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At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Feeling unreal: a depersonalization disorder update of 117 cases.

BACKGROUND: Despite a surge of interest and literature on depersonalization disorder in recent years, a large series of individuals with the disorder has not been described to date. In this report, we systematically elucidate the phenomenology, precipitants, antecedents, comorbidity, and treatment history in such a series. METHOD: 117 adult subjects with depersonalization disorder (DSM-III-R/DSM-IV criteria) consecutively recruited to a number of depersonalization disorder research studies were administered structured and semistructured diagnostic interviews and the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Data were gathered from 1994 to 2000. RESULTS: The illness had an approximately 1:1 gender ratio with onset around 16 years of age. The course was typically chronic and often continuous. Illness characteristics such as onset, duration, and course were not associated with symptom severity. Mood, anxiety, and personality disorders were frequently comorbid, but none predicted depersonalization severity. The most common immediate precipitants of the disorder were severe stress, depression, panic, marijuana ingestion, and hallucinogen ingestion, and none of these predicted symptom severity. Negative affects, stress, perceived threatening social interaction, and unfamiliar environments were some of the more common factors leading to symptom exacerbation. Conversely, comforting interpersonal interactions, intense emotional or physical stimulation, and relaxation tended to diminish symptom intensity. There were no significant gender differences in the clinical features of the disorder. In this sample, depersonalization tended to be refractory to various medication and psychotherapy treatments. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of depersonalization disorder found in this sample, the largest described to date, are in good accord with previous literature. The study highlights the need for novel therapeutic approaches to treat depersonalization disorder. Novel medication classes, as well as novel psychotherapeutic techniques that build on the reported symptom fluctuation factors, may prove helpful in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The effect of oral support on sucking efficiency in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of oral support on feeding efficiency in preterm infants who were identified by the medical team as poor feeders. METHOD: Thirteen premature infants between 34 and 40 weeks' postconceptional age were selected from a group of infants at Children's Hospital and Medical Center in Seattle, Washington. They were fed twice within a 26-hr period, once with oral support and once without. The order of occurrence of these two conditions was randomly selected without replacement to assure that an equal number of both conditions occurred during the first feed. Only the first 2 min of the feed were used in data analysis. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference (z = -2.62, p < .01, two-tailed) in volume intake occurred between the oral support condition (M = 10.9 cc) and the no oral support condition (M = 4.8 cc). CONCLUSION: This study validates the use of oral support as an effective treatment technique to enhance sucking efficiency in preterm infants.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1999

Influence of intermittent pressure, fluid flow, and mixing on the regenerative properties of articular chondrocytes.

Equine articular chondrocytes, embedded within a polyglycolic acid nonwoven mesh, were cultured with various combinations of intermittent pressure, fluid flow, and mixing to examine the effects of different physical stimuli on neochondrogenesis from young cells. The cell/polymer constructs were cultured first in 125 ml spinner flasks for 1, 2, or 4 weeks and then in a perfusion system with intermittent pressure for a total of up to 6 weeks. Additional constructs were either cultured for all 6 weeks in the spinner flasks or for 1 week in spinners followed by 5 weeks in the perfusion system without intermittent pressure. Tissue constructs cultivated for 2 or 4 weeks in spinner flasks followed by perfusion with intermittent pressure had significantly higher concentrations of both sulfated glycosaminoglycan and collagen than constructs cultured entirely in spinners or almost entirely in the pressure/perfusion system. Initial cultivation in the spinner flasks, with turbulent mixing, enhanced both cell attachment and early development of the extracellular matrix. Subsequent culture with perfusion and intermittent pressure appeared to accelerate matrix formation. While the correlation was much stronger in the pressurized constructs, the compressive modulus was directly proportional to the concentration of sulfated glycosaminoglycan in all physically stressed constructs. Constructs that were not stressed beyond the 1-week seeding period lost mechanical integrity upon harvest, suggesting that physical stimulation, particularly with intermittent pressure, of immature tissue constructs during their development may contribute to their ultimate biomechanical functionality.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Learned maintenance of pain: muscle tension reduces central nervous system processing of painful stimulation in chronic and subchronic pain patients.

The effect of level of muscle tension on the perception of painful stimuli was assessed in 13 chronic back pain patients, 14 subjects at high risk for chronic back pain, and 14 matched healthy controls. Subjects received painful intracutaneous electric stimuli to the forearm or the lower back while they produced either high or low muscle tension levels. Visual analog scale (VAS) ratings of acute pain were obtained after each trial. Electroencephalograms, electromyograms, skin conductance levels, and blood pressure were measured during the trials. Although subjective pain ratings were not significantly affected by muscle tension levels, the chronic pain patients displayed elevated N150 and N150/P260 amplitudes of the somatosensory-evoked potentials in the low as compared to the high muscle tension condition. The high risk group showed a trend toward higher N150 amplitudes in the low as compared to the high tension condition. The results of this study partially support the hypothesis that increases in muscle tension might serve as a pain-reducing mechanism in chronic pain patients and those at risk for chronicity, thus leading to a vicious pain-tension cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

An event-related brain potential study of cross-modal links in spatial attention between vision and touch.

Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for the existence of cross-modal links in endogenous spatial attention between vision and touch was obtained in an experiment where participants had to detect tactile or visual targets on the attended side and to ignore the irrelevant modality and stimuli on the unattended side. For visual ERPs, attentional modulations of occipital P1 and N1 components were present when attention was directed both within vision and within touch, indicating that links in spatial attention from touch to vision can affect early stages of visual processing. For somatosensory ERPs, attentional negativities starting around 140 ms poststimulus were present at midline and lateral central electrodes when touch was relevant. No attentional somatosensory ERP modulations were present when vision was relevant and tactile stimuli could be entirely ignored. However, in another task condition where responses were also required to infrequent tactile targets regardless of their location, visual-spatial attention modulated somatosensory ERPs. Unlike vision, touch apparently can be decoupled from attentional orienting within another modality unless it is potentially relevant.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Influence of environmental stimulation on neurogenesis in the adult insect brain.

Mushroom bodies are the main integrative structures of insect brain. They receive sensory information from the eyes, the palps, and the antennae. In the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, a cluster of mushroom body neuroblasts keeps producing new interneurons during an insect's life span. The aim of the present work is to study the impact of environmental stimuli on mushroom body neurogenesis during adulthood. Crickets were reared either in an enriched environment, where they received complex environmental and congeneric stimulations or isolated in small cages and deprived of most visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli. They then were injected with a S-phase marker, 5-bromo, 2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and sacrificed at different periods of their life. Neurogenesis and cell survival were estimated by counting the number of BrdU-labeled cells in the mushroom bodies. Environmentally enriched crickets were found to have an increased number of newborn cells in their mushroom bodies compared with crickets housed in cages with an impoverished environment. This effect of external factors on neurogenesis seems to be limited to the beginning of imaginal life. Furthermore, no cell loss could be detected among the newborn neurons in either environmental situation, suggesting that cell survival was not affected by the quality of the environment. Considering vertebrate studies which showed that enriched environment increases hippocampal cell survival and improves animal performances in spatial learning tests, we suggest that the increased number of interneurons produced in an integrative brain structure after exposure to enriched environment could contribute to adaptive behavioral performances in adult insects.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1975

Neurodevelopment and sensory integration.

This is the report of a nine-month study of three profoundly retarded, multiply handicapped subjects less than five years of age, who received mother-administered, clinic-supervised treatment for neurodevelopmental sensory integration. The emergence of more advanced postural reactions, changes in affect, and responses to objects were recorded. Trends toward early cognitive emergence are discussed in terms of the development of interest and affect, as related to the concept of "fixation attention" of normal nine-month-old thinking infants.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

[Flight personnel rehabilitation].

Presented are results of the body functional evaluation on a background of the most common syndrome of neurocirculatory dystonia and spinal osteochondrosis in flying personnel. Execution of tone-strength stimulating physical exercises for 10 to 12 days noticeably improved professional health.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The neuron of the fast conducting system in hirudo medicinalis: identification and synaptic connections with primary afferent neurons.

A single neuron, located in the center of each segmental ganglion of H. medicinalis is antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of the ventral cord anteriorly and posteriorly to the ganglion, at the same threshold as the fast conducting system (FCS) and with a latency equal to the FCS conduction time. This neuron is activated trans-synaptically by tactile and photic stimulation of the skin and by stimulation of high-threshold fibres running along the cord. A spike evoked by intracellular stimulation of this neuron propagates along the FCS. Intracellular staining shows that this neuron sends two axonal branches in the anterior and posterior median connectives. Direct electrical stimulation of touch cells (T cells), as well as mechanical stimulation of the skin, lowers the threshold of and may eventually fire, the FCS neurons, not only at the level of the ganglion to which they belong, but also at the level of the neighbouring ganglia. This effect is mediated by bilateral pathwasy located in the lateral connectives. It is concluded that the FCS consists of a chain of single neurons, located in each ganglion and electrotonically coupled to each other. Touch cells project with excitatory synapses on the FCS neurons.

Animals↗