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PubMed1988

Reproducibility and validity of dietary assessment instruments. II. A qualitative food frequency questionnaire.

The reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire designed to measure intakes of total fat, saturated and polyunsaturated fats, vitamins A, C, and E, selenium, and dietary fiber were tested from March to October 1984 among 297 Finnish men aged 55-69 years. The questionnaire asked about consumption of 44 food items. In the reproducibility study, 107 subjects filled in the questionnaire three times, at three-month intervals. Intraclass correlations varied from 0.52 for vitamin A to 0.85 for polyunsaturated fat. In the validity study, 190 subjects kept food consumption records for 12 two-day periods distributed evenly over a period of six months and filled in the questionnaire both before and after this period. Correlations between the nutrient intake values from the food records and those from the food frequency questionnaires ranged from 0.33 for selenium to 0.68 for polyunsaturated fat. On the average, 40-45% of the subjects in the lowest and highest quintiles based on food records were in the same respective quintiles when assessed by the food frequency questionnaire, and 70-75% were in the two lowest and two highest questionnaire quintiles, respectively. The food frequency questionnaire and a quantitative food use questionnaire tested in the same study were compared. Use of these two instruments in large-scale epidemiologic studies is discussed.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

PAUSE for assessment: a multi-level long-term care assessment tool.

The author of this article noes that as health care improves, paradoxically, long-term care residents become "older and sicker." In response, many facilities now offer a wide range of levels of residential care, from independent living to Hospice care--and all under the same roof. Chaplains in such facilities can play a key part in identifying changes in individual residents' needs over time. Toward this end, the author introduces PAUSE--a one-page questionnaire designed to be completed by the chaplain after a visit with a resident. The items reflect the chaplain's impressions of several key aspects of the resident's well-being from a single interaction. The questionnaire serves several purposes: it documents the fact of a visit; it allows comparison of impressions at different times and by different visitors; and it quickly highlights "red flag" areas of possible concern for interdisciplinary referral, pastoral follow-up, or possible change in level of care. It might also function as a teaching tool for student chaplains.

Clergy↗
PubMed2002

Long-term effects of Graves' ophthalmopathy on health-related quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the long-term effects of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) on health-related quality of life (HRQL) after the eye treatment is considered to be finished. The aim of this study was to quantify these effects using validated HRQL questionnaires. DESIGN: A cross-sectional follow-up study was carried out in GO patients who had started radiotherapy and/or prednisone treatment between 1982 and 1992. METHODS: Between 1998 and 2000 these patients received an HRQL questionnaire containing the SF-36, EuroQol and GO-QOL questionnaires. All patients were invited for a follow-up ophthalmological examination. HRQL scores of the respondents were compared with those of two reference populations of 'healthy' persons and to scores of several other GO populations. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-eight patients were included; 163 completed the HRQL questionnaire and 154 visited the outpatient clinic. The median follow-up was 11.7 years. A considerable number of symptoms related to GO were found. More than half of the patients had diplopia and 28% had a low visual acuity. Sixty per cent had a proptosis of at least 20 mm. The HRQL scores were considerably better than those of newly diagnosed GO patients (untreated) and GO patients who completed the questionnaire during treatment, but worse than those of 'healthy' persons. Although we did not perform a longitudinal study, we included a selected group of patients who had been treated with radiotherapy and/or prednisone in the Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, and though we could not assess HRQL at comparable times after receiving treatment, this is the first study that presents any data on the long-term effects of GO on HRQL. CONCLUSION: GO has a marked negative effect on HRQL, even many years after treatment. These findings suggest that GO should be considered a chronic disease. Aftercare is needed for these patients after their immunosuppressive and surgical treatments.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

An assessment of issues related to clinical skill remediation in dental hygiene education.

PURPOSE: Within the confines of a lock-step dental hygiene education curriculum, the remediation of clinical skills poses a challenge for both the faculty responsible for assuring clinical competence and for the students expected to meet the stringent clinical performance criteria. To gain an understanding of how dental hygiene programs meet remediation challenges, a survey of U.S. dental hygiene programs was conducted. METHODS: A questionnaire designed to elicit information on specific remediation protocols, the type of instructional methods used in clinical remediation, and the management of faculty work load and compensation when the need for remediation was identified was developed. The questionnaire was pretested by dental hygiene program administrators and then distributed to 227 U.S. dental hygiene programs via mail and Internet services with a follow-up mailing to non-respondents. Data were analyzed and reported as descriptive statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). RESULTS: An 80 percent (n = 181) response rate was obtained. A chi-square analysis of goodness of fit demonstrated no statistically significant difference between the respondents and the survey population in relationship to type of degree granted, educational setting, or geographic location. Results revealed an average student to clinical faculty ratio of five to one regardless of year of curriculum, educational setting, or geographic location. Just over half (53.6%, n = 97), reported having a written policy on clinical remediation with a clinical course syllabus being the most frequently cited mode of distribution. Ninety-eight percent (n = 177) indicated that clinical faculty met regularly to discuss student clinical progress. Issuing an incomplete grade, requiring the student to attend additional clinical sessions, and allowing the student to continue with his or her peers was the most frequent action taken when clinical remediation was needed at the end of the academic term (32.6%, n = 59). The most frequent remediation intervention strategy employed was one-on-one faculty instruction (87.3%, n = 158). Typodont practice and extra clinical time under one-on-one supervision were also identified by over half of the programs as clinical remediation methods. The majority reported that faculty responsible for managing remediation activities received no financial compensation for the remedial instruction (83%, n = 150). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that dental hygiene programs do engage in student clinical skill remediation. Educators are encouraged to apply principles of psychomotor skill acquisition to increase remediation effectiveness.

Competency-Based Education↗
PubMed1997

Attitudes towards alcohol use among Bulgarians-Christians and Turks-Muslims.

The attitude towards drinking in a given culture plays a very important role in the use and abuse of alcoholic beverages. The purpose of our study was to examine and compare this attitude among the Bulgarians-Christians and Turks-Muslims in Bulgaria. The sample comprised 618 subjects--316 Bulgarians-Christians and 302 Turks-Muslims, selected by means of a randomized cluster design. The sample was stratified by ethnic identity, gender, age and place of residence (town vs. village). This methodology provided us with a way of controlling these confounding variables. The survey was conducted with a standardized questionnaire designed specifically for the study. The findings show that a greater percentage of Turks-Muslim than of Bulgarians-Christians (including those respondents who regularly use alcohol) are in favour of an official prohibition of alcohol in society and even moderate use on special occasions is inadmissible to them. Women, rural residents, people with lower educational status, senior citizens and those to whom religion plays an important part in their lives predominate in the social structure of the Turkish sub-sample favouring official prohibition. Their cultural readiness to say "No" to alcohol is viewed in the context of the abstinent Islamic culture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Workload in software development work. A consideration based on work-characteristics and analysis on workload factors of each working group].

To clarify workload factors in software developing work, we designed questionnaires composed of questions of work-content based on the interview survey. For the analysis of workload, Cumulative Fatigue Symptom Index (CFSI) and the stress-rating-method by 7-likert-scale were used. With the cooperation of the Japanese Software Engineers' Association (SEA) responses were obtained from 270 out of 1,100 members and from 553 non-member software engineers in 18 companies in Japan. The CFSI score obtained was higher than those of other groups of other industries obtained in our previous studies. The stress-rating showed that "time-pressure," "too much amount of work, and "ambiguity in job specification" were the highest stressors. The work groups were categorized by the results of CFSI profile into 4 types. The results of stress-ratings were significantly different between the 4 type groups. Based on the multiple comparison analysis, the workload factors of each group could be specified. Out of the foregoing 4 types, the work groups which showed the deviation in F1B (depression) in CFSI and the work groups which showed high scores in every category in CFSI were higher in "ambiguity of specification" in stress-ratings. This result indicates that "ambiguity in specification" is a significant stressor in software engineers. This stressor is caused by the complicated communication process between users and engineers and by the shortage of tools or rules in this process. This stressor is considered to be the most typical workload which characterizes the software developing work.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Changes in the prevalence of vocal symptoms among teachers during a twelve-year period.

Vocal symptoms and voice disorders among teachers were studied in 1988 using a questionnaire designed to obtain information on six vocal symptoms that had appeared during the past 2 years. Twelve percent of the 478 respondents reported vocal symptoms occurring weekly or more often. The study was repeated using the same questionnaire in 2001. The results of this second study (n=241) indicate that vocal symptoms had increased considerably. Twenty-nine percent of the teachers reported symptoms occurring weekly or more often, and 20% reported two symptoms or more occurring at least once a week, which is significantly more than in 1988. Accordingly, voice disorders are probably a growing problem among teachers. Several factors may explain these increases. In 2001, the teachers complained more often about increases in the size of their classes. Factors that disturbed normal work routines, such as noisy or misbehaving pupils, had also increased significantly. A growing number of misbehaving pupils probably cause increased background noise and stress and, thus, increase the vocal symptoms in teachers.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The value of student-made models as learning aids in physiology.

In a new educational scheme introduced in Malta in 1978, university students spend half of the academic year studying and the other half as workers in various departments. During their work phase, students designed and made working models as teaching aids for the study of physiology. The value of these models was assessed on another group of students before they started their physiology course. These students completed a multiple choice questionnaire on three occasions: before and after having seen the models and after they had had them explained. In addition, they completed a questionnaire designed to elicit their views concerning these models. It was found that the models effectively improved knowledge with little staff involvement. The effectiveness of a model as an aid to learning was directly proportional to the degree of its appeal, but inversely proportional to its complexity in terms of stimulating factors. It is suggested that such models could help in teaching, compensating for shortage of staff, and that students' ability to produce teaching models should be wisely exploited.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1988

Patients' techniques for coping with schizophrenia: an exploratory study.

Non-hospitalized schizophrenic patients were administered a questionnaire designed to assess how they coped with various symptoms of their illness. Of the 200 subjects in the sample, 92 gave additional descriptions of coping techniques which they found useful in addition to those listed in the questionnaire. This report presents the latter findings and categorizes the range of coping techniques described. Patients used a variety of such techniques ranging across a spectrum of behaviour change, socialization, cognitive control and use of medical care as well as behaviours which were likely to have been identified by others as symptomatic of the illness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Clinic-based screening for domestic violence: use of a child safety questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Domestic violence affects many women during their lifetime. Children living in homes where they are or have been exposed to violence are at increased risk for adverse outcomes. The American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Family Practice, and the American College of Obstetrics/Gynecology have recently joined in recommending routine screening of all families for the presence of domestic violence. We present our experience with an office-based domestic violence screening questionnaire. METHODS: A series of four child safety questionnaires (designed for parents of infant, preschool-age, school-age, and adolescent patients), which included specific questions about domestic violence, was given to all mothers presenting to a university out-patient general pediatric clinic. The questionnaires, offered in both English and Spanish, were reviewed for the presence of domestic violence exposure, usually at the time of the clinic visit. The number of women who reported either current or past exposure to domestic violence as disclosed by this active screening process was compared to the number discovered prior to the use of these questionnaires. RESULTS: Prior to the use of active screening with a child safety questionnaire, five cases of domestic violence were identified in our clinic population of approximately 5000 children over a 3 month period. Active screening of this population with a parent questionnaire resulted in the identification of 69 cases of current domestic violence exposure (2% of those screened) during each of 2 years of screening. Use of the child safety questionnaire was associated with a significantly increased odds of detecting current domestic violence (OR = 3.6, 95% CI [1.4, 9.1], P = 0.007), with 72% [26-84%] of the cases identified being attributable to the use of the questionnaire. Of children screened, 2% were currently exposed to domestic violence, and 13% had been exposed to past domestic violence. Thus a total of 15% of our patient population has been exposed to domestic violence in their homes. CONCLUSION: Children in our clinic population are frequently exposed to domestic violence. Active screening for the presence of current or past domestic violence through the use of a parent questionnaire resulted in a significant increase in our ability to identify such families and provide appropriate referral information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Reliability and validity of a school-based physical activity questionnaire.

PURPOSE: To determine the reliability and validity of the School Health Action, Planning and Evaluation System (SHAPES) physical activity questionnaire, a machine-readable questionnaire designed to collect data from all students in a school from grades 6 to 12 and to provide feedback to the school for planning and evaluation. METHODS: Study 1 assessed test-retest reliability by administering the questionnaire twice, 1 wk apart to 2812 students in grades 9-12. Study 2 assessed criterion validity using MTI accelerometers worn consecutively for 7 d, and measured height and weight (N = 67, grades 6-12). RESULTS: The overall kappa/weighted kappa coefficient for the 1-wk test-retest reliability of the questionnaire items indicated moderate agreement (mean 0.57 +/- 0.24). Self-reported and accelerometer-measured average daily time spent performing moderate to vigorous physical activity were significantly correlated (Spearman r = 0.44, P < 0.01); however, students tended to overreport physical activity. Height and weight were not consistently over- or underreported. Self-reported and measured body mass index were significantly correlated (Spearman r = 0.90, P < 0.001). Classification of weight status by body mass index was similar using self-reported values compared with measured values. CONCLUSION: The findings of these studies suggest that the SHAPES physical activity questionnaire has acceptable reliability and validity and is suitable for use in large-scale school-based data collections for child and adolescent populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative food frequency questionnaire and assessment of dietary intake.

India is a land of varied foods and food habits. This makes the task of collecting dietary and nutrient intake data difficult. Methods need to be devised to improve the accuracy in reporting intakes by various population subgroups. There is an urgent need to develop a questionnaire that is simple enough to be administered on a large sample and whose validity and reproducibility has been quantified. Regional differences in food habits and availability will have to be taken into account in the questionnaire design. Packaging of food items with definite portion sizes is not a common practice in Indian markets and labels on food products are neither very informative nor descriptive. Epidemiologists addressing the effects of diet have generally used questionnaires that inquire about the frequency of specified foods consumed and sometimes also attempt to quantify usual portion sizes. A number of investigators have conveyed, apparently independently, that the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) as a method of dietary assessment is best suited for most epidemiological applications. A food frequency list can form the basis for nutrition education and allows the dietician and the patient to relate individual eating patterns to specific foods. Other advantages of the FFQ are that it is independent of the ability or inclination of an individual to maintain a diary and also provides immediate feedback to patients, physicians and counsellors.

Diet↗
PubMed1993

Exposure to TMXDI (meta) aliphatic isocyanate and TMI (meta) unsaturated aliphatic isocyanate. Clinical and immunological evaluation of 96 workers.

We evaluated 96 workers employed at facilities that manufacture or use TMXDI (meta) aliphatic isocyanate and TMI (meta) unsaturated aliphatic isocyanate. We used immunoglobulin (Ig) and IgG serum antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) studies and a questionnaire designed to identify symptoms compatible with work-related syndromes such as asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. There were no workers with immunologically induced disease due to TMI isocyanate or TMXDI isocyanate nor were there any workers whose questionnaires suggested new onset of asthma. Approximately 40% of workers experienced some irritant symptoms, mostly upper respiratory or ocular. One worker had low level IgE antibody against TMXDI-HSA but had no work-related respiratory symptoms. Very low-level IgG against TMI-HSA or TMXDI-HSA was present in 7% of workers, all of whom were in the high-exposure category.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1999

The tolerability of urodynamic studies and flexible cysto-urethroscopy used in the assessment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the overall tolerability of urodynamic studies used in the assessment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), by assessing the objective and subjective morbidity experienced during and after urodynamic studies, and to assess the voiding complaints caused by the combination of urodynamic studies with flexible cysto-urethroscopy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 103 men with LUTS, who underwent a urodynamic study combined with flexible cysto-urethroscopy, completed a questionnaire designed to assess objective and subjective symptoms and degree of bother, with emphasis on the urodynamic study. In addition, a urine specimen was analysed and cultured. In all, 78 patients who underwent a second urodynamic study completed the questionnaire twice. RESULTS: The results of the first questionnaire showed that more than half of the patients experienced some urge after the urodynamic study and cysto-urethroscopy (56%); 35% of the patients experienced little and 19% experienced severe voiding discomfort after the combined investigations, compared with 24% and 5%, respectively, after a urodynamic study alone. Three patients (3%) had a symptomatic urinary tract infection. Haematuria, increased voiding frequency and increased nocturia occurred occasionally. Most of the patients found the urodynamic study less bothersome than they had expected (64%) and only 9% found it worse than expected. The overall degree of discomfort, experienced during and after the urodynamic study combined with cysto-urethroscopy, was low, and after a second urodynamic study was even lower. CONCLUSION: In contrast with earlier results, this clinic-based urodynamic investigation was associated with a low proportion of urinary tract infection, and low objective and subjective morbidity. The combination of a urodynamic study with a flexible cysto-urethroscopy does not cause significant additional voiding complaints. Most patients find urodynamic studies tolerable and not very bothersome.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis↗
PubMed2005

Prediction of findings at defecography in patients with genital prolapse.

OBJECTIVE: Defecography may be useful in pre-operative assessment of patients with genital prolapse. Defecography is an invasive and embarrassing procedure for patients and little effort has been made to optimalise selection criteria for defecography. This study investigated whether discrimination of high and low probability of abnormal defecography is possible based on the quantified findings from patient history, pelvic examination and a validated questionnaire. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Three teaching hospitals in The Netherlands. POPULATION: Eighty-two patients undergoing surgical correction of uterine prolapse Stages 2-4. METHODS: A history and pelvic examination were obtained from all patients. A validated questionnaire was used to assess the presence of defecation and micturition symptoms. Using multivariate logistic regression analyses with receiver operating characteristic curves, a diagnostic model to predict the presence of an abnormal defecography was systematically constructed and validated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Presence of abnormal finding at defecography. RESULTS: The most important predictors for abnormal defecography were prolapse of the posterior vaginal wall, history of abdominal or pelvic surgery and the presence of constipation. With these variables, a prediction rule could be constructed which predicted the prevalence of an abnormal defecography (area under curve = 0.73; 95% CI 0.61-0.83). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that a diagnostic model based on findings obtained from a non-invasive workup can accurately predict the presence of an abnormal defecography. Such a model provides the possibility to tailor the request for defecography to the individual patient.

Defecography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of psychological measures in predicting patient satisfaction with complete dentures.

This study examined the extent to which denture satisfaction could be predicted by a measure of locus of control (the degree to which individuals feel that they control their destiny) and a questionnaire (designed to assess prior experiences, perceptions, and expectations relating to dentures). Prior to treatment, 29 patients (14 males; 15 females; mean age 70 +/- 3.5 years) completed the Nowicke-Strickland Locus of Control Scale and a brief dental questionnaire. Approximately 10 days after denture placement, patients rated their degree of satisfaction. Correlational analyses were performed separately by gender, controlling for age. Locus of control scores were not significantly correlated with the degree of denture satisfaction for males or females. Responses to several questionnaire items were significantly correlated with denture satisfaction; however, different correlations emerged for males and females, suggesting that patient gender may be an important factor.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Social competence among low-income preschoolers: emotion socialization practices and social cognitive correlates.

Two studies were designed to investigate the relation between emotion socialization variables, social cognitive knowledge, and children's social competence. In Study 1, the expression and situation knowledge of 46 low-income preschoolers were assessed. Peer competence within the preschool setting was also evaluated. Mothers completed questionnaires designed to assess negative emotion socialization practices. Results showed that maternal reports of their emotion socialization practices were related to sad and angry situation knowledge. The aggregate measure of situation knowledge predicted peer competence. In Study 2, 41 low-income preschoolers were observed in a caregiving situation with their younger siblings. The preschoolers' rate of caregiving behavior was recorded and measures of their situation knowledge, emotional role taking, and caregiving script knowledge were obtained. Mothers completed emotion socialization questionnaires. Situation knowledge was the social cognitive variable that predicted sibling caregiving behavior. However, only the maternal emotion socialization variables were directly related to sibling caregiving behavior. These findings highlight the importance of situation knowledge and emotion socialization practices for low-income children's social competence with peers and siblings and provide much needed information on the social development of low-income children.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2005

Neck muscle endurance, self-report, and range of motion data from subjects with treated and untreated neck pain.

BACKGROUND: Despite the high prevalence and cost of neck-pain problems, there is currently little data available on the physical characteristics associated with different levels of neck pain. OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between categories of response to neck pain/discomfort and (1) the endurance time of neck muscles, neck range of motion (ROM), and neck and head morphology, (2) sensitization or stretch effects arising from repeating end-of-range measurements, and (3) self-report data from neck pain and disability questionnaires. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study design. METHODS: Fifty-five Australian volunteers with and without neck pain, who were not taking time off work, were measured for neck muscle endurance, active neck ROM, craniocervical and thoracic posture, neck length, and head circumference and completed questionnaires about any neck pain/discomfort and disability. RESULTS: Twenty-two subjects reported a level of neck pain/discomfort that had required treatment (treated neck pain), a group of 17 subjects reported experiencing low-level neck pain/discomfort on a recurrent basis for which they had not sought treatment (untreated neck pain), whereas 16 subjects had no experience of neck pain or discomfort (no pain). Neck muscle endurance time was significantly lower for both pain groups. The affective dimension of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire and neck disability questionnaires were scored significantly higher by subjects who had sought treatment than by those in either of the untreated groups. Both pain groups showed a range decrease for most directions of neck motion at second measurement. CONCLUSIONS: Neck muscle endurance times, repeated end-ROM testing, the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, and disability questionnaires may distinguish between groups with untreated, treated, and no neck pain.

Adult↗