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PubMed1986

Upper extremity proprioception in idiopathic scoliosis.

Twenty-three patients with idiopathic scoliosis were tested for upper extremity proprioceptive function. All subjects had documented progression of deformity, with an average curvature of 34 degrees. The average ages for scoliotics and 18 control subjects were 16.1 and 20.8 years, respectively. Controls had no spinal deformity and underwent identical test procedures. The test results showed that scoliotic subjects had significant asymmetry between right and left limbs in their threshold for detection of joint motion (p less than or equal to 0.005) and in their ability to reproduce angles to which their elbow joint had been previously positioned (p less than or equal to 0.025). Slight asymmetry also was observed in the reproduction tests of the control group (p less than or equal to 0.013); however, there was no significant asymmetry seen in this group for the threshold test. Performance of bilateral limbs was designated good and bad for both groups; the limb that performed better in proprioceptive function was designated good limb. Analysis of data showed that the scoliotics' good and bad limbs performed inferiorly in both threshold and angle reproduction tests when compared with normal controls. The results of this study imply, but do not localize, a neurologic deficit in scoliotic patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Somatotopic organization of second order neurons of the eye muscle proprioception.

Unit activity was recorded extracellularly from lamb's nucleus principalis and pars oralis of trigeminal nuclear complex following moderate manual stretching of individual extraocular muscles. The oral portion of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the main sensory nucleus have been investigated by systematic exploration of the second-order neurons of the eye muscle proprioception. Such responses were somatotopically organized. In particular, each single extraocular muscle was represented along the main dorso-ventral axis in this manner: superior oblique and superior rectus in a dorsal layer; inferior rectus and inferior oblique in an intermediate layer, while the medial rectus and the lateral rectus were represented more ventrally. In a few experiments this representation was not observed, due to intermingling of the units. The topographic organization of eye muscle proprioception in the trigeminal nuclear complex described above closely corresponds to that reported by previous authors in the Gasser ganglion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Character of proprioceptive information processing during learning in rats chronically intoxicated with alcohol].

A conditioned alimentary reflex was elaborated in rats placed into K-shaped maze after 8 months of intoxication with 35 degrees alcohol. The most important changes in experimental animals, as compared to intact ones, were revealed in the character of processing of proprioceptive information coming to the brain during learning. It was found that in the animals temporal relations between the processes of analysis and synthesis and the fixation of memory trace changed. Unlike intact animals, in "alcoholic" ones the new proprioceptive information as related to the previous experience was fixed in the long-term memory and only afterwards underwent analytic and synthetic processing. It is suggested that learning was not in enlarging the information capacity of each singled-out motor unit of full decision, but in their combination into one and only one decision.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1984

Proprioception of the knee joint. Paradoxical effect of training.

Two tests frequently used to measure joint proprioception were performed on the knees of twelve members of a professional ballet company to determine the effect of extensive athletic training on this sensation. These tests measured the threshold of perception of joint motion and the ability of a subject to reproduce a joint position. A healthy, active age-matched control group was also tested. Results show that dancers performed significantly better on the threshold test (p less than 0.05) and significantly worse when reproducing a joint position (p less than 0.05) than the control group. The strong implication is that athletic training can affect joint proprioception and that these two tests are in fact, dependent on different neural mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of proprioceptive and visual stimulation on brain stem auditory evoked potentials in the cat and in man].

Proprioceptive effect on the activity of different levels of the auditory system was studied in cats under Nembutal anaesthesia and in humans, by means of recording brain stem auditory evoked potentials - BAEPs (in response to cliks), whose consecutive waves correspond to successive levels of the auditory system. BAEPs were compared when the head was in a straight position and when it was turned 45 degrees to one side. The turns elicited changes in amplitudes and latencies of all BAEP waves similarly in cats and humans but in different combinations and in different directions, which points to plurality and heterogeneity of proprioceptive effects at different auditory levels. Analogous effect on BAEPs was produced by photic stimulation - illumination of one eye in cats and of the experimental chamber in humans. The character of the effects suggests participation of the activity of descending auditory paths and the cerebellum.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Age-related decline in proprioception.

Joint-position sense of the knee was measured in 29 subjects with normal knee joints ranging in age from 20 to 82 years. Joint-position sense was determined by two common techniques that measure the threshold to detection of motion and the ability to reproduce passive knee positioning. Joint-position sense was found to deteriorate with increasing age as measured by both tests, with a correlation coefficient that was significant at the p less than 0.001 level for each test. The two tests were found to correlate at the p less than 0.025 level, indicating that the same biologic parameter was being measured by both tests. Deterioration of proprioception, or joint-position sense, as measured may be a sensitive indicator of subclinical degenerative joint disease of the knee, as well as a means of quantitating proprioception in suspected neuropathic joints.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Period of sensitivity of the primary visual cortex of the cat to the unilateral suppression of extraocular proprioceptive afferents].

Unilateral suppression of extraocular proprioceptive afferents, which run through the ophthalmic branch of the Vth nerve, disrupted binocular integration in the primary visual cortex of normally reared kittens, when it was performed between 4 and 8 weeks of postnatal age. One month later, half the visual cortical cells were exclusively activated through one eye. A similar disorganization of binocularity was observed in visually deprived Kittens when unilateral lesion was performed at 6 weeks of age. We conclude that the loss of binocular integration is caused by non visual factors, probably related to asymmetry between proprioceptive informations from each eye.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1982

[Proprioceptive afferents of the transcortical reflex in motor epilepsy:localisation of their thalamic relay in the cat (author's transl)].

In the Cat with a penicillin motor focus, a transcortical reflex (RTC) can be triggered by stimulation of the muscle or the cutaneous branch of the radial nerve (DR - SR). We tried here to identify at a suprabulbar level, the proprioceptive pathway involved in triggering RTC. Cerebellar ablation did not modify the reflex. On the other hand reversibly inactivation of a rostral-dorso-medial part of VPL (VPLr) receiving short latency proprioceptive afferents, reversibly abolished the TRC elicited through DR stimulation, while SR stimulation was still effective. It is thus assumed that muscle and cutaneous afferents responsible for eliciting the RTC run in parallel pathways with distinct relay zones within the VPL nucleus.U

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1995

Knee joint proprioception in below-knee amputees.

This study determined knee joint proprioception in below-knee amputees using two methods of measurement of knee joint proprioception. The threshold for detection of passive motion and the ability to reproduce specific limb positions were recorded in nine below-knee amputees. A significant difference was observed between the prosthetic and sound limbs in the amputees in the threshold of detection test. The large angles (5 degrees to 25 degrees) involved in position reproduction tests may have provided cues through the cuff suspension. Different strategies are used by below-knee amputees to discern large and small movements of the knee.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Proprioception enhancement for anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. A prospective randomised trial of two physiotherapy regimes.

We performed a prospective, double-blind, randomised, clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of two regimes of rehabilitation for knees with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency (ACLD). Fifty ACLD patients were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups: a programme of muscle strengthening (T) or a programme designed to enhance proprioception and improve hamstring contraction reflexes (P). An indirect measure of proprioception, the reflex hamstring contraction latency (RHCL), and a functional scoring system were used to record the status of the knee before and after the 12-week course of physiotherapy. Sagittal knee laxity was also measured. There was improvement in mean RHCL and in the mean functional score in both groups after treatment. The improvement in group P was significantly greater than that in group T. There was no significant change in joint laxity after treatment in either group. In both groups there was a positive correlation between improvement in RHCL and functional gain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Proprioception in the knee and reflex hamstring contraction latency.

There are various methods of measuring proprioception at the knee. Beard et al (1993) have described a delay in reflex hamstring contraction in anterior cruciate deficient knees. We have repeated their experiment and were unable to detect any significant difference in reflex hamstring contraction between the injured and uninjured legs. We discuss possible neurophysiological and biomechanical causes for the conflicting results and conclude that this method may not be a valid measure of proprioception.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Proprioception after knee arthroplasty. The influence of prosthetic design.

It is recognized that awareness of joint position in the knee deteriorates because of aging, anterior cruciate injury, or osteoarthrosis. Proprioception was studied in osteoarthritic and prosthetic knees, including both posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-retaining and PCL-sacrificing designs. An improvement in proprioception was observed after knee arthroplasty. A PCL-retaining prosthesis was found to confer a greater improvement than a PCL-sacrificing design.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[The validation of a method of dynamic proprioceptive correction for the rehabilitative treatment of patients with the residual stage of infantile cerebral palsy].

A new rehabilitation therapy's method was applied in the treatment of patients with infantile cerebral paralysis in the residual stage. The method is based on the proprioceptive correction by means of "Adelie-92" device, the modification of spaceman's overalls, which is used in conditions of weightlessness. The device allows to intensify the afferent proprioceptive flow which controls the motility through the central structures and to normalize it to some extent. A positive clinical effect was observed in 70% of cases. It manifested in appearance of both walking capacities and self-service ability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The survival and growth of embryonic proprioceptive neurons is promoted by a factor present in skeletal muscle.

To date, the neurotrophic factor requirements of developing sensory neurons have been studied using heterogeneous populations of neurons that innervate a wide variety of different sensory structures. To ascertain the particular neurotrophic factor requirements of different kinds of sensory neurons and to determine whether these requirements are related to the type of sensory receptors innervated, it is necessary to study homogeneous preparations of functionally distinct sensory neurons. For this reason I have studied the influence of a soluble extract of skeletal muscle on the survival and growth of proprioceptive neurons isolated from the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (TMN) of the embryonic chick. Explants of the TMN and dissociated glia-free cultures of TMN neurons were established from chick embryos of 10 to 18 days incubation (E10 to E18). Skeletal muscle extract prepared from E18 chick pectoral muscle and enriched for neurotrophic activity by ammonium sulfate fractionation promoted marked neurite outgrowth from explants and substantial survival in dissociated cultures established during the period of natural neuronal death in the TMN. In these latter cultures 70 to 80% of the neurons survived and grew in the presence of the extract compared with less than 2% in control cultures. At later ages, following the period of natural neuronal death, these effects were less marked. The neurotrophic activity of extracts prepared from muscle of different ages increased steadily from E10 to E20 (the oldest muscle studied). The active factor is heat labile, trypsin sensitive, and non-dialyzable, it is neither functionally nor immunochemically related to NGF and it has negligible neurotrophic effect on the predominantly cutaneous sensory neuron population of the trigeminal ganglion. These findings demonstrate that skeletal muscle contains a neurotrophic factor which supports the survival and growth of proprioceptive neurons and suggest that this factor has some specificity among functionally distinct kinds of sensory neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Early postnatal muscle contractile activity regulates the carbonic anhydrase phenotype of proprioceptive neurons in young and mature mice: evidence for a critical period in development.

Carbonic anhydrase activity, a marker of mouse proprioceptive neurons in adult dorsal root ganglia, is first detectable in the perinatal period, increases until postnatal day 60 and remains stable in adulthood. The onset of carbonic anhydrase staining begins after the neurons have made connections with their targets suggesting that neuron-target interactions regulate carbonic anhydrase phenotype development. To examine this possibility, we first analysed carbonic anhydrase expression in mdx mice which are characterized by a massive but reversible degeneration of skeletal muscle concomitant with the carbonic anhydrase ontogenesis. Neuronal carbonic anhydrase expression in mdx mice stopped developing when the period of muscular degeneration-regeneration began. Furthermore this alteration persisted during adulthood. We then analysed carbonic anhydrase expression in fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion of developing control mice before and after surgical procedures that might interfere with central and peripheral target influences on dorsal root ganglion neurons. Central disconnection (dorsal rhizotomy) did not affect the development of carbonic anhydrase activity. Disrupting neuron-peripheral target interactions by sciatic nerve transection or blocking muscle contraction by tenotomy stopped the development of neuronal carbonic anhydrase content. Finally, recovery was monitored following sciatic nerve crush. In adults, recovery of carbonic anhydrase activity was obtained after functional recuperation; similar manipulations during the first month of life induced irreversible alteration of the carbonic anhydrase phenotype. These results show that the development of carbonic anhydrase activity in proprioceptive neurons is regulated by neuron-muscle interactions (i.e. muscle contraction). They also provide evidence for a critical period in the development of the carbonic anhydrase phenotype. We suggest that these two mechanisms are responsible for the altered carbonic anhydrase phenotype of the dorsal root ganglion neurons in mdx mice, a model of human muscular dystrophy.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Differential diagnosis of proprioceptive and vestibular deficits using dynamic support-surface posturography.

The objective of this study was to evaluate how effective dynamic support-surface posturography could be as a diagnostic tool in patients with balance disorders (proprioceptive or vestibular deficits). Specifically, we studied whether measures of trunk control and simple toe-up rotational perturbations, selected using statistical techniques, could provide a better diagnostic yield than either the analysis of lower-body movements or use of a "nulled" ankle input paradigm. The test subjects were 15 control subjects, five patients with bilateral peripheral vestibular loss (VL) and five patients with selective bilateral, lower-leg proprioceptive loss (PL). Amplitudes and onset latencies of bursts of EMG activity in upper and lower-leg muscles, paraspinals and trapezius muscles, concurrent changes in ankle torque, and peak amplitudes of upper-leg, lower-leg, and trunk angular-velocities were measured. Stimuli included three different types of sudden movements of the support surface, a "nulled" ankle input paradigm, a simple toe-up rotation paradigm, and a combined toe-up rotation and backwards translation of the support surface. All stimuli were tested under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. For each type of movement and condition the diagnostic classification accuracy (i.e. the overall sensitivity and specificity) was calculated based on those posturography measures providing the highest diagnostic separation between the three populations. Both patient groups showed increased trunk sway, changed support-surface reaction forces and muscle amplitudes compared with controls for toe-up and "nulled" test conditions. Measures providing the greatest diagnostic utility were the amplitude of trunk-angular velocity (increased in VL subjects, less so in PL), the amplitude of balance-correcting paraspinal responses (increased in VL subjects, decreased in PL subjects), the amplitude of trapezius stabilising responses (increased in both patient groups) for simple toe-up rotations under eyes-closed conditions. We conclude, that diagnosis of balance disorders using dynamic posturography is best achieved using measures of trunk control following pure toe-up rotational perturbations tested under eyes-closed conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Alteration of sensorimotor integration in musician's cramp: impaired focusing of proprioception.

OBJECTIVE: The influence of muscle vibration (MV) as a strong proprioceptive input on motorcortical excitability was studied in 5 patients with musician's cramp, 5 musician controls and 5 non-musician controls. METHODS: The relaxed flexor carpi radialis (FCR), involved in the dystonic movement in all patients, was vibrated using low frequency (80 Hz) and low amplitude (0.5 mm). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS; intensity, 120% of motor threshold) was applied without MV, 3 and 9 s after the onset of MV. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the FCR and in the antagonistic extensor carpi radialis (ECR) were recorded. RESULTS: With MV, musician and non-musician controls showed a facilitation of MEPs in the FCR and a decrease of MEPs in the ECR. In musician's cramp, both phenomena were significantly less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS: The reduced facilitation of MEPs in musician's cramp indicates a reduced MV-induced activation of motorcortical areas representing the FCR. The less pronounced inhibition by MV reflects a reduced inhibitory control of the antagonistic ECR. As there were no differences between musician and non-musician controls, the observed changes in musician's cramp refer to this special form of focal dystonia. An impairment of focused motorcortical activation by proprioceptive input from a muscle involved in the dystonic movement is suggested.

Brain↗
PubMed1997

The effects of joint damage on muscle function, proprioception and rehabilitation.

SUMMARY. The paper summarizes a series of studies investigating reduced quadriceps femoris activation and its effect on rehabilitation of patients with traumatic and arthritic knee damage. It incorporates findings from related research fields and speculates on the physiological causes of reduced voluntary activation following joint damage and its clinical implications. Arthrogenic reduction in voluntary activation is the inability to maximally activate muscles acting across damaged joints. This phenomenon may cause muscle weakness by preventing complete activation of the muscle and if prolonged may result in muscle fibre atrophy, and may possibly impede rehabilitation. In patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient knees the reduction in quadriceps femoris activation was related to the amount of joint damage sustained and caused some quadriceps femoris weakness. Patients with isolated ACL ruptures had a small reduction of quadriceps femoris activation that did not impede conservative rehabilitation. However, patients with ACL ruptures and associated joint damage had a large reduction in activation and responded poorly to rehabilitation. Operative stabilization of ACL-deficient limbs may increase activation and improve efficacy of rehabilitation. Quadriceps femoris activation was also reduced in patients with mild knee osteoarthritis, who responded well to rehabilitation. Following joint damage, abnormal articular afferent information may decrease alpha-motoneurone excitability, reducing voluntary quadriceps femoris activation. If joint damage is extensive the resulting large reduction in activation may prevent the threshold for stimulation of muscle hypertrophy from being reached, which impedes rehabilitation. Abnormal articular afferent information may also decrease gamma-motoneurone excitability causing proprioceptive deficits. Rehabilitation which increases alpha-motoneurone excitability may also increase gamma-motoneurone excitability, improving proprioception. Copyright 1997 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

Journal Article↗