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PubMedDate not supplied

The long-term impact on nursing students of participating in international education.

Internationalizing the nursing curriculum is essential to the education of the nurse professional prepared for the rapidly changing challenges of the 21st century. Despite recognition of this essential need, the long-term effects of international education on nursing students have not been examined. The purpose of this study was to describe the long-term impact of study abroad experiences on baccalaureate graduates. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 27 alumni (88 per cent response rate) who completed the International Education Survey. Although the impact was found to decrease over time, respondents reported the highest impact in enhanced international perspective and increased personal development; lower impact was reported in the professional nurse role and intellectual development dimensions. Students who participated in longer programs (12 to 16 weeks) reported higher long-term impact than those participating in 3- to 4-week programs. Respondents' age at the time of the international education was positively correlated with personal development. No association was found between the respondents' year in college in which they participated and reported long-term impact. This study is a contribution to the efforts of those who are committed to making nursing education relevant in a global society.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Psychological development in men: generativity and involvement with young children.

The personality development of 50 white men was investigated in terms of Eriksonian generativity and involvement with young children. Generativity was not related to caregiving; however, it was associated with social involvement. Generativity was also associated with several aspects of male personality including self-esteem, locus of control, and instrumentality.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Job strain or healthy work: a question of task design.

Objectively evaluated task requirements were used to classify jobs causing high strain, low strain, and jobs conducive to personal development. Effects of these job characteristics on psychophysiological outcomes were tested in 241 employees by using 24-hr ambulatory assessment of blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and mood. Self-reports about job characteristics showed that employees working in jobs conducive to personal development perceived the highest job demands and decision latitude. They also showed a healthy cardiovascular behavior with increased diastolic BP at work and its strong unwinding at night. Although self-reports about job characteristics did not differ between low- and high-strain jobs, employees exposed to high-strain jobs had higher systolic and diastolic BP during work and more often a disturbed relaxation ability.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Personality traits of a group of young adults from different family structures.

The impact of parental divorce and remarriage and young adults' gender on second-order personality traits, such as extraversion, anxiety, tough poise and independence, was examined. The responses of 227 young adults on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF; Cattell, Eber, & Tatsuoka, 1970) were subjected to a parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Results revealed significant differences between the anxiety scores of the young men and women as well as between those of the three different family-structure groups, but divorce and remarriage was not associated with either positive or negative personality development in this sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Social-psychological mechanisms for the development of adolescent alcoholism].

A clinical and pathopsychological analysis of the premorbid personality development in 30 adolescents permitted to describe the "nonalcoholic" path of formation in childhood, adolescence and young age of certain personality traits which are similar to those in patients with developed alcoholism. These symptoms were expressed in a drop of moderations in the activity structure, a reconstruction and simplification of the ierarchy of behavioral motivation, the acquisition by alcohol of the quality of a leading and motivating idea of the entire behaviour. The mechanism of anozognosia in this type of alcoholic patients are demonstrated. The author proposes some measures of social psychological and pedagogical prevention of alcoholism on the stages of premorbid personality development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Ego development in adult women.

Ego development in adult women was studied using Loevinger's Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development (SCT). The subjects were 163 women in a university nurse practitioner training program. Ego development scores were correlated with scores from personality tests and with interview data. Higher ego levels were related to personal adjustment, nurturance, responsibility, tolerance, enjoyment of children, inner control, capacity for status, and age. Improvement in ego level scores was found only for those at, or below, the self-aware level. The SCT, as scored for women, seems to be particularly sensitive to differences in responsible caring in relationships, an aspect of personality development often neglected by other tests.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

[The influential factors of formation and development of personality in children with congenital heart disease].

106 children with congenital heart disease (CHD) were tested by the Eysenck personality Questionaire (EPQ) and the Psychological Monitor Card in this study. The result showed that the personality of the CHD children is more introversive and moody than that of normal children. The influential factors including disease, family, and society were analysed. It suggested that it is important to provide psychological support to the CHD children and psychological knowledge to the parents.

Child↗
PubMed1983

[Diagnosis and therapy of borderline syndrome from the psychotherapeutic viewpoint].

The borderline-syndrome is described as a result of a disturbance of communication on the stage of identification in personality development. The patients' deficiency of ability towards responsibility and confrontation is emphasized and discussed as a problem of therapy, because it affects the formation of an intimate communication.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1999

Adjustment problems and emerging personality characteristics from early to late adolescence.

This 6-year longitudinal study extended earlier findings of contextual influences on adolescent adjustment problems by examining relationships between adolescent emotional and behavioral problems and late adolescent personality among more than 400 youths who were followed from 7th grade to the last year of high school. Results suggest that psychological distress and behavioral problems experienced during the adolescent years (7th-10th grades) are significantly related to personality structure during the final year of high school (12th grade). Psychological distress in adolescence was primarily related to the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) superfactors of negative and positive emotionality, whereas delinquency and substance use problems were primarily related to the MPQ superfactor of constraint. These relationships remained significant even when personality characteristics in 9th grade were taken into account. That is, emotional and behavioral problems predicted change in personality traits during the adolescent years. Moreover, both initial level and change in distress and problem behaviors were predictive of late adolescent or early adult personality. This finding suggests that personality formation is a dynamic process, dependent on the growth or decline, as well as the magnitude of earlier developmental problems. Because earlier research has shown that these developmental problems are affected by both distal and proximal environmental contexts as well as by the formative nature of adolescence, intervention efforts aimed at the reduction of maladjustment and the enhancement of healthy personality development should target early adolescent social contexts. Other theoretical implications of the findings also are discussed.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1980

Social climates in community groups: toward a taxonomy.

While community groups have often helped people cope with stress, little empirical research has been available to guide their use in prevention or treatment. To partly fill this gap, an empirical taxonomy of community groups was derived from ratings of 41 randomly selected groups on 35 dimensions of Group Structure, Function, and Membership Characteristics. Cluster analysis defined five types. By comparison with other associations, Self-Interest (e.g., liberation and minority) groups rated lower in regulations and had members who were newer to the community. Self-Help groups were highly regulated settings providing support, integration, and developmental aids. Their members had few social relations apart from the family. Social Communion groups rated high on the provision of support for members often living without family. Civic Development groups rated highest on dimensions emphasizing personal development for persons with external sources of support and status. Finally, Recreation groups were casual and briefly attended groups. Their members were younger and less often married than those in other associations. Strategies for group referrals may be implied.

California↗
PubMed2005

The impact of international placements on nurses' personal and professional lives: literature review.

AIM: This paper presents a critical review of research literature on the impact of international placements on the lives and practice of nurses. BACKGROUND: Health care institutions are progressively more aware of the need to respond to diverse patient populations and cultivate leaders to enrich the nursing profession, both locally and globally. One response has been to establish international exchange programmes for nursing students to give them experience of different cultures and health care systems. METHODS: A search of the literature from 1980 to 2003 using electronic databases was undertaken using the databases CINAHL, ERIC, British Nursing Index, Web of Science, the BIDS Social Science Citation Index and Medline. The keywords used were 'international exchange experience', 'international studies', 'international education', 'international placement(s)', 'exchange programme(s)', combined with 'nurses/nursing', combined with 'evaluation', 'practice', 'education' and/or 'policy'. The papers retrieved used both qualitative and quantitative approaches and were scrutinized for recurring themes. FINDINGS: Nurses reported significant changes in their personal development, perspectives on nursing practice and critical appraisal of health care systems. They also indicated an increased appreciation and sensitivity towards cultural issues and cross-cultural care. Moreover, differences in placement programmes, such as duration, preparation and debriefing were found to have affected the reported overall international placement experience. However, the primary effects of international placements were identified as personal development and transcultural adaptation. CONCLUSION: Students should be exposed to a variety of nursing experiences within the host country. This would give them a broad spectrum for comparisons between cultures, nursing practice and health care delivery in those cultures. Therefore, educational institutions are strongly encouraged to provide opportunities for students to participate in nursing care and education in another country.

Cognition↗
PubMed1992

Children's prehospitalization conceptions of illness, cognitive development, and personal adjustment.

Although some empirical attention has focused on the predictors of children's reactions to surgery and hospitalization, few studies have examined the correlates of various dimensions of prehospital adjustment, even though there is some evidence that prehospital adjustment may be the best predictor of posthospital adjustment. This study included the investigation of several cognitive-related variables in association with the psychosocial adjustment of children 4 to 12 years of age who were scheduled for tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies at a Children's Hospital. Subjects were administered measures of illness conceptualizations, cognitive development, and adjustment a few days before hospitalization and surgery. The results indicated that illness concepts correlated highly with verbal receptive skills, conservation abilities, and age. Also, more sophisticated conceptualizations of illness, conservation skills, and age were associated with better prehospital adjustment, most noteably in the areas of lower levels of separation anxiety, anxiety about sleep, and apathy/withdrawal.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Late parenthood among subfertile and fertile couples: motivations and educational goals.

OBJECTIVES: The percentage of first birth among women and men in their early thirties is growing rapidly. Personal development is considered as an important factor for postponement of having children. Also, subfertility may lead to late parenthood. METHODS: In this study 72 younger and 154 older first time parents in the Netherlands answered a questionnaire regarding parenthood. Subfertile parents and fertile parents were separately analysed. RESULTS: Both fertile and subfertile mothers expressed a lesser desire to have a child than younger ones. Older fertile mothers valued the personal development of their children as more important than younger fertile mothers. Also, older fertile mothers had less traditional reasons for motherhood and reported less feminine characteristics. Younger fertile fathers assessed the future material success of their child as less important than older ones. Also, they reported less feminine characteristics. CONCLUSION: There is more common ground than differences between younger and older first-time mothers. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Counselors should be aware that there appears to be no ground to fear that having children in the age of 30 and 40, has negative effects regarding parenting.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Aggressivity among sons of substance-abusing fathers: association with psychiatric disorder in the father and son, paternal personality, pubertal development, and socioeconomic status.

An association between childhood aggression and risk for subsequent development of a substance abuse disorder is now well-accepted. In order to better understand the relationship between the presence of paternal substance abuse and aggression among their offspring, 10-12 year old sons of fathers with (n = 34) and without (n = 39) a history of a substance abuse disorder were contrasted on demographics, aggressivity, biological indices of reproductive maturation, and the presence of psychiatric diagnoses. In addition, personality factors, the potential for physical abuse, and psychiatric diagnoses were also ascertained among their fathers. Sons of substance-abusing fathers were found to be significantly more aggressive than sons of nonsubstance abusers. However, they also differed from comparison boys on the basis of SES and school grade attained, as well as the proportion with specific psychiatric disorders. Substance-abusing fathers differed from nonsubstance-abusing men in terms of personality factors and the presence of specific psychiatric disorders, including antisocial personality. They also showed significantly higher child abuse potential scores. A multiple regression analysis of factors contributing to aggression in the boys revealed that a paternal personality factor characterized by stress reactivity, alienation, and aggression was the most robust contributor to aggression among the boys. The boys' diagnoses of attention deficit disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and lower household socioeconomic status were also significant predictors of aggressivity. Contrary to expectations, paternal, psychiatric diagnoses, substance abuse status, and potential for physical abuse were noncontributory. The results suggest potential mechanisms by which both aggression and risk for substance abuse may be transmitted from father to son.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Representation of interpersonal interactions on the Rorschach and level of psychopathology.

Recent theoretical formulations emphasize the importance of the quality of interpersonal relationships in personality development and psychopathology and have resulted in the construction of methods for assessing the representation of interpersonal experiences. The Urist Mutuality of Autonomy (MOA) Scale is one of the most frequently used methods for assessing the quality of interpersonal relationships by evaluating interactions portrayed on the Rorschach between people, animals, and/or things. This study of the relationship of the MOA scale to independent assessments of interpersonal relationships and clinical symptoms in a group of seriously disturbed adolescents and young adults recently admitted to a long-term, open, residential treatment facility revealed that the average quality of interactions portrayed on the Rorschach relates significantly to the severity of clinical symptoms and the presence of thought disorder, but not to the quality of interpersonal relations. In addition, the portrayal of at least one intensively malevolent and destructive interaction on the Rorschach is correlated primarily with measures of thought disorder and impaired reality testing, whereas not giving at least one mutual and benevolent interaction response is correlated with impaired capacity for social adaptation (e.g., inappropriate interpersonal behavior and unmodulated affect). The relative failure to give at least one mutual and benevolent response is also correlated with the severity of clinical symptoms. Though the MOA scale was developed to assess object relations, it seems more consistently to assess aspects of psychopathology, such as the severity of clinical symptoms and the extent of thought disorder, and only secondarily the quality of interpersonal relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The development of personalized inferences: understanding other people's emotional reactions in light of their prior experiences.

We examined children's ability to take another person's prior experiences into account when making inferences about that person's current emotional reactions. Kindergartners, second graders, fifth graders, and college students were told stories in which the first event might reasonably change the protagonist's appraisal of the second event. Subjects were asked to predict and explain the protagonist's appraisal of the second event. There was a gradual age-related increase in the ability to interpret an event from another person's perspective in light of that person's prior experiences. Various alternative explanations for this developmental trend are considered. These are evaluated using data from subjects who received prompts or who heard partial stories (containing only the first event or only the second event).

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Exit learning outcomes for the PRHO year: an evidence base for informed decisions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate potential learning outcomes for pre-registration house officer (PRHO) training and develop an evidence base for informed decision making. DESIGN AND SETTING: A 2-stage Delphi process was employed to establish the opinions of Scottish stakeholders with regard to learning outcomes for the PRHO year. PARTICIPANTS: Doctors involved in the provision of PRHO training, including deans, postgraduate tutors and general practitioners (GPs) with trainees, were invited to participate in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Respondents rated a range of outcomes according to which they believed should be included or excluded from the PRHO training year. RESULTS: Learning outcomes identified for PRHOs were grouped under the 12-domain framework of the 3-circle model: 'What the doctor can do', 'How they approach their practice' and 'Their professionalism'. Based on the consensus opinions gained in the Delphi study, the ratings were classified into priority groupings. Priority 1 contained 45 of the original 81 learning outcomes, representing each area of the 3-circle model, with emphasis on the domains of clinical skills, patient investigation/management, communication, appropriate attitudes and personal development. Health promotion and disease prevention was the only domain not represented at priority 1. Priority 2 contained 24 outcomes with emphasis on the understanding of clinical skills, patient management and personal development. Priority 3 contained 12 outcomes indicating a lack of emphasis for some outcomes, particularly the role of the doctor and health promotion. CONCLUSION: Consensus on the learning outcomes for PRHO training has been achieved, providing an evidence base for curriculum planning. The relative priority assigned to these outcomes can facilitate the use of the evidence. This evidence base should be referred to when reviewing any PRHO training programme.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1994

Self psychology as an avenue to pre-oedipal experience.

Currently much attention is being devoted to narcissism and self psychology. The work of Kohut and his followers has allowed previously maligned aspects of personality such as narcissism to be viewed as part of the normal developmental process of achieving self. Self psychology has gained the attention of psychotherapists previously not enamored with classical psychoanalysis. The author views self psychology as a new twist in a highly viable tradition that has opened the doors to psychotherapeutic intervention in some of the more difficult aspects of personality development. Clinical vignettes are used to illustrate the interplay of psychosexual development and the development of self, the application of self psychology to the treatment of psychosomatic disorders, and the similarity of narcissistic and co-dependent issues. The vignettes reflect difficulties not only seen in those often referred to as mentally ill, but also in those characterized as the "worried well." Dyer warns that not responding to the suffering of the "worried-well" may be one of the great unmet health needs of our time.

Adolescent↗