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PubMed1997

Odor learning, recall, and recognition memory in young and elderly adults.

use of an odor learning test and the California Verbal Learning Test in young and elderly adults enabled comparison of age-related effects on recall and recognition memory. Assessment of odor identification further enabled study of which odor function (recall, identification, recognition) is most affected by aging, the odor functions' interrelationships, and predictors of odor recall. Results suggested that both recall and recognition were significantly affected by aging and that the odor-recall decline cannot simply be referred to poor identification. Very similar age-related effect sizes were found for the 3 types of odor functions. Finally, the combined ability to encode, store, and retrieve odors appears to predict overall recall performance (including its identification component) better than do identification and recognition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Empirical generality of data from recognition memory receiver-operating characteristic functions and implications for the global memory models.

The experiments presented in this article examined the slope of the zeta-ROC (receiver-operating characteristic) function for recognition memory. The slope was examined as a function of strength and the variables study time, list length, word frequency, and category membership. For normal distributions of familiarity, the slope of the zeta-ROC is the ratio of the new-item to old-item standard deviations. R. Ratcliff, C.-F. Sheu, and S. D. Gronlund (1992) found that the slope was constant within standard error as a function of strength of encoding, which is inconsistent with the predictions of the global memory models. The results presented here extend this finding: The slope was constant as a function of strength of encoding, list length, and the number of related items from a category in the study list. Word frequency did affect the slope, but within a frequency class the slope was constant as a function of strength. The implications of these data for the global memory models, the attention likelihood model, and variants of these models are discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed1987

Short-term object recognition memory in the rat: nonmatching with trial-unique junk stimuli.

A delayed nonmatching-to-sample task with trial-unique stimuli (DNMS), similar to that used to test object recognition memory in primates, was adapted for use with rats. For each trial of the DNMS task, two stimuli were randomly selected from a pool of 250 small "junk" objects; one member of the pair was designated as the sample. On the first part of a trial, the rat traversed an elevated runway and displaced the sample for food reward. After a 10-s delay, the rat again traversed the runway to choose between the previously presented sample and the second member of the pair. Reward on the choice trial followed selection of the new object. Scores on the first day of DNMS were significantly above chance, and animals could consistently perform at approximately 75% accuracy. Extending the delay to 30 or 120 s lowered choice accuracy, but performance was still above chance. The DNMS taks for rats, unlike most other memory tests for rodents, does not require memory for spatial location. The similarity to tests used with primates should allow for more direct comparison of results of memory research across species.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Mapping the visual recognition memory network with PET in the behaving baboon.

By means of a novel 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose PET method designed for cognitive activation imaging in the baboon, the large-scale neural network involved in visual recognition memory in the nonhuman primate was mapped for the first time. In this method, the tracer is injected in the awake, unanesthetized, and unrestrained baboon performing the memory task, and brain imaging is performed later under light anesthesia. Brain maps obtained during a computerized trialunique delayed matching-to-sample task (lists of meaningless geometrical patterns and delay > 9 seconds) were statistically compared pixel-by-pixel to maps obtained during a specially designed visuomotor control task. When displayed onto the baboon's own anatomic magnetic resonance images, foci of significant activation were distributed along the ventral occipitotemporal pathway, the inferomedial temporal lobe (especially the perirhinal cortex and posterior hippocampal region), and the orbitofrontal cortex, consistent with lesion, single-unit, and autoradiographic studies in monkeys, as well as with activation studies in healthy humans. Additional activated regions included the nucleus basalis of Meynert, the globus pallidus and the putamen. The results also document an unexpected left-sided advantage, suggesting hemispheric functional specialization for recognition of figural material in nonhuman primates.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Confidence in recognition memory for words: dissociating right prefrontal roles in episodic retrieval.

We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (efMRI) to investigate brain regions showing differential responses as a function of confidence in an episodic word recognition task. Twelve healthy volunteers indicated whether their old-new judgments were made with high or low confidence. Hemodynamic responses associated with each judgment were modeled with an "early" and a "late" response function. As predicted by the monitoring hypothesis generated from a previous recognition study [Henson, R. N. A., Rugg, M. D., Shallice, T., Josephs, O., & Dolan, R. J. (1999a). Recollection and familiarity in recognition memory: An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 3962-3972], a right dorsolateral prefrontal region showed a greater response to correct low- versus correct high-confidence judgements. Several regions, including the precuneus, posterior cingulate, and left lateral parietal cortex, showed greater responses to correct old than correct new judgements. The anterior left and right prefrontal regions also showed an old-new difference, but for these regions the difference emerged relatively later in time. These results further support the proposal that different subregions of the prefrontal cortex subserve different functions during episodic retrieval. These functions are discussed in relation to a monitoring process, which operates when familiarity levels are close to response criterion and is associated with nonconfident judgements, and a recollective process, which is associated with the confident recognition of old words.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Item recognition memory and the receiver operating characteristic.

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of study time, study repetition, semantic and orthographic similarity, and category length on item recognition memory receiver operating characteristics (ROCs). Analyses of ROC shape rejected A. P. Yonelinas's (1994) dual-process model. The normal unequal variance signal-detection model provided a better account of the data, except for a small but consistent excess of high-confidence errors. It was found that z-transformed ROC slope was increased by similarity, category length, and study item repetition, rejecting R. Ratcliff, G. McKoon, and M. Tindall's (1994) "constancy-of-slopes" generalization for these variables, but slope was relatively unaffected by massed study time.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Recognition memory for exceptions to the category rule.

Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the utility of a rule-plus-exception model for extending current exemplar-based views of categorization and recognition memory. According to the model, exemplars that are exceptions to category rules have a special status in memory relative to other old items. In each of 4 experiments, participants first learned to categorize items organized into 2 ill-defined categories and then made old-new recognition judgments. Although the categories afforded no perfect rules, a variety of imperfect rules could be formed combined with memorization of exceptions to those rules. In each experiment, superior recognition of exceptions to imperfect logical rules was found. In addition, participants demonstrated better memory for old exemplars than new ones. A mixed model, which assumed a combination of rule-plus-exception processing and residual exemplar storage, provided good quantitative accounts of the data.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Recognition memory for words and pictures: an event-related potential study.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during the test phase of recognition memory tests for words and pictures of objects. ERPs elicited by recognized items contained a temporo-parietally distributed positive shift (the parietal old/new effect), which was strongly left lateralized regardless of stimulus type. This finding suggests that the lateral distribution of the parietal old/new effect is unrelated to the lateralization of the memory functions supported by the medial temporal lobe memory system. The ERPs to pictures, but not to words, also demonstrated frontally distributed old/new effects, which shifted over time from a left- to a right-sided maximum. These effects may reflect the richer informational content associated with episodic memory for pictures.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effects of peripherally injected pituitary peptides on recognition memory in pigeons.

The effects of peripheral injection of arginine vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT), arginine vasotocin (AVT), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH4-10) and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) were studied, using pigeon subjects and a pair comparison task, with and without intervening delays between stimuli presentation. The highest dose (20 micrograms/kg) of AVT impaired performance by disrupting input, but not storage. General cognitive ability was unimpaired, as were perceptual mechanisms. None of the other peptides affected recognition memory, in that forgetting curves were unchanged when compared with control. The results are discussed in terms of species-specific roles for these peptides.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2004

The interfering effect of related events on recognition memory discriminability: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Retrieval of information from memory often involves the selection of an event among competing related events, a process that frequently gives rise to interference effects. The present study used a forced-choice recognition test to identify neural correlates of the interfering effect of related events on recognition memory discriminability. Participants encoded landscape pictures divided into three segments. One segment was presented during encoding, and a forced-choice recognition task contrasted a studied and a nonstudied segment for each landscape. For half of the landscapes, the third segment was presented between encoding and recognition tasks to induce associative interference by reducing recognition discriminability. A behavioral study with 40 subjects yielded a significant difference in the correct recognition rate between control and interference trials (76% and 64%, respectively, p<0.001). A subsequent event-related fMRI study with 16 subjects yielded significant activations for correct interference recognition trials relative to control trials in left superior parietal regions, which suggests that these regions play a role in the representation of stimuli and associated information. The opposite contrast yielded significant activations in inferior prefrontal regions bilaterally, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right parahippocampal cortex. Since this contrast was conducted using only correctly recognized trials, these findings could reflect an index of memory discriminability or saliency which could influence conscious recollection.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Pilocarpine improves olfactory discrimination and social recognition memory deficits in 24 month-old rats.

Muscarinic receptor agonists have been suggested as potential drugs to counteract age-related cognitive decline since critical changes in cholinergic system occur with aging. Recently, we demonstrated that single administration of the non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine prevents age-related spatial learning impairments in rats. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that areas in the central nervous system processing olfactory information are affected at the early stages of age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, and that specific olfactory testing may represent an important tool in the diagnosis of these diseases. In the present study, olfactory discrimination and short-term social memory of 3 and 24 month-old rats were assessed with the olfactory discrimination and social recognition memory tasks, respectively. The actions of the repeated treatment with pilocarpine (30 mg/kg, i.p.; once per day for 21 days) in relation to age-related effects on olfactory and cognitive functions were also studied. The 24 month-old rats exhibited significantly impaired performance in both models, demonstrating deficits in their odour discrimination and in their ability to recognize a juvenile rat after a short period of time. The treatment with pilocarpine improved in a specific manner these age-related deficits in 24 month-old rats without altering their motor performance. The present results extend the notion of the participation of muscarinic receptors in control of olfactory functions and reinforce the potential of muscarinic receptor agonists for the treatment of age-related cognitive decline.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

The effect of word concreteness on recognition memory.

Concrete words that are readily imagined are better remembered than abstract words. Theoretical explanations for this effect either claim a dual coding of concrete words in the form of both a verbal and a sensory code (dual-coding theory), or a more accessible semantic network for concrete words than for abstract words (context-availability theory). However, the neural mechanisms of improved memory for concrete versus abstract words are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the processing of concrete and abstract words during encoding and retrieval in a recognition memory task using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As predicted, memory performance was significantly better for concrete words than for abstract words. Abstract words elicited stronger activations of the left inferior frontal cortex both during encoding and recognition than did concrete words. Stronger activation of this area was also associated with successful encoding for both abstract and concrete words. Concrete words elicited stronger activations bilaterally in the posterior inferior parietal lobe during recognition. The left parietal activation was associated with correct identification of old stimuli. The anterior precuneus, left cerebellar hemisphere and the posterior and anterior cingulate cortex showed activations both for successful recognition of concrete words and for online processing of concrete words during encoding. Additionally, we observed a correlation across subjects between brain activity in the left anterior fusiform gyrus and hippocampus during recognition of learned words and the strength of the concreteness effect. These findings support the idea of specific brain processes for concrete words, which are reactivated during successful recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Recognition memory for emotional words: a comparative study of young, middle-aged and older persons.

Emotional and neutral words were used to compare old, middle-aged, and young groups in their recognition memory at two hours and at one week following learning. The old retrieved fewer emotionally charged words than younger groups, while they were equally proficient in the recognition of neutral words. All groups made more correct and more false recognitions of emotional words than of neutral words. Based on discriminability measures, the emotional value of words induced a greater recognition difference at one week than at two hours. The old were less willing to guess than younger persons, adopting high decision criteria especially for emotional words during the two-hour test. The results were interpreted that the elderly are less responsive to emotional words or, alternatively, adopt more stringent recognition criteria for such words.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Perceptual effects on remembering: recollective processes in picture recognition memory.

In 3 experiments, the effects of perceptual manipulations on recollective experience were tested. In Experiment 1, a picture-superiority effect was obtained for overall recognition and Remember judgements in a picture recognition task. In Experiment 2, size changes of pictorial stimuli across study and test reduced recognition memory and Remember judgements. In Experiment 3, deleterious effects of changes in left-right orientation of pictorial stimuli across study and test were obtained for Remember judgements. An alternate framework that emphasizes a distinctiveness-fluency processing distinction is proposed to account for these findings because they cannot easily be accommodated within the existing account of differences in conceptual and perceptual processing for the 2 categories of recollective experience: Remembering and Knowing, respectively (J. M. Gardiner, 1988; S. Rajaram, 1993).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Support for a continuous (single-process) model of recognition memory and source memory.

Does memory retrieval occur in a continuous or an all-or-none manner? The shape of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) has been used to answer this question, with curvilinear and linear memory ROCs indicating continuous and all-or-none retrieval processes, respectively. Signal detection models (e.g., the unequal variance model) correspond to a continuous retrieval process, whereas threshold models (including the multinomial model and the recollection component of the dual-process model) correspond to an all-or-none process. In studies of source memory, Slotnick et al. (2000) and others have observed curvilinear ROCs (supporting the unequal variance model), whereas Yonelinas (1999) observed linear ROCs (supporting the dual-process model). We resolve these seemingly inconsistent results, showing that source memory ROCs are naturally curvilinear but can appear linear when nondiagnostic source information is included in the analysis. Furthermore, the unequal variance model accounted for both recognition memory and source memory ROCs, supporting a continuous process of memory retrieval.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

On the structure of motor recognition memory.

Two experiments determined the influence of the range and number of auditory sensory consequences, associated with a rapid timing task, on the development of motor recognition. Experiment 1 observed no beneficial effect upon subsequent movement-transfer performance from experience with the criterion-movement-time sound compared to experience with either a narrow or a wide range of sounds that bracketed the criterion sound (not including the criterion); 60 sound trials prior to transfer did not produce better transfer than did six sounds. The second experiment examined transfer outside of the range of previous listening experience by having subjects transfer to one of two possible criterion movement times after having received either constant, or one of two types of variable, listening experience. Transfer performance was influenced by the amount of variability in listening experience. These results were seen as support for a schematic representation for motor recognition memory (Schmidt, 1975)

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Age differences in acoustic and semantic recognition memory.

Patterns of information encoding were examined across a wide age range of subjects. Subjects aged 8-, 10-, 24-, 66-, and 75-yr. were administered a recognition memory task involving both acoustically and semantically related distractor words. The errors and latencies indicated no age-difference in encoding patterns. A comparison of errors for 8-, 10-, and 24-yr.-olds alone, however, indicated a shift from acoustic tp se,amtoc encoding style between the ages of 8 and 10.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The effect of picture priming on event-related potentials of normal and disabled readers during a word recognition memory task.

Normal and one subtype of disabled readers were compared in their visual event-related potentials (ERPs) that were elicited by primed and unprimed words during a recognition memory task. The primed words were preceded by a picture having the same denotative meaning, while unprimed words were preceded by a picture having a non-associated meaning. Normal readers exhibited consistently greater amplitude than the disabled readers to unprimed words with a negative wave at 455 ms (N400). For the disabled readers, this N400 was evident, though somewhat smaller, than for controls, at fronto-central placements, but absent at the lateral parietal and occipital sites. Priming a word with a picture reduced N400 amplitude for both the normal and disabled readers. There were no remarkable differences between groups in their ERPs to the pictures. The pattern of ERP results obtained seems to reflect a failure of this subtype of disabled readers to engage long-term, semantic memory, while their short-term linguistic processing is intact.

Arousal↗