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PubMed1996

Electro-oculographic recordings reveal reading deficiencies in learning disabled children.

This study was undertaken in order to learn the functional differences in reading tasks between two groups of children: those identified as learning disabled and a group of control children. During the earliest stages of learning to read, children adopt a logographic strategy, in which letter order is ignored and phonologic factors are secondary. The children later move into an alphabetic and then to an orthographic reading stage. Reading strategies can be studied by electro-oculographic (EOG) recordings during text reading. This investigation uses EOG to study text reading time, and number of saccadic and regressive movements, to test if learning disabled children show altered strategies on text reading. Nineteen learning disabled and thirteen control subjects were included in the study. Learning disabled children showed longer text reading time, and greater number of saccadic and regressive eye movements. Electro-oculographic recording is not a test customarily performed on learning disabled children. However, our results concerning the dynamic discriminative reading have shown that it can be a useful tool for the examination of learning disabled children.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of Oculab Tono-Pen readings obtained from various corneal and scleral locations.

When estimating intraocular pressure in patients who are uncooperative or who have central corneal disturbances, the physician may find it either impractical or undesirable to place the small tip of a portable electronic applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen) over the central cornea. To gauge better the usefulness of Tono-Pen readings obtained from various locations, we compared such readings measured through the central cornea, midperipheral cornea, limbal cornea, and sclera of 15 cannulated eye bank eyes. Mean Tono-Pen readings from the midperipheral and clear limbal cornea did not differ significantly from central corneal readings over a 10- to 35-mm Hg range of intraocular pressures and were within +/- 2.4 mm Hg of mean central corneal readings. Mean readings taken from the sclera, however, were 8.8 to 17.0 mm Hg higher than mean central corneal readings over the 10- to 40-mm Hg range. We concluded that multiple noncentral corneal readings with the Tono-Pen provided a useful approximation of intraocular pressure, whereas scleral readings did not.

Cornea↗
PubMed2004

Accuracy of diagnostic tests read with and without clinical information: a systematic review.

CONTEXT: Although it is common practice to read tests with clinical information, whether this improves or decreases the accuracy of test reading is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether diagnostic tests are more accurate when read with clinical information or without it. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE search (1966-December 2003) extended by search of reference lists and articles citing the articles retrieved (Web of Science, 1985-December 2003). STUDY SELECTION: All articles comparing the accuracy of tests read twice by the same readers, once without and once with clinical information, but otherwise under identical conditions. Only articles that reported sensitivity and specificity or receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted by one author and reviewed independently by the other. When the data were difficult to interpret, differences were resolved by discussion. DATA SYNTHESIS: Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Eleven articles compared areas under ROC curves for tests read with and without clinical information, and 5 compared only sensitivity and specificity. Ten articles used actual clinical information; 6 used constructed clinical information that was plausible. Overall, clinical information improved test reading accuracy although the effect was smaller in the articles using actual clinical information when compared with those using constructed clinical information. There were no instances in which clinical information resulted in significant reduction in test reading accuracy. In some instances, improved test reading accuracy came from improved sensitivity without loss of specificity. CONCLUSIONS: At least for the tests examined, the common practice of reading diagnostic tests with clinical information seems justified. Future studies should be designed to investigate the best way of providing clinical information. These studies should also give an estimate of the accuracy of clinical information used, display ROC curves with identified data points, and include a wider range of diagnostic tests.

Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures↗
PubMed2005

Assessing intra, inter and total agreement with replicated readings.

In clinical studies, assessing agreement of multiple readings on the same subject plays an important role in the evaluation of continuous measurement scale. The multiple readings within a subject may be replicated readings by using the same method or/and readings by using several methods (e.g. different technologies or several raters). The traditional agreement data for a given subject often consist of either replicated readings from only one method or multiple readings from several methods where only one reading is taken from each of these methods. In the first case, only intra-method agreement can be evaluated. In the second case, traditional agreement indices such as intra-class correlation (ICC) or concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) is often reported as inter-method agreement. We argue that these indices are in fact measures of total agreement that contains both inter and intra agreement. Only if there are replicated readings from several methods for a given subject, then one can assess intra, inter and total agreement simultaneously. In this paper, we present new inter-method agreement index, inter-CCC, and total agreement index, total-CCC, for agreement data with replicated readings from several methods where the ICCs within methods are used to assess intra-method agreement for each of the several methods. The relationship of the total-CCC with the inter-CCC and the ICCs is investigated. We propose a generalized estimating equations approach for estimation and inference. Simulation studies are conducted to assess the performance of the proposed approach and data from a carotid stenosis screening study is used for illustration.

Carotid Stenosis↗
PubMed1996

Causal Attributions and Reading Achievement: Individual Differences in Low-Income Families

In this study the development of causal attributions about reading within low-income families was examined. Specifically, relations between children's reading achievement and their causal attributions were investigated as well as relations between the children's attributions about themselves and their parents' attributions about them. A total 513 students from Grades 3, 6, and 9, and one parent of each student, all from low-income families, participated. Students and parents independently rated the importance of seven causal variables (effort, intellectual ability, liking for reading, the teacher, help at home, difficulty of reading material, and luck) for the students' good and poor reading outcomes. The major findings were that (a) at each grade, students' attributions were reliably related to their reading achievement on the Gates-MacGinitie reading comprehension test, with attributions to ability, liking for reading, and help at home especially critical; (b) at each grade, parent attributions were reliably associated with student attributions; and (c) as students' grade in school increased, they focused more on themselves and less on others as causal determinants of their reading performance. The implications of these findings for research and education are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Smoking status, reading level, and knowledge of tobacco effects among low-income pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: Smoking during pregnancy increases the health risks of the unborn child as well as the mother. Although smoking rates for the population as a whole have declined drastically in the past generation, since 1992 there has been an increase in smoking among women, teenagers, and adults living in poverty. The purpose of this study was to assess reading level, tobacco knowledge, attitudes, and practices of tobacco use among pregnant adult and adolescent women in the public health system in north Louisiana. METHODS: A convenience sample of 600 pregnant women was interviewed in person in the Obstetrics Clinics at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport and E.A. Conway in Monroe. The structured interview contained detailed questions about smoking practices, tobacco knowledge, and attitudes. Reading was assessed using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine. Smoking practices were assessed by self-report and verified by measuring urine cotinine levels. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was used to estimate the relationship between reading level and knowledge and attitude; multiple logistic regression was used to determine which variable(s) predicted current smoking practices. RESULTS: Knowledge about the effects of smoking and concern about the health effect of smoking on their baby varied significantly by reading level, with participants with higher reading levels having more knowledge and greater concern. Smoking practices did not vary by reading level even when race, age, and living with a smoker were controlled. Race was a significant determinant of smoking practices, with more white women reporting currently smoking during pregnancy than African Americans (34% vs 8%). CONCLUSIONS: Reading level was related to knowledge about health effects of smoking. Women with higher reading levels were also more concerned about the adverse health effects of smoking on themselves and their babies. However, reading level was not correlated with smoking prevalence. The most significant determinant of smoking was race (with whites smoking significantly more than African Americans).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Reading, spelling, and vigilance in attention deficit and conduct disorder.

A group of 51 male children, average age 9.1 years, presenting at a child psychiatric clinic because of attention and conduct problems were investigated for reading and phonetic spelling ability, vigilance, and intellectual level. Each child was given a DSM-III diagnosis prior to being tested. The Boder Test of Reading and Spelling patterns was used to obtain scores for reading age, number of syllables read correctly in the word list at the child's reading level, and number of phonetically correct syllables spelled in the known and unknown word lists, at and just above the child's reading level. A factor analysis with varimax rotation produced two significant factors, a Reading factor with high loadings for verbal and reading scores, aand a second Vigilance factor. Phonetic spelling ability loaded separately from reading into the Vigilance factor. The Vigilance factor was significantly related to the diagnosis of moderate and severe attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH). The correlation of short-term working memory with vigilance in moderate to severe ADDH children is discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1996

Connections between reading disability and behavior problems: testing temporal and causal hypotheses.

In this study of children's reading and behavior problem status from Grade 2 to Grade 4 of elementary school, we tested hypotheses concerned with the temporal and causal connections between these two closely associated disorders. Children with both, either, or neither kinds of problems were followed up over 2 years. While reading disability remained stable over time, there was greater variability in behavior problem status. Our data did not support the claim that reading problems lead to the development of behavior problems. Children who were comorbid had the worst outcome at follow-up, suggesting that behavior problems may exacerbate reading delay. Reading-disabled children were lower (albeit in the normal range) on intelligence, but when IQ was controlled, large group differences on reading and spelling were still evident. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) type behavior problems significantly differentiated children with comorbid problems from children with behavior problems alone. Sex differences were noted in the association, with two-thirds of reading-disabled boys also having behavior problems and two-thirds of reading-disabled girls having no behavior problems, suggesting that pathways to reading disability may be gender specific.

Aggression↗
PubMed2001

Study status consistency and duplicate-read protection in a distributed architecture.

UNLABELLED: This presentation will discuss the benefits and pitfalls of implementing a study status and duplicate-read protection mechanism within a distributed picture archiving and communication system (PACS) architecture. There are many advantages to a distributed PACS network in which image studies are proactively pushed to reading stations before they are required by a radiologist. The absence of a central server, which serves on demand, makes managing study status and protecting against duplicate reads challenging. The system to manage study status and read access must be efficient, robust, and easy to administer. A system is presented that accomplishes these goals while maintaining the advantages of a distributed architecture. METHODS: The basic workflow of the system is that image studies acquired at a modality device are automatically sent to an archive server. Using a set of advanced routing rules, the archive automatically routes studies to diagnostic workstations where studies are candidates for diagnostic read. The workstations display a list of all local studies available for reading. A monitor application running on the workstations coordinates access to studies for diagnostic read. Once the status of a study has been changed, the workstations on the networks and the archive are notified, which causes the study to be automatically removed from any list on a workstation where it might be a read candidate. RESULTS: Implementation of this system provides a balanced workflow throughout the system while minimizing the need for costly high-speed network hardware. Additionally studies are read as soon as they are available by the next available radiologist. This workflow is enabled without the need for specific interaction by any of the radiologists on the network. By having the images available at the workstation in an organized worklist, this methodology increases the efficiency of the radiologist. CONCLUSION: The implementation of this system enables a radiology department, or even a specialty group within a department, to gain the benefit of a distributed system as well as the benefits provided by a central-server architecture. This can be done very cost effectively with minimal configuration overhead and hardware requirements.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2003

Can patients accurately read a visual analog pain scale?

The objective of this study was too determine if patients can accurately read a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. A 100-mm visual analog pain scale designed for patient use was printed on the top page of carbonless copy paper with a perfectly aligned hatched scale on the second (bottom) page. Patients over the age of 18 in acute pain were enrolled in this prospective, descriptive study. Patients were asked demographic questions and to indicate their pain severity with a single mark through the 100-mm scale. Once scored, patients were asked to read the number from the hatched bottom scale. Two physician-raters, blinded to patients' and each other's readings, then scored the VAS. Analysis of physician interrater reliability and correlation of patient and physician readings was performed. One hundred forty-five patients were enrolled. Seventy-nine patients (54.5%) read the VAS exactly as physician-readers. One hundred thirty-eight (95.2%) read their VAS within +/-2 mm of physician readings. Ninety-five percent of patients are able to read a VAS within +/-2 mm of physician readings. The data suggests this instrument could be used by discharged patients in longitudinal pain studies or with help in management of chronic pain.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Differential genetic etiology of reading component processes as a function of IQ.

Results obtained from previous studies of word recognition, reading component skills, and reading composite measures suggest that genetic factors may be more important as a cause for reading disability among children with higher IQ scores than among those with lower IQ scores. To investigate the genetic etiology of reading disability further, measures of word recognition, phonological decoding, orthographic coding, and phoneme awareness were obtained from a total of 465 twin pairs with a positive school history of reading problems. The basic and extended DeFries and Fulker (DF) multiple regression models for the analysis of selected twin data were employed to investigate the etiology of group deficits in reading and language skills, as well as to assess differential genetic etiology for the reading-related measures as a function of IQ. Data from 168 sibling pairs (drawn from the twins' families), including fraternal twin pairs and their siblings, as well as non-twin siblings of identical twins were subjected to single-marker analyses using the DF basic linkage model to examine evidence for linkage of a quantitative-trait locus (QTL) for reading and language deficits to the short arm of chromosome 6. Lastly, to investigate the possible differential influence of this QTL as a function of IQ, the sibling pair data were fitted to an extension of the DF basic linkage model. Results indicated that reading and language deficits are significantly heritable and that differential genetic influences as a function of IQ are evident for measures of word recognition and phonological decoding. Results obtained from linkage analyses confirmed the presence of a QTL on chromosome 6p that influences phonological and orthographic skills, as well as phoneme awareness measures, and suggest that this QTL may influence phoneme awareness differentially as a function of IQ: however, future analyses with considerably larger samples are needed to test the hypothesis of differential QTL influence more rigorously.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Reading, syntactic, orthographic, and working memory skills of bilingual Arabic-English speaking Canadian children.

This study assessed the reading, language, and memory skills of 56 bilingual Arab-Canadian children age's 9-14. English was their main instructional language, and Arabic was the language spoken at home. All children attended a Heritage Language Program in Toronto where they were taught to read and write Arabic. The children were administered word and pseudo-word reading, language, and working memory tests in English and Arabic. The majority of the children showed at least adequate proficiency in both languages. There was a significant relationship between the acquisition of word and pseudo-word reading working memory, and syntactic awareness skills in the two languages. The poor readers in Arabic had lower scores on all linguistic tasks, except the visual task. There were no significant differences between bilingual English Arabic children and monolingual English-speaking children on the reading, language, and memory tasks. However, bilingual English Arabic children who had reading problems in English had higher scores on English pseudo-word reading and spelling tasks than monolingual English-speaking children with reading disabilities, probably because of positive transfer from the regular nature of Arabic orthography. In this case, bilingualism does not appear to have negative consequences for the development of language reading skills in both languages--Arabic and English--despite the different nature of the two orthographies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Can radiographers read screening mammograms?

AIM: To evaluate the ability of radiographers to read screening mammograms in the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two radiographers read a test set of 1000 screening mammograms previously reported by a consultant radiologist. Three radiographers then acted as a second reader for 54,000 screening mammograms, their recall results are presented. Four consultant radiologists and three film reading radiographers were timed while reading 2500 mammograms each. RESULTS: When reading the test mammograms the two radiographers recalled all the cancers previously detected by the radiologist at the original screen read. They also recalled 32/90 women who subsequently presented with interval cancers. As a second reader the radiographers had similar recall and cancer detection rates to the radiologists (P>0.05). Double reading detected 9% more cancers. The radiographers take the same length of time to film read as radiologists (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Radiographers are able to read screening mammograms at least as well as radiologists and do not take longer to do so.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Diagnostic performance of a commercially available computer-aided diagnosis system for automatic detection of pulmonary nodules: comparison with single and double reading.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic performance of a commercially available computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for automatic detection of pulmonary nodules with multi-row detector CT scans compared to single and double reading by radiologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A CAD system for automatic nodule detection (Siemens LungCare NEV VB10) was applied to four-detector row low-dose CT (LDCT) performed on nine patients with pulmonary metastases and compared to the findings of three radiologists. A standard-dose CT (SDCT) was acquired simultaneously and used for establishing the reference data base. The study design was approved by the Institutional Review Board and the appropriate German authorities. The reference data base consisted of 457 nodules (mean size 3.9 +/- 3.1 mm) and was established by fusion of the sets of nodules detected by three radiologists independently reading LDCT and SDCT and by CAD. An independent radiologist used thin slices to eliminate false positive findings from the reference base. RESULTS: An average sensitivity of 54 % (range 51 % to 55 %) was observed for single reading by one radiologist. CAD demonstrated a similar sensitivity of 55 %. Double reading by two radiologists increased the sensitivity to an average of 67 % (range 67 % to 68 %). The difference to single reading was significant (p < 0.001). CAD as second opinion after single reading increased the sensitivity to 79 % (range 77 % to 81 %), which proved to be significantly better than double reading (p < 0.001). CAD produced more false positive results (7.2 %) than human readers but it was acceptable in clinical routine. CONCLUSION: Double reading with CAD as second reader offered a significantly increased sensitivity compared to conventional double reading. Thus, CAD is a valuable tool for the detection of pulmonary nodules and should be used as second opinion.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ability of caregivers to read delayed hypersensitivity skin tests in children exposed to and infected by HIV. The Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Complications of Vertically Transmitted HIV Study Group.

OBJECTIVES: To identify whether nonmedical home caregivers (parents, guardians) could accurately interpret the results of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests in children, thereby obviating the need for a return visit for a professional reading. METHODS: Patients who were enrolled in the Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiac Complications of HIV (P2C2HIV) study were given annual skin tests to tuberculin purified protein derivative, Candida, and tetanus as part of the study protocol. Caregivers were instructed verbally about how to read and measure erythema and induration. They were given written instructions to take home as well and were asked to return in 48 to 72 hours for the professional reading. On the morning of their return visit, they were to read the skin tests and record the results before coming to the clinic. RESULTS: When compared with readings by professional staff, caregivers had a high percentage of false-negative readings for both Candida (24%) and tetanus (41%) skin tests. These false-negative readings did not correlate with age, gender, race, or educational level of the caregivers. CONCLUSIONS: The high percentage of false-negative readings by the caregivers emphasizes the need for professional reading of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reading about over-the-counter medications.

Many adolescents and young adults purchase and use over-the-counter (OTC) medications, and some may take these medications without reading about how to use them. Most do read package inserts and labels to learn about the medication, but studies examining what influences label reading for youth are needed. This study assessed factors related to label reading for young people, including demographic variables (gender, health status) and the types of information they were seeking about the medication. Eight hundred and seventy-six high school and college students participated, and most reported reading labels or package inserts to learn about medications. Participants experiencing pain were more likely to read labels, except for those experiencing headaches who reported being less likely to read labels. When reading labels, participants were interested in information about side effects, ingredients, dosage instructions, and symptoms treated by the medication. Future research should examine whether youth take medications as directed and what factors make labels and inserts easier to read and understand.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Predictors of reading delay in deaf adolescents: the relative contributions of rapid automatized naming speed and phonological awareness and decoding.

Deaf readers often fail to achieve age-appropriate reading levels. In hearing children, two cognitive factors correlated with reading delay are phonological awareness and decoding (PAD) and rapid automatized naming (RAN) of visual material. In this study we explored the contribution of these factors to reading and reading delay in a sample of deaf students (N = 49, mean age 13 years) whose reading age (RA) was around 7 years. Although PAD performance was poor in the deaf students compared with RA-matched hearing controls, it nevertheless correlated with their RA. Whether tested in sign or speech, RAN was much faster in the deaf group than in RA-matched hearing controls but showed no direct relationship with reading level or reading delay. We conclude that in contrast to PAD, which is a factor in both deaf and hearing reading achievement, RAN may be only indirectly related to reading in deaf students.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Forehead pulse oximetry: Headband use helps alleviate false low readings likely related to venous pulsation artifact.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether a tensioning headband that applies up to 20 mmHg pressure over a forehead pulse oximetry sensor could improve arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation reading accuracy in presence of venous pooling and pulsations at the forehead site. METHODS: Healthy volunteers were studied breathing room air in supine and various levels of negative incline (Trendelenburg position) using the forehead sensor with the headband adjusted to its maximum and minimum recommended pressure limits. Saturation readings obtained from the forehead sensor with the subjects supine and the headband in place were used as a baseline to compare the effects of negative incline on reading accuracy when using and not using the headband. Occurrences of false low-saturation readings detected by forehead sensors were compared with those from digit sensors. RESULTS: No difference was observed between saturation readings obtained from the forehead sensor in supine and negative incline positions when the headband was applied. Forehead sensor readings obtained while subjects were inclined and the headband was not used were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the supine readings. There was no statistically significant difference between the digit and forehead sensor in reporting false low-saturation readings when the headband was applied, regardless of body incline. CONCLUSIONS: Application of up to 20 mmHg pressure on the forehead pulse oximetry sensor using an elastic tensioning headband significantly reduced reading errors and provided consistent performance when subjects were placed between supine and up to 15 degrees head-down incline (Trendelenburg position).

Adolescent↗