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[Permanent identification team of the central criminal police bureau and its requirements for dentists].

The Norwegian Department of Justice has by Order in Council in 1975 established an identification team under the jurisdiction of the Central Criminal Police Bureau. The team has four members: two police officers, one expert in forensic medicin and one in forensic dentistry. Deputy members of the team are also appointed and those for forensic medicine and forensic dentistry are residents of the three largest cities of Norway, viz. Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim. The responsibility of the team is to identify victims of mass disasters, and to assist in other difficult identifications both in Norway and in foreign countries when Norwegian interests are involved. Each member of the team shall sign the identification report and will thus have a veto in uncertain cases. Consquently the dentist in the team must also evaluate the entire material in each case. For identification purposes, the dentists are urged to comply with some requirements as to dental charts, radiographs and treatment. Each patient must have a clear and readable dental chart containing his name, address and date of birth. Dental characteristics should be noted. Radiographic status should be made of the teeth of regular patients and of special teeth when extensive treatment is required. The radiograms must be kept in file and identified by the name of the patient and the date of exposure. Patients wearing dental prosthesis should be offered denture marking, and the dentures should be recorded in detail on the chart. For flying personell radiographic status is regarded mandatory, and recording of all resotrations are recommended. The aviation company should be informed of the name of the dentists of their crew. Wehn a dentist is asked for assistance in an identification case, the original dental chart, all radiograms models etc. are requested to be delivered. Additions or explantations may also be valuable.

Dental Records↗

Frequency of physical activity, exercise capacity, and atherosclerotic heart disease risk factors in male police officers.

A total of 171 male police officers volunteered to (1) assess risk factors for developing atherosclerotic heart disease and (2) evaluate the relationship of fitness to risk. Results revealed substantial numbers of officers with elevated risk: 22% were smokers, 76% had elevated cholesterol, 26% had elevated triglycerides, 16% had elevated BP, and 60% had elevated body fat. Increased fitness was associated with decreased risk. Compared with Group II (moderate fitness) or Group III (low fitness), Group I (high fitness) had significantly lower values of body fat, diastolic BP, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, lipid ratios, triglycerides, and smoking incidence. Low fitness was associated with the highest prevalence of abnormal exercise tests. The results suggest (1) police officers have a high prevalence of risk and (2) increased fitness is associated with reduced risk.

Adult↗

Contact lenses for police officers.

Most municipalities require that police officer applicants have a minimum level of uncorrected visual acuity. The primary basis for the uncorrected acuity standards is that an officer can have spectacles forcibly removed and would need a minimum level of vision to continue performing his/her duties. This article discusses the pros and cons of allowing contact lens wearers to bypass the uncorrected visual acuity standard. Although there are several factors that can make the contact lens wearer a less desirable recruit, a good contact lens wearer who doesn't meet the uncorrected standard could safely and efficiently perform the duties of a police officer. It is recommended that a municipality may consider waiving the uncorrected visual acuity standard for a good contact lens wearing candidate. Suggested guidelines for implementing this policy are discussed.

Contact Lenses↗

Low-velocity gunshot wounds in police officers.

One hundred forty-five Philadelphia police officers were injured as a result of gunfire during the period from January 1971 to February 1983. Arrests and arrest attempts were the most common causes of these injuries; on- and off-duty accidents were the second most common causes. Twenty fatalities occurred among the 145 officers. Specific medical and surgical management of gunshot wounds depended largely on the location of the wound and the extent of the damage. Analyses of the location of the wounds in this study revealed that many could have been alleviated through the use of body armor, such as bullet-proof vests and lightweight helmets. Of the treatment records of 100 patients completed for evaluation, average hospitalization time was ten days, time without duty averaged 143 days, and limited duty averaged 70 days. Twenty-two persons received permanent and partial disabilities related either partially or wholly to their wounds. Fourteen individuals expressed anxiety about returning to work as police officers, and two received disability retirements for emotional instability. An officer who is aware of the probability of injury while performing a specific task can decide whether to wear an armored helmet or bullet-proof vest at the appropriate time. In the treatment of low-velocity gunfire injury, the physician could use the guidelines reviewed for specific treatment of the injury and thus anticipate the length of time or probability of the individual returning to work. Early recognition of these factors could help to avoid psychologic trauma.

Blood Vessels↗

[Duration and course of pregnancy in women living in the region of the Police Chemical Plant (clinical data)].

In view of expected detrimental effects of fluorine and its compounds on pregnant women's organism, the duration and course of pregnancies have been compared in the "Police" Chemical Plant and control group. Immature deliveries and necrosed pregnancies in the "Police" Chemical Plant women were observed, though with no statistical characterisation. Perhaps the analysis of more ample material would indicate characteristic differences.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

A model to assess one's ability to apprehend and restrain a resisting suspect in police work.

The purpose of this study was to develop a test model that could be used to predict the ability to apprehend and restrain resisting suspects in police work. Five experts in the martial arts and in personal defense tactics agreed on a competitive task that would measure those physical qualities involved in making an arrest but would require minimal skill. Subjects were college-aged males (n = 32) and females (n = 12). The criterion task was competition between individuals who attempted to push or pull each other out of a 5-ft circle. A step-wise multiple regression analysis revealed that five variables were sufficient to predict performance. It was concluded that the model is appropriate for developing a criterion-related validity test for screening job applicants in police work where apprehending and restraining resisting suspects are important.

Anthropometry↗

Family violence and police utilization.

This study examines the utilization of police service for domestic incidents. Contrary to the popular image of serious violence perpetrated upon a spouse, the data show that most calls involve less serious incidents that are almost as likely to involve cohabitants as married couples. This finding assumes significance because of the small proportion of the cohabiting population to the married population. Other types of relationships that generate calls to the police include, although to a lesser extent, parent-child, boyfriend-girlfriend, and siblings. Explanation for these findings focuses on relationship issues and provides implications for service utilization.

Adolescent↗

[The 4th international conference of World Police Medical Officers in Clinical Forensic Medicine in Kumamoto, Japan].

The World Police Medical-Officers in Clinical Forensic Medicine (WPMO) is an international conference on practice of forensic medicine and clinical forensic medicine to be taken place every three years. Its 4th international conference (WPMO-1996-KUMAMOTO) was held on 19-23 August 1996 in Kumamoto, Japan. A total of 294 participants, 89 overseas from 18 countries and 205 domestic, were attended. Four plenary lectures and 67 free papers were presented in the conference. Such social programs as welcome reception, one-day-tour, citizen's home visit, banquet etc were carried out. The two plenary entitled 'Current Status of Practice of Forensic Medicine in U.S.A.' by Prof. Thomas T. Noguchi and 'Origins and Development of the Police Surgeon Services in U.K.' by Dr. Reginald A. Bunting were tape-recorded and presented in this report as references of future activities of forensic medicine in Japan.

Coroners and Medical Examiners↗

Mobile surgical teams of Croatian Special Police Forces: analysis of casualties during combat.

The purpose of this article is to present medical results of mobile surgical teams (MST) supporting units of Croatian Special Police Forces in three attack combat actions. The rate of injury was from 2.0 to 1.3%, Whereas the combat mortality rate was between 0.20 and 0.17%. No postoperative mortality occurred. Heavy injuries were found in 45% of all injured, among them 57% caused by shell fragments. Extremities were involved in 92% of all injuries, whereas 50% were injuries of the calf. All the injured were surgically managed by MST at the site of deployment or in mobile surgical hospitals and evacuated to general hospitals within 12 hours, where 80% of all heavily injured patients underwent additional operations with no postoperative mortality. Eight to 36 months after injury, we found major functional disability in 2% of all injured. NATO schemes served as a basis for the formation of the Croatian war surgical care system with certain modifications dictated by specific situations at the beginning of the aggression against Croatia. MST of Croatian Special Police Force presented second- and third--echelon staged management of the wounded, which was adequate for this type of attack combat situation.

Croatia↗

Deaths and medical attention in police custody.

This article presents data from a study on the medical and monitoring procedures surrounding all 59 deaths in Dutch police stations in the period 1983-1993. In many cases, the medical procedures and monitoring procedures were not in accordance with the Dutch ministerial guidelines. Notification of physicians, transference to hospitals, medical examinations, and monitoring procedures showed several shortcomings. Based on the findings, several measures for the prevention of deaths in police custody are discussed.

Adolescent↗

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure among police officers in Hong Kong.

CONTEXT: Few epidemiological studies have examined the relationship between chronic respiratory symptoms and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at work in adults, and none have shown clear dose-response relationships. OBJECTIVE: To examine the respiratory effects of ETS exposure at home and at work among never-smoking adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire survey conducted in December 1995 and January 1996 among 4468 male and 728 female police officers in Hong Kong who were never-smokers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Respiratory symptoms and physician consultation in the previous 14 days for such symptoms by presence and amount of ETS exposure at work. RESULTS: Eighty percent of both men and women reported ETS exposure at work. Significant odds ratios (ORs) for respiratory symptoms were found among men with ETS exposure at work (for any respiratory symptoms, difference in absolute rate, 20.4%; OR, 2.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.97-2.75; attributable risk, 57%) and physician consultation (difference in absolute rate, 4.5%; OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1. 05-1.61; attributable risk, 23%). Trends were similar among women for any respiratory symptoms (difference in absolute rate, 15.4%; OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.04-2.56; attributable risk, 39%) and for physician consultation (difference in absolute rates, 2.8%; OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.87-2.41; attributable risk, 31%). Positive dose-response relationships with number of coworkers smoking nearby and amount of ETS exposure in the work place were found. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further evidence of the serious health hazards associated with ETS exposure at work. The findings support a ban on smoking in the workplace to protect all workers in both developed and developing countries. JAMA. 2000;284:756-763

Adult↗

Cluster of testicular cancer in police officers exposed to hand-held radar.

Within a cohort of 340 police officers, six incident cases of testicular cancer occurred between 1979 and 1991 (O/E 6.9; p < 0.001, Poisson distribution). Occupational use of hand-held radar was the only shared risk factor among all six officers, and all routinely held the radar gun directly in close proximity to their testicles. Health effects of occupational radar use have not been widely studied, and further research into a possible association with testicular cancer is warranted.

Adult↗

Cannabis dependence and mental health perception amongst people diverted by police after arrest for cannabis-related offending behaviour in Australia.

BACKGROUND: Use of cannabis and other mind-altering drugs may be associated with violence or other offending behaviours. In many countries mere possession of the drug may be sufficient to lead to a criminal conviction and, therefore, a criminal record. Recent legal and policy reforms in Australia have led to development of cannabis diversion programmes. OBJECTIVE: To describe substance misuse patterns and health perception in a consecutive series of young people in Queensland who were spared a criminal record because of a cannabis diversion scheme. METHOD: Between 9 July 2001 and 24 August 2004, 640 men and 187 women were diverted through the Queensland Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative (QIDDI) for treatment at a hospital alcohol and drug service. In this cross-sectional study of their drug use history, participants also completed the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for cannabis and the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28). RESULTS: Almost 60% of participants were cannabis dependent (as determined by the SDS). Polysubstance use was also more prevalent amongst dependent participants. Self-reported health (GHQ-28) was poorer than expected from Australian normative data, and worse if participants were cannabis dependent. Applying the GHQ-28 threshold for psychiatric case identification (caseness), cannabis dependent participants had significantly higher level of caseness across all subscales of somatic concerns, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression. Dependent women registered the highest proportion of psychopathology, particularly anxiety and social dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Young cannabis users in Queensland who come into contact with the police are more likely than not to be dependent on the drug. Their high levels of psychopathology suggest that they are better placed in healthcare rather than the criminal justice system, and that appropriately responsive mental healthcare programmes are needed.

Adolescent↗

The role of forensic medical examiners and their attitudes on delivering brief alcohol interventions in police custody.

BACKGROUND: Many drunken detainees are not receiving alcohol treatment, so the forensic medical examiner (FME) might be the only healthcare professional they see. This paper explores the possibility of British FMEs delivering brief alcohol interventions in custody suites. METHOD: Twenty-five FMEs and 15 police officers were interviewed, using semi-structured interviews and a snowball sampling approach. RESULTS: The main concerns expressed by FMEs regarding brief alcohol interventions were around role legitimacy, the suitability of the location and the state of the detainee. Several FMEs suggested that all drinkers would benefit from some intervention, especially young binge drinkers, drink drivers and those detained for domestic violence. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that FMEs generally require a clearer understanding of the effectiveness of brief interventions, and the wider public health implications of such 'low demand' alcohol interventions.

Adult↗

Alexithymia and PTSD symptoms in urban police officers: cross-sectional and prospective findings.

The relationship of alexithymia to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology was examined cross-sectionally in 166 urban police officers surveyed between 1998 and 1999 and prospectively in 54 of these officers who participated in a follow-up survey after the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks. In cross-sectional analyses, alexithymia scores were positively associated with PTSD symptom levels and self-reported childhood emotional abuse--neglect, but not with cumulative level of critical incident exposure. Alexithymia scores accounted for 11.2% of the variance in PTSD symptoms prior to accounting for additional predictors, but did not retain significance in the final model. In prospective analyses, alexithymia scores significantly predicted 9/11-related PTSD symptom severity over and above pre-9/11 PTSD symptoms.

Adult↗

Teen empowerment: youth, police, and neighbors in partnership.

The Center for Teen Empowerment has used a particular model of building relationships to empower youth and adults as agents of positive social and institutional change. The Teen Empowerment Model is the product of over twenty-five years of thoughtful experience in changing the values, beliefs, and behaviors of youth and adults; making institutions more effective; and developing mechanisms for people of all ages to work together productively toward achieving their goals. The comprehensive methodology for working with groups is described in this chapter, using as an example work that the center has done bringing youth and police together.

Adolescent↗

Strategic use of evidence during police interviews: when training to detect deception works.

Research on deception detection in legal contexts has neglected the question of how the use of evidence can affect deception detection accuracy. In this study, police trainees (N=82) either were or were not trained in strategically using the evidence when interviewing lying or truth telling mock suspects (N=82). The trainees' strategies as well as liars' and truth tellers' counter-strategies were analyzed. Trained interviewers applied different strategies than did untrained. As a consequence of this, liars interviewed by trained interviewers were more inconsistent with the evidence compared to liars interviewed by untrained interviewers. Trained interviewers created and utilized the statement-evidence consistency cue, and obtained a considerably higher deception detection accuracy rate (85.4%) than untrained interviewers (56.1%).

Adult↗