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At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Effects of race, with or without gender, on operative mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting: a study using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database.

BACKGROUND: Although gender is known to be an independent predictor of 30-day operative mortality (OM) after coronary artery bypass grafting, the purpose of this study was to determine whether race-alone or in combination with gender-affects OM. METHODS: For 1994 to 1996, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons database records for 441,542 coronary artery bypass grafting-only procedures were analyzed. Baseline annual multivariate models were built. Gender and race were added to each model. Risk-adjusted OM rates were then calculated for race, gender, and their combination. Patients were also stratified into groups of comparable predicted OM to allow for a direct comparison of risk-matched Caucasians and non-Caucasians. RESULTS: Of the procedures, 28.2% were on women and 8.5% on non-Caucasians. Overall, OM was 3.29%. Multivariate risk-adjusted OM varied by gender and race (p < 0.10). Risk-adjusted OM rates (with 95% confidence intervals) were 4.0% (3.9% to 4.1%) for females and 3.2% (3.2% to 3.3%) for males. Risk-adjusted OM rates were 3.9% (3.7% to 4.1%) for non-Caucasians and 3.3% (3.2% to 3.3%) for Caucasians. Among equally risk-matched Caucasians and non-Caucasians, non-Caucasians had significantly higher (p < 0.005) mortality among the lower risk subgroups (up to 10% predicted OM) but not among the higher risk subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Race and gender are independent predictors of adverse outcome following coronary artery bypass grafting, holding all other risk factors constant.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Race and survival of men treated for prostate cancer on radiation therapy oncology group phase III randomized trials.

PURPOSE: We assessed the impact of race on survival in men treated with external beam radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy for localized prostate cancer in Radiation Therapy Oncology Group randomized trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1975 and 1992, 2,048 men were treated for clinically localized prostate cancer in 1 of 4 consecutive prospective phase III randomized trials. After excluding nonblack and nonwhite men 2,012 remained for analysis. Patients were included in this analysis if they were deemed evaluable and eligible for the trial, and followup information and centrally reviewed pathological results were available. Short-term hormonal therapy consisted of goserelin acetate and flutamide administered 2 months before and during radiotherapy. Long-term hormonal therapy consisted of adjuvant goserelin acetate, which was generally given for 2 years or more. Pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) findings were available in 430 cases (21%), including 213 treated with radiotherapy alone, 60 treated with short-term hormonal therapy and 157 on long-term hormonal therapy. Mean pretreatment PSA was 68.8 and 35.2 ng./ml. in black and white patients, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify the impact of previously defined risk groups on overall and disease specific survival. Multivariate analysis was done for the significance of race using a stratified Cox model. Median followup in patients treated in early and late studies exceeded 11 and 6 years, respectively. RESULTS: On univariate analysis black race was associated with lower overall and disease specific survival (p = 0.04, RR = 1.24 and p = 0.016, RR = 1.41, respectively). After adjusting for risk group and treatment type (with or without short-term or long-term hormonal therapy) race was no longer associated with outcome (p >0.05). The trend for a persistent difference in survival was likely due to the higher tumor burden in black men, as reflected in higher PSA. CONCLUSIONS: As previously reported, tumor grade (Gleason score), palpation T stage, lymph node status, pretreatment PSA and treatment type are major predictors of overall and disease specific survival. We noted no evidence that race has independent prognostic significance in patients treated for prostate cancer in Radiation Therapy Oncology Group prospective randomized trials.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

Effects of 5 different diets on urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate kidney stone formation: evidence of different renal handling mechanisms in different race groups.

PURPOSE: Since the incidence of renal calculi in the South African black population is extremely rare while in white subjects it occurs at the same rate as elsewhere in the western world, we investigated the possibility that different renal handling mechanisms in response to different dietary challenges might occur in the 2 race groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We administered 5 different dietary protocols, including low calcium, high oxalate, vitamin C, high salt and lacto-vegetarian, to 10 healthy male subjects from each race group. We collected 24-hour urine at baseline and after 4 days on the prescribed diet which were analyzed for biochemical and physicochemical risk factors. Dietary intake was controlled throughout the experimental period. A 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire was recorded at baseline and analyzed using food composition tables. Statistical analysis of variance was performed on all the data. RESULTS: The low calcium diet caused statistically significant changes only in black subjects, which consisted of urinary oxalate increase (0.17 to 0.23 mmol./24 hours, p = 0.01), relative supersaturation of calcium oxalate decrease (1.88 to 0.97, p = 0.03) and relative supersaturation of brushite increase (0.85 to 1.69, p = 0.03). The high oxalate diet caused statistically significant changes in both race groups but these changes were different in the 2 groups. In white subjects urinary pH increased (6.24 to 6.62, p = 0.01), potassium excretion increased (40.01 to 73.49, p = 0.01) and relative supersaturation of brushite increased (1.34 to 2.12, p = 0.05). In black subjects urinary citrate increased (1.94 to 2.99 mmol./24 hours, p = 0.01). Clinically unimportant changes occurred in both race groups after the other 3 diets. CONCLUSIONS: Renal handling of dietary calcium and oxalate in South African black and white subjects is different and may explain the different stone incidence in the 2 race groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Intact performance on an indirect measure of race bias following amygdala damage.

Recent brain imaging and lesion studies provide converging evidence for amygdala involvement in judgments of fear and trust based on facial expression [Adolphs et al., Nature 393 (1998) 470; Adolphs et al., Neuropsychologia 37 (1999) 1111; Breiter et al., Neuron 17 (1996) 875; Winston et al., Nat. Neurosci. 5 (3) (2002) 277]. Another type of social information apparent in face stimuli is social group membership. Imaging studies have reported amygdala activation to face stimuli of different racial groups [Hart et al., NeuroReport 11 (11) (2000) 2351]. In White American subjects, amygdala activation to Black versus White faces was correlated with indirect, implicit measures of racial evaluation [Phelps et al., J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12 (5) (2000) 729]. To determine if the amygdala plays a critical role in indirect social group evaluation, as suggested by the imaging results, a patient with bilateral amygdala damage and control subjects were given two measures of race bias. All subjects were female, White Americans. The Modern Racism Scale (MRS) is a direct, self-report measure of race attitudes and beliefs. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is an indirect, automatic evaluation task. Performance on the two tasks did not differ between the patient with amygdala damage and control subjects. All subjects showed a pro-Black bias on the direct, explicit measure of race beliefs, the MRS, and a negative evaluation towards Black faces on the indirect measure of race evaluation, the IAT. These results indicate that even though amygdala activation to Black versus White faces is correlated with performance on indirect measures of race bias [Phelps et al., J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12 (5) (2000) 729], the amygdala is not critical for normal performance on the IAT.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1997

Effects of racing and gender on viscoelastic properties of horse blood.

Splenic contraction in racing horses increases the hematocrit (hct), thereby increasing blood viscosity. We tested as to whether racing also affects the elastic properties of blood. Mares and geldings were studied for thus purpose. After racing, there was: (i) an increased erythrocyte count independent of gender and race distance (0.32 to 1.7 km): (ii) an increased mean erythrocyte volume in both sexes; (iii) an increased heterogeneity of RBC size in both sexes; (iv) an increased plasma fibrinogen concentration and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in both sexes; and (v) an increased elastic yield stress (EYS). When corrected to a constant hct of 65%, the blood of mares, but not geldings, had increased EYS after racing. Gender differences in fibrinogen response (p = 0.72) did not account for this and the mechanism is not known. Since EYS is analogous to the point at which ketchup starts to flow from a bottle, its increase could be deleterious in vascular beds characterized by pulsatile flow, e.g. the coronary circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The predictive value of race as a clinical prognostic factor among patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a multivariate analysis of positive surgical margins.

OBJECTIVES: Several investigators have reported that African-American men with clinically localized prostate cancer have poorer survival than do white men. In addition, prostate cancer in African-American men is commonly diagnosed at a more advanced stage of disease. Is race or ethnicity predictive of outcome of clinically localized prostate cancer? It has been reported that the presence of positive surgical margins significantly influences time to progression independently of other prognostic factors. Therefore, we have elected to conduct a multivariate analysis of clinical factors including race as potential predictors of positive surgical margin outcome. METHODS: We studied 369 consecutive men (120 African-American and 249 white) who had radical prostatectomies at a single institution. Comparisons by race of Gleason score, stage, presence of positive surgical margins, and mean preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level were carried out. RESULTS: Our data demonstrate that African-American men have more pathologically locally advanced prostate cancer than do white American men: 69% among blacks compared with 57% among whites. However, the difference in rate of positive surgical margins between blacks and whites is statistically significant: 58% among blacks versus 40% among whites (P = 0.002). Four factors were predictive of positive surgical margins: preoperative PSA level, race, clinical stage, and Gleason score. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that race is an independent predictor of positive surgical margins among patients with clinically localized prostate cancer and should be included in treatment decisions. In addition, the risk of positive surgical margins increases noticeably when PSA is greater than 10 ng/mL.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Race is not an independent predictor of positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether race is an independent predictor of positive surgical margins in patients who undergo radical prostatectomy. METHODS: Radical prostatectomies were performed on 750 patients at five Veterans Affairs hospitals: Shreveport, Louisiana (n = 451), Houston, Texas (n = 92), Jackson, Mississippi (n = 83), New Orleans, Louisiana (n = 69), and Little Rock, Arkansas (n = 55). All men who did not receive neoadjuvant hormonal therapy and for whom complete follow-up data were available were included in the analysis (of 607, 260 were African-American and 347 were white). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the significance of race as an independent predictor of surgical margin status after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. RESULTS: After controlling for clinical stage, Gleason grade, and preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA), multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that race was not an independent predictor of positive surgical margins (P = 0.9). Of the variables evaluated, both preoperative PSA (P = 0.0005) and biopsy Gleason grade (P = 0.047) were significant predictors of an increased risk of a positive surgical margin. CONCLUSIONS: Positive surgical margins are a widely accepted surrogate marker of increased biologic potential in patients with prostate cancer. In our study population, race was not an independent predictor of surgical margin status. Coupled with observations that survival is not related to race, this finding suggests that the biology of prostate cancer in African-American and white men is similar and that observed racial differences more likely are due to ethnic factors that influence tumorigenicity.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Asian-Pacific Islander race independently predicts poor outcome in patients with endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The Department of Defense health care system provides access to care without respect to age, race, or socioeconomic status. We sought to determine the effect of race as a predictor of survival in patients with endometrial cancer treated in the Department of Defense medical system. METHODS: Information on patients with endometrial carcinoma was extracted from the Department of Defense centralized tumor registry for the period 1988 to 1995. Data included age at diagnosis, military status, race, tumor histology, grade, FIGO surgical stage, adjuvant therapies, and disease-free survival. The chi(2) test was used for analysis of prognostic factors and adjuvant treatments between racial groups. Actuarial survival curves were calculated by using the method of Kaplan and Meier and compared by the log-rank test. Variables found to be significant on univariate analysis (P < 0.05) were entered into a multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Of 1811 patients meeting criteria for the study, racial distribution was 90% Caucasian, 4.4% African-American, and 5.5% Asian-Pacific Islander. African-Americans had more advanced stages of disease compared to Caucasians (P < 0.001). Both African-Americans and Asian-Pacific Islanders had higher grade tumors and less favorable histologic types than Caucasians (P < 0.05). The extent of adjuvant therapies was similar for racial groups. African-Americans and Asian-Pacific Islanders had significantly worse 5-year disease-free survivals than Caucasians (P = 0.007). Additional poor prognostic factors included age >60 years, grade, unfavorable histology, and stage. On multivariate analysis age >60 years, stage, and Asian-Pacific Islander race remained significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: African-Americans and Asian-Pacific Islanders had worse survivals than Caucasians. After controlling for imbalances in clinicopathologic factors, Asian-Pacific Islander race was found to be a newly identified poor prognostic factor.

Asian↗
PubMed1985

Acute medical care for championship auto racing.

Auto racing is a diverse sport in terms of car design and sophistication, topography of race courses, speeds achieved, and driver experience. These factors relate directly to potential hazards of auto races and the approaches to safety utilized by the groups conducting these events. The evolution in recent years of technologically advanced racing machines capable of speeds exceeding 200 mph has mandated commensurate sophistication in acute medical care programs serving professional racing teams. A comprehensive team approach to the on-track evaluation and treatment of speed-sport-related trauma is described.

Accidents↗
PubMed1994

The joint effects of race and age on the risk of end-stage renal disease attributed to hypertension.

To describe the joint effects of race and age on the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) attributed to hypertension (ESRD-HT), we analyzed data for white and black adults, 20 to 84 years of age, reported by the United States Renal Data System during the period 1987 to 1990. The risk of ESRD-HT increased substantially with age for both blacks and whites; however, at each age, the risk was greater for blacks. A more in-depth description of the combination of effects involving race and age on ESRD-HT incidence was provided by two models of joint effects, one additive and the other multiplicative. Both models used the 20- to 24-year age group as the referent. Under the additive model the risk of ESRD-HT in blacks attributable to the joint effects between race and age increased continuously from younger to older groups. This indicates that although ESRD-HT risk increases with age for both blacks and whites, the increase for blacks is greater than expected if the effects of race were independent of the effects of age. However, the multiplicative model indicated that the proportional increase with age in ESRD-HT risk among blacks, as compared with whites, was more striking for younger ages (< or = 50 years among women and < or = 40 years among men), and especially so for men. This suggests a more accelerated course of hypertension toward ESRD for blacks (especially younger men) than for whites. A conceptual model to explain these patterns of race-age joint effects is proposed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1998

"Race", ethnicity and haemoglobin disorders.

The new genetics has brought forth concerns that such developments as screening for genetic diseases will accentuate the oppression of minority ethnic groups [Bradby (1996) Genetics and racism. In The Troubled Helix: social and psychological aspects of the new human genetics, ed. T. Marteau and M. Richards, pp. 295-316. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge]. Haemoglobin disorders primarily affect minority ethnic groups in the U.K. but have been the subject of protest regarding lack of services as much as the unwelcome advent of them. This paper examines various conceptions of "race", from biological reductionism, through notions of ethnicity, racialized groups, sociological conceptions of "race", political and analytical uses of the term "Black" and so-called "new ethnicities" such as situational and plastic ethnicity in order to examine the consequences of these competing conceptions of race for a social analysis of sickle cell anaemia and beta-thalassaemia. The paper concludes that any group of people associated with the haemoglobin disorders are subject both to constraints upon their actions and opportunities for re-interpreting their social world. In conclusion it is proposed that no nomenclature classifies the phenomenon unproblematically. The notion of race as a political construct [Goldberg (1993) Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning. Blackwell, Oxford] is used to suggest that attempts to construct all-embracing definitions themselves signal the potential abuses which may be attendant upon programmatic or mechanistic conceptions of the relationship between race and haemoglobin disorders.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1997

Left atrial size in hypertensive men: influence of obesity, race and age. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the relations of left atrial (LA) size to blood pressure, obesity, race, age and left ventricular (LV) mass in hypertension. BACKGROUND: Although obesity, race and age may influence LV mass, their effects on LA size have not been defined in hypertension. METHODS: Left atrial size was measured in 690 men (58% African-Americans) with mild to moderate hypertension (mean [+/-SD] blood pressure 152 +/- 15/98 +/- 6 mm Hg) and a high prevalence of LV hypertrophy. Effects of LV mass, adiposity, race, age, physical activity, height, weight, sodium excretion, plasma renin activity and heart rate were examined. RESULTS: Left atrial size was greater (p < or = 0.0001) in obese (44.2 +/- 5.7 mm) than in overweight (41.6 +/- 5.9 mm) or normal weight (38.9 +/- 6.2 mm) patients. Left atrial enlargement (> or = 43 mm) was present in 56% of obese patients compared with 42% of overweight and 25% of normal weight hypertensive men. As age increased, white patients had a greater LA size than African-American patients. Although there was no relation between LV mass and LA size in normal weight patients, there was a significant positive relation in obese patients. On multiple regression analysis, obesity was the strongest independent predictor of increased LA size. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is the strongest predictor of LA size in patients with hypertension and amplifies the relation between LA size and LV mass. Race influences effects of age and hypertension on LA size. Because increased LA size and LV mass (also influenced by obesity) are associated with an adverse outcome, these findings underscore the importance of obesity, race and age with regard to the cardiac effects of hypertension.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Relationship of age, gender, race, and body size to infrarenal aortic diameter. The Aneurysm Detection and Management (ADAM) Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Investigators.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of age, gender, race, and body size on infrarenal aortic diameter (IAD) and to determine expected values for IAD on the basis of these factors. METHODS: Veterans aged 50 to 79 years at 15 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers were invited to undergo ultrasound measurement of IAD and complete a pre-screening questionnaire. We report here on 69,905 subjects who had no previous history of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and no ultrasound evidence of AAA (defined as IAD > or = 3.0 cm). RESULTS: Although age, gender, black race, height, weight, body mass index, and body surface area were associated with IAD by multivariate linear regression (all p < 0.001), the effects were small. Female sex was associated with a 0.14 cm reduction in IAD and black race with a 0.01 cm increase in IAD. A 0.1 cm change in IAD was associated with large changes in the independent variables: 29 years in age, 19 cm or 40 cm in height, 35 kg in weight, 11 kg/m2 in body mass index, and 0.35 m2 in body surface area. Nearly all height-weight groups were within 0.1 cm of the gender means, and the unadjusted gender means differed by only 0.23 cm. The variation among medical centers had more influence on IAD than did the combination of age, gender, race, and body size. CONCLUSIONS: Age, gender, race, and body size have statistically significant but small effects on IAD. Use of these parameters to define AAA may not offer sufficient advantage over simpler definitions (such as an IAD > or = 3.0 cm) to be warranted.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Horse injuries and racing practices in National Hunt racehorses in the UK: the results of a prospective cohort study.

A prospective cohort study was conducted on horses starting in hurdle and steeplechase races on six UK racecourses in 2000 and 2001. Trainers or carers were questioned on the horses' pre-race routine and observational data were collected in the stables and parade ring. Some practices were common to many starters, such as withholding food and water before racing whereas other practices, such as schooling frequency, were more variable. There was a total of 2879 starts and a total of 83 injuries or medical events (28.8/1000 starts). The commonest types of injury were tendon/suspensory injuries and lacerations/wounds. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify the relationship between predictor variables and the risk of injury. Risk of injury or medical event was associated with distance of the race and weight carried. The risk of injury, excluding medical events, was associated with the speed of the race and foot conformation.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Sex chromosome differences among the three races (alpha, beta, gamma) of the snail intermediate host of Schistosoma mekongi, Neotricula aperta.

Chromosome analyses were performed on three races (alpha, beta, gamma) of Neotricula aperta which were previously reported to show variation in the chromosome number and pairing in meiosis. We used an air-drying method, which was more reliable for chromosome preparations from fresh animal tissues than a squash method. Each of the races had the same number of chromosomes, 2n=33 for males, and 2n=34 for females. The sex determination system was XO type (male: 32+X, female: 32+XX). The sex chromosome of each race was distinct in its morphology, but not in its length. Karyotyping revealed that the X-chromosome of the alpha race was metacentric (M), whereas it was acrocentric (A) in the beta and the gamma races. An association between the X-chromosome and a small autosome in meiosis suggested that a neo-Y chromosome probably lies in the terminal region of the small autosome.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Face versus non-face object perception and the 'other-race' effect: a spatio-temporal event-related potential study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a modulation of the N170 face-sensitive component related to the perception of other-race (OR) and same-race (SR) faces, as well as differences in face and non-face object processing, by combining different methods of event-related potential (ERP) signal analysis. METHODS: Sixty-two channel ERPs were recorded in 12 Caucasian subjects presented with Caucasian and Asian faces along with non-face objects. Surface data were submitted to classical waveforms and ERP map topography analysis. Underlying brain sources were estimated with two inverse solutions (BESA and LORETA). RESULTS: The N170 face component was identical for both race faces. This component and its topography revealed a face specific pattern regardless of race. However, in this time period OR faces evoked significantly stronger medial occipital activity than SR faces. Moreover, in terms of maps, at around 170 ms face-specific activity significantly preceded non-face object activity by 25 ms. These ERP maps were followed by similar activation patterns across conditions around 190-300 ms, most likely reflecting the activation of visually derived semantic information. CONCLUSIONS: The N170 was not sensitive to the race of the faces. However, a possible pre-attentive process associated to the relatively stronger unfamiliarity for OR faces was found in medial occipital area. Moreover, our data provide further information on the time-course of face and non-face object processing.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Breast cancer-race, ethnicity, and survival: a literature review.

A review of the literature on breast cancer was conducted to identify gaps in knowledge as it relates breast cancer risk, race, and survival. The discussion has been divided into three broad categories: (1) breast cancer basics and the relationships between risks, race, and survival; (2) influence of race and socioeconomic status on breast cancer morbidity and mortality; and (3) relationship between age and mammography screening. All of the cited studies reveal evidence of a linkage between race and breast cancer survival, however, the effects of socioeconomic factors and race needs to be examined. Results suggest that African-American women and lower income women need to be targeted for early detection. Many of the analyses among younger women (20-39 years) reported that very little disease occurrence in young black women was associated with the socioeconomic factors studied. Conclusions from all studies indicate that more aggressive screening and public education programs directed toward younger black women is warranted. The gaps in knowledge identified included the lack of an explanation of early onset breast cancer with high penetrance as well as an explanation of African-American women's resistance to self-examination and mammography screening and other barriers to diagnostic treatment. Future studies should also examine the link between familial breast cancer and genetic mutations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Juror sensitivity to the cross-race effect.

Black and White mock jurors' sensitivity to the cross-race effect was investigated by varying the race of the eyewitness in a simulated murder trial of a Black defendant. Participants heard an audiotape of a trial after which they rendered a verdict and rated the credibility of the witnesses. White participants found the prosecution witnesses (including the eyewitness) more credible, and the defense witness less credible, than did Black participants; they were also more likely to find the defendant guilty. The Black eyewitness was perceived as more credible than was the White eyewitness, but eyewitness race had no effect on verdict. These results are consistent with the literature indicating that jurors of different races reach different verdicts, and also that jurors are relatively insensitive to factors that affect eyewitness testimony, such as the cross-race effect.

Adult↗