speculate that grooming represents a weakness in rodents' defenses against dietary poisoning, and that it might be used to deliver toxicants as part of crop protection schemes that make use of CFA.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A case of 'superwarfarin' poisoning.

A young adult ingested 10 mg brodifacoum (a potent rodenticide) in an attempt to commit suicide. Prolonged bleeding was noted for over 6 months. It required large doses and prolonged use of vitamin K1 to combat this 'superwarfarin' poisoning.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed1986

Diphacinone-induced coagulopathy in the dog.

Five cases of coagulopathy caused by consumption of indanedione (diphacinone)-based rodenticides are reported. In each case, acute onset of lethargy and respiratory distress were the predominant initial clinical signs. Thoracic radiography revealed pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and/or pericardial effusion as consistent findings. Laboratory evaluations confirmed coagulopathies that responded to vitamin K1 therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Fatal strychnine poisoning--a case report and review of the literature.

A typical case of suicidal strychnine poisoning by a rodenticide is presented. The forceful muscular convulsions were accompanied by a clear sensorium. Pathological findings consisted of an early onset of postmortem rigidity and microscopic hemorrhages with minimal degenerative neuronal changes in the spinal cord. The highest tissue concentrations of strychnine were found in the bile and liver. The pathophysiology and epidemiology of strychnine poisoning is reviewed and discussed in context.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

[Voluntary chloralose poisoning].

The authors report 114 cases of acute poisoning by rodenticides (chloralose). The clinical symptoms associate coma, myoclonic jerks and bronchorrhea. Metabolic acidosis is a common finding. Despite the initial gravity, the prognosis of chloralose intoxication is excellent, provided that a symptomatic treatment is instituted early.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Thallium poisoning in a dog.

A 10-year-old Lhasa Apso with a history of vomiting and hemorrhagic diarrhea of several hours' duration died despite emergency treatment. Necropsy revealed alimentary necrosis, and liver samples contained thallium at 7.6 ppm, indicative of thallium intoxication. The source of the thallium was not determined but was thought to be a rodenticide from a building being renovated. Recommended treatment includes use of diphenylthiocarbazone at 50-70 mg/kg every 8 hours PO, followed by ferric cyanoferrate at 100-200 mg/kg every 8 hours PO.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Purification of a fluoroacetate-specific defluorinase from mouse liver cytosol.

Fluoraocetate-specific defluorinase, an enzyme which catalyzes the release of fluoride ion from the rodenticide fluoroacetate, has been purified 347-fold from mouse liver cytosol and shown to be distinct from multiple cationic and anionic glutathione S-transferase isozymes. Fluoroacetate-specific defluorinase was obtained at a final specific activity of 659 nmol of F-/min/mg of protein and was prepared in an overall yield of 12%. The isoelectric point of this hepatic enzyme was acidic, at pH 6.4, as determined by column chromatofocusing. The molecular weight of the active species was estimated at 41,000, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of the purified defluorinase demonstrated a predominant subunit, Mr = 27,000. Chromatofocusing completely partitioned the fluoroacetate-specific defluorinase from two separate peaks of murine anionic glutathione S-transferase activity. Rabbit antibodies prepared against the purified hepatic defluorinase quantitatively precipitated native defluorinase from mouse and rat liver, but were unable to immunoprecipitate cationic or anionic glutathione S-transferase enzymes from the same preparation. The evidence presented suggests that fluoroacetate-specific defluorinase and glutathione S-transferase activities are catalyzed by separate proteins present in the cytosol of mouse liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Evaluation of the presence of warfarin-resistant rats in the city of Reggio Calabria].

The aim of this work was to examine the possible presence, in the city of Reggio Calabria, of rats resistant to anticoagulant rodenticides. To carry out such an investigation trappings were effected in four sectors of the city characterized by different urban structures. The data collected were utilized, in a first phase, to obtain evaluation indexes of the state of rat infestation which turned out to be quite worrying. Applying the W.H.O. methods it resulted that 8,6% of the captured rats, all belonging to the species Rattus norvegicus, is resistant to anticoagulants. Keeping in mind the sites where these specimens were captured, this resistance phenomenon seems to be present in all the urban territory.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

QAU verification: Ricerca's approach to EPA requirements for specimen disposition.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide. Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and Toxic Substance Control Act Standards issued in 1989 presented a new task for the Quality Assurance Unit (QAU). Sections .190 and .195 of these Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) Standards require "quality assurance verification" prior to the disposal of certain specimens. These include "specimens from mutagenicity tests, specimens of soil, water, and plants, and wet specimens of blood, urine, feces, and biological fluids." QAU involvement in the specimen disposition process was a new concept. Other GLP Standards required specimen retention only as long as the quality of the preparation afforded evaluation: the QAU was not included in the procedure. The QAU verification step was included by the EPA to ensure that disposal of the prescribed specimens would not compromise the integrity of the study. A procedure to address verification of specimen disposition as required by the EPA GLP Standards has been implemented by Ricerca's QAU. This presentation provides a description of this approach to QAU verification.

Documentation↗