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PubMed1999

Sleep in patients with respiratory disease.

Recent studies have emphasized the high prevalence and significant consequences of sleep abnormalities in patients who have underlying respiratory disease. Such abnormalities include the nocturnal increase in airway resistance in patients who have asthma, the impaired sleep quality and nocturnal desaturation (particularly during REM sleep) in patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the sleep-related hypoventilation and hypoxemia in patients who have various restrictive respiratory disorders. This article discusses the salient features, underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, and treatment of these abnormalities of sleep in patients who have respiratory disease.

Asthma↗
PubMed1999

Efficacy of sustained release needle-less ceftiofur sodium implants in treating calves with bovine respiratory disease.

Three experiments were conducted to determine preliminary efficacy of sustained release needle-less implants in effecting cure in calves with bovine respiratory disease. One hundred and twenty beef calves with a rectal temperature > or = 40 degrees C and shallow or labored respiration and coughing were used in these experiments. Four groups (1-ceftiofur sodium injections [days 1, 2, and 3], 2-ceftiofur sodium needle-less implants [days 1, 2, and 3], 3-ceftiofur sodium needle-less implants [days 1 and 3], and 4-ceftiofur sodium needle-less implants [day 1] were included. All treatments contained 250 mg of ceftiofur sodium and were administered intramuscularly in the neck after diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease. Experiment 1 included 20 calves (group 1-10 calves and group 3-10 calves; 213 to 255 kg) and calves were monitored for clinical efficacy. Experiment 2 included five calves per group (all four groups; 164 to 192 kg) and calves were bled frequently after treatment for desfuroylceftiofur (the primary ceftiofur metabolite) concentrations. Experiment 3 included 20 calves per group (all four groups; 160 to 205 kg) and calves were monitored for clinical efficacy. Blood desfuroylceftiofur concentrations remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration for Pasteurella haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus somnus for 24 hours after injection and 72 hours after implantation (P < 0.05). Mortalities and the number of calves with a positive response and relapse response were similar (P < 0.25) among the four groups. In summary, the administration of one-250 mg ceftiofur sodium needle-less sustained release implant was as efficacious in treating bovine respiratory disease as three daily 250 mg injections of ceftiofur sodium.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Etiology of respiratory disease in non-vaccinated, non-medicated calves in rearing herds.

The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of bacterial, mycoplasmal and viral pathogens in the lower respiratory tract of calves in all-in all-out calf-rearing units. According to clinical status, non-medicated calves with and without respiratory disease signs were selected of the 40 herds investigated to analyse the micro-organisms present in healthy and diseased calves. Tracheobronchial lavage (TBL) and paired serum samples were analysed for bacteria, mycoplasmas, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3), bovine corona virus (BCV) and bovine adenovirus (BAV). Pasteurella multocida was the most common bacterial pathogen. It was isolated from 34% of the TBL samples in 28 herds and was associated with clinical respiratory disease (p < 0.05) when other pathogenic bacteria or mycoplasma were present in the sample. Mannheimia spp. and Histophilus somni were rarely found. Mycoplasma bovis was not detected at all. Ureaplasma diversum was associated with clinical respiratory disease (p < 0.05). TBL samples from healthy or suspect calves were more often negative in bacterial culture than samples from diseased calves (p < 0.05). No viral infections were detected in six herds, while 16-21 herds had RSV, BCV, BAV or PIV3. In the herds that had calves seroconverted to BCV, respiratory shedding of BCV was more frequently observed than faecal shedding. This study showed that the microbial combinations behind BRD were diverse between herds. M. bovis, an emerging pathogen in many countries, was not detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Respiratory disease Mortality in Agricultural workers in eight member countries of the European community.

A co-operative study by representatives of eight member countries of the EEC into the problem of respiratory disease among agricultural workers is reported. From each country mortality data (routinely collected but often unpublished) were obtained for seven disease categories in the country as a whole, and separately where possible for urban and rural areas, and agricultural workers. The results indicate that comparable data can be collected from different countries despite variations in local methods of data collection and coding. There are large between country differences in respiratory disease mortality rates, and data for agricultural workers in France and England and Wales suggest an excess respiratory disease deaths (mainly pneumonia and influenza) among agricultural workers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Hospital admission rates for asthma and respiratory disease in the West Midlands: their relationship to air pollution levels.

BACKGROUND: A study was undertaken to determine the relationship between hospital admissions for asthma and all respiratory conditions in electoral wards in the West Midlands and ambient levels of smoke, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide, and to establish whether the relationship is independent of social deprivation and ethnicity, and is different for young children and older individuals. METHODS: Data on hospital admissions for acute respiratory conditions were obtained by electoral ward from the West Midlands Regional Health Authority Information Department Körner inpatient data including asthma (ICD 493) and all acute respiratory disease (466, 480-486, 490-496) for the period April 1988 to March 1990. The population for each electoral ward, percentage of ward population that was from non-white ethnic groups, and Townsend deprivation score were all calculated from 1991 census information. Data on smoke and sulphur dioxide (SO2) levels were obtained for 24 wards in Birmingham, Coventry, Wolverhampton, Dudley, Stafford, and Burton-on-Trent, and on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels from 39 wards in the same local authority areas. All were background urban sites and most participated in the Warren Spring national quality control programme for SO2 and smoke monitoring. Indirect age-sex standardised hospitalisation rates (SHR) for all respiratory conditions and asthma were calculated using the 1991 rates for the West Midlands RHA as the standard. Multivariate regression models were used to assess the relationship between individual pollutants and the SHR. The Townsend score and percentage of the population from non-white ethnic groups were included in all models to adjust for ethnicity and socioeconomic deprivation. RESULTS: The SHR for asthma varied almost fourfold across the region, and all respiratory SHR showed more than three fold variation. Bivariate regression revealed both Townsend score and percentage of non-white individuals to be associated with SHR for asthma and all respiratory conditions at all ages, but not for children under 5 years. NO2 was associated with hospital admission rates for all ages including children under 5. SO2 and smoke were not associated with hospital admissions. Multivariate analysis including Townsend score and percentage of non-white subjects in the model revealed that NO2 was associated with hospital admission rates for all respiratory conditions only for children under 5. The Townsend score was associated with SHR for all respiratory conditions, and both the Townsend score and percentage of non-white subjects were associated with SHR for asthma in children under 5 in two of three models. The association between SHR for asthma and percentage of non-white subjects was negative. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic deprivation, as measured by the Townsend score, is a significant predictor of hospital admission rates for respiratory disease in older individuals, and both the percentage of non-white subjects and the Townsend score are significant predictors of hospital admission rates for asthma in children. After correction for socioeconomic deprivation and ethnicity, background urban NO2 levels in the ward of residence are significantly associated with standardised hospital admission rates for all respiratory disease in children under 5. This may represent a causal effect of NO2 on the respiratory health of children, or the effect of confounding factors not corrected by use of the Townsend score.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

A comparison of the clinical field efficacy and safety of florfenicol and tilmicosin for the treatment of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease of cattle in western Canada.

We compared the field efficacy of a new antibiotic, florfenicol, with tilmicosin in the treatment of naturally occurring undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease. Beef calves with rectal temperatures greater than 40.5 degrees C and signs compatible with undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease were entered into the trial. Calves were randomly assigned to receive either florfenicol (20 mg/kg bodyweight intramuscularly; 2 injections 48 h apart) or tilmicosin (10 mg/kg bodyweight subcutaneously; 1 injection). Clinical measures of efficacy included mortality, rectal temperature, illness index score, assessment of treatment success or failure, and the number of relapses or reinfections. Performance was assessed based on weight gains from day 0 to day 90. Two hundred and twenty calves entered the trial; 112 received florfenicol and 108 received tilmicosin. Seventeen deaths occurred between day 0 and day 90, but only 10 during the 28-day trial period. Seven calves receiving tilmicosin died, compared with 3 receiving florfenicol (P = 0.20). Of the 220 initial treatments, 45 (20%) were categorized as treatment failures; 27 in the tilmicosin group and 18 in the florfenicol group (P = 0.10). The number of calves experiencing a 2nd relapse was significantly different, with 17 of 30 (57%) calves on tilmicosin compared with 7 of 26 (27%) calves on florfenicol relapsing at least twice (P = 0.02). Average daily gains over 90 days were 1.55 kg/day for florfenicol-treated calves and 1.51 kg/day for tilmicosin-treated calves. No significant adverse reactions were noticed with either drug. Results indicate that florfenicol and tilmicosin are comparable in the treatment of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease in western Canada.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Mortality from nonmalignant respiratory diseases among male workers in Norwegian ferroalloy plants.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined mortality from nonmalignant respiratory diseases among ferroalloy workers. METHODS: The cohort comprised 14730 men employed for the first time in 1933-1990 and for at least 6 months in 1 of 12 plants. The duration of work in specific departments and exposure to amorphous silica in the ferrosilicon/silicon-metal (FeSi/Si-met) plants, estimated from a job-exposure matrix, were the main exposure variables. Deaths were observed during 1962-1990. The mortality was analyzed with the use of standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and internal comparisons of rates. RESULTS: Overall mortality from nonmalignant respiratory diseases was not increased, but mortality from bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma combined was significantly increased among the men with at least 3 years of FeSi/Si-met furnace work (SMR 1.82, 16 deaths). A Poisson regression analysis of the mortality from these causes among 6359 employees in the FeSi/Si-met plants showed a significant increase of 0.06 per unit of amorphous silica exposure observed 10-20 years after the exposure. Six men died of pneumonia while still employed in a ferromanganese/silicomanganese (FeMn/SiMn) plant. No corresponding deaths occurred among employees in FeSi/Si-met plants. Only 2 deaths from pneumoconiosis were observed in the total cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Among employees in FeSi/Si-met plants increased mortality from bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma may be associated with previous exposure to amorphous silica. Deaths from pneumonia among FeMn/SiMn workers may be associated with manganese exposure.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Herpes simplex in acute viral respiratory diseases].

Herpes in main viral acute respiratory diseases (ARD) in adults (influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus and mixed infections) was studied by different laboratory methods of diagnosis. It was found that in 44.5% viral ARD were accompanied by herpes in the clinically overt or latent form. Herpes was detected with varying frequencies depending on the nosological forms of ARD as well as on the nature of the infection: more frequently in monoinfections than in mixed infections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

Cross-sectional epidemiological study of respiratory disease in turkey farmers.

This study was a cross-sectional epidemiological investigation of respiratory disease in farmers involved in the turkey growing industry. Pulmonary function tests and health history questionnaires were administered to a total of 95 turkey farmers throughout Minnesota. Respiratory symptoms were greatest during the winter months when exposure to environmental agents was highest. Prevalence of symptoms was higher for smokers, personnel who worked in hen barns, and for persons who had worked in the turkey growing industry for more than 10 years. Pulmonary function was found to decrease during the work day. Also, pulmonary function was lowest for personnel working in hen bars, and for persons who had been employed in the industry for more than 10 years. These data support the association between respiratory disease and exposure to the environment in confinement farm buildings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Quality of life in patients with chronic respiratory disease: the Spanish version of the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ)

The aim of this study was to translate the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) into Spanish and to test its measurement properties. The study was performed in 60 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) mean+/-SD 35+/-14% of reference value). A rigorous process of forward and back translation and review produced an easily comprehensible questionnaire, which was administered together with measures of pulmonary function and exercise capacity. The patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups: 30 received respiratory rehabilitation and the other 30 received standard community care only. Weak to moderate statistically significant correlations (0.2-0.38) were found between the domains of the CRQ and pulmonary function and exercise measures. For the three CRQ domains that measure differences between patients at a point in time, Crohnbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients were: fatigue 0.80 and 0.80; emotional function 0.86 and 0.68; and mastery domains 0.84 and 0.67, respectively. Scores remained stable in patients who were deemed clinically stable, and showed large statistically significant improvement (p<0.0001) in patients in the rehabilitation programme. Only low correlations were found between the changes in CRQ and the changes in pulmonary function and exercise capacity. The index of responsiveness was 0.92 for fatigue, and 0.91 for dyspnoea, emotional function and mastery. In conclusion, the Spanish translation of the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire is likely to be useful for measuring differences between patients, and particularly for measuring the effects of intervention on quality of life in chronic respiratory disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

The effects of feeding on arterial blood gases and lung mechanics in newborn infants recovering from respiratory disease.

Fifteen infants recovering from neonatal respiratory disease had arterial blood gases and lung mechanics measured 5 minutes before bolus feeds and at 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after feeding to determine physiologic effects of feeding. PaO2 fell significantly from prefeeding values at 5, 10, and 20 minutes after feeds. Mean prefeeding pH and base excess values were significantly different from mean postfeeding values at 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes, respectively. PaCO2 remained unchanged before and after feeding. Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not change throughout the study. Dynamic lung compliance, respiratory, rate, and tidal volume did not change significantly but there was a trend toward increase in tidal volume. Mean minute volume rose with time as a consequence of the increased tidal volume. Work of breathing remained unchanged at 10 and 20 minutes postfeed and increased slightly at 30 minutes; this was due to a small increase in both elastic and viscous work components at this time.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The prevalence of respiratory diseases in the bioclimatic zones of the Primorye Territory].

The paper estimates the prevalence of respiratory diseases in different bioclimatic zones of the Primorye Territory. The prevalence of environment-induced respiratory diseases in the dwellers of different areas of the Primorye Teritory was found to depend on the specific features of bioclimatic zones and the combinations of environment parameters forming these zones, which should be taken into account when medical and preventive measures are implemented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Prevalence of chronic respiratory disease in selected industries in the Philippines.

A survey on the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease in selected industries were carried out. Results of the study revealed that chronic bronchitis is the most common chronic respiratory disease observed in the plants surveyed. This could be due to the inhalation of toxic dusts, fumes or gases at the place of work. Lung function tests showed that lung volumes like vital capacity and FEV1 are within normal units although a little bit reduced if compared with those free of symptoms. This would suggest that cases observed are mild in character. It is recommended that dust control be instituted in the textile, feed and cement plants. In the chemical and steel plants, SO2 is the main problem and should be prevented from affecting the workers by the use of hoods and higher smoke stack. In the chlorine plant, prevention of chlorine leakages into the workroom must be done by frequent inspection and tightening of conveyor tubes to prevent gas leakage into the surrounding environment.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2003

[Trends in mortality due to respiratory diseases in elderly, Brazil, 1980 to 1998].

INTRODUCTION: The increase in life expectancy and the decline in mortality rates in Brazil have an impact on social programs to the elderly, especially related to health care. The objective of the study isto analyze the mortality trends for respiratory diseases in elderly. METHODS: An ecological time series was carried out and mortality data was obtained from the Mortality Information System of the Ministry of Health (SIM/MS-DATA-SUS). it was analyzed the time trends of standardized mortality rates according to age groups (60 to 69, 70 to 79 and 80 years old and more) and gender, using linear regression models. The proportional mortality for this disease group compared to all causes of death was also studied. RESULTS: There were increasing trends for mortality rates in both sexes, especially among males. The proportion of deaths due to respiratory diseases was higher among older ages. CONCLUSION: Respiratory diseases are one of the main causes of hospitalization and death in the elderly population. Prevention and care for elderly, as well as further etiology studies should be a priority in Brazil.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1981

Pulmonary fibrosis in experimental acute respiratory disease.

Changes in collagen metabolism were examined in 3 models of acute respiratory disease in rats. Fibrotic changes in the lungs of rats were provoked by exposing them to paraquat (intraperitoneal), ozone (inhaled), or bleomycin (intratracheally injected). After an interval sufficient to allow histologically discernible fibrosis to occur (6 to 7 days), lungs were removed from the rats, and apparent collagen synthesis rates were determined with cultured lung minces incubated in medium containing 3H-proline. There was a significant increase (severalfold in the apparent collagen synthesis rates by lung minces from all the pneumotoxin-exposed rats in this study. Portions of the 3H-proline-labeled lung minces were then used for quantifying ratios of Type I to Type III collagen. Using CNBr mapping techniques and a combination of carboxymethylcellulose chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we quantified Type I/Type III collagen for newly synthesized, 3H-labeled collagen as well as for total unlabeled collagen. In lung minces from normal rats, the ratio was 2:1 (65 to 70% Type I collagen) for both newly synthesized and total collagen. On the other hand, lung minces prepared from fibrotic rats accumulated a mixture of newly synthesized collagens that was substantially enriched for Type I collagen (80 to 85% Type I). There was no change in Type I/Type III collagen for total unlabeled collagen, nor was there any detectable increase of total collagen per lung after 1 wk. We conclude that an early event in experimental acute respiratory disease is a marked increase in the relative synthesis of Type I collagen; this shift occurs before there is observable increased accumulation of collagen in the lung.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Chronic respiratory disease morbidity in construction workers: patterns and prognostic significance for permanent disability and overall mortality.

The aim of this study was to determine chronic respiratory disease morbidity in construction workers, and to assess the prognostic value of various morbidity measures on permanent disability and on all-cause mortality. Subjects in this analysis were male employees in the German construction industry, aged 40-64 yrs, who were examined by the occupational health service between August 1986 and December 1988. Prevalence of respiratory disorders as characterized by: 1) pathological findings on lung auscultation; 2) reduced forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1); and 3) a medical diagnosis of chronic respiratory disease (International Classification of Diseases 9th revision (ICD-9) 490496) was assessed among occupational groups of construction workers, and compared with prevalence among white-collar employees. Active follow-up was conducted between October 1992 and July 1994 to ascertain working and life status (completeness: 92 and 96%, respectively). The prognostic value of the morbidity measures on permanent disability and on all-cause mortality was assessed using the Cox proportional hazards model. In the entire cohort, crude prevalence was 7.6% for pathological findings on lung auscultation, 8.8% for a reduced FEV1 (<70% of predicted value), and 6.1% for a recorded diagnosis of chronic respiratory disease. There was strong variation of prevalence with age, smoking status and, less clearly, occupation. The relative risk for permanent disability varied between 1.9 and 3.2, and for mortality between 2.0 and 2.9, respectively, when men with the various measures of bronchopulmonary disorders were compared with other men. The morbidity measures utilized allow the identification of employees at higher risk of disability and death, and this may facilitate targeting of specific prevention and rehabilitation measures.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

International Primary Care Respiratory Group (IPCRG) Guidelines: integrating diagnostic guidelines for managing chronic respiratory diseases in primary care.

This is the first of the IPCRG Guideline papers. The IPCRG took on the task of producing an integrated guideline for the management of chronic respiratory diseases in primary care. This included some original work aimed at developing questionnaires suitable for improving the diagnosis and recognition of respiratory diseases in the primary care setting. This paper provides the background evidence and rationale for the integrated diagnostic section of the IPCRG Guideline. It focuses on identifying the unique challenges in respiratory disease diagnosis in primary care, the use of epidemiology to build a co-ordinated diagnostic framework, and the development of tools to support guideline implementation.

Adult↗