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PubMed2005

Characterization and immunostimulatory activity of an (1-->6)-a-D-glucan from the root of Ipomoea batatas.

The polysaccharide PSPP (purified sweet potato polysaccharide), isolated and purified from the roots of Ipomoea batatas, was found to be a glucan with a molecular weight of 53.2 kDa and specific rotation of +115.0 degrees (ca. 0.80, H(2)O). On the basis of methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, infra-red spectroscopy, and (13)C NMR, the polysaccharide was confirmed as a (1-->6)-alpha-D-glucan. We evaluated the effects of polysaccharide PSPP on the in vivo immune function of mouse. Mice were treated with the polysaccharide PSPP (50, 150, and 250 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Phagocytic function, proliferation of lymphocytes, natural killer cell activity, hemolytic activity, and serum IgG concentration of the mice were studied. At the dose of 50 mg/kg, significant increments in proliferation of lymphocytes (P<0.05) and serum IgG concentration (P<0.05) were observed. At the dose of 150 and 250 mg/kg, significant increments (P<0.01 or P<0.05) were observed in all tested immunological indexes. A dose-dependent manner was demonstrated in phagocytic function, hemolytic activity, and serum IgG concentration, but not in proliferation of lymphocytes and natural killer cell activity. This suggests that PSPP improve the immune system and could be regarded as a biological response modifier.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The value of laryngeal electromyography in the evaluation of laryngeal motion abnormalities.

SUMMARY: Laryngeal electromyography (EMG) functions routinely as a prognostic tool in the evaluation of vocal fold paralysis, as a guide for therapeutic injections into the laryngeal muscles, and more recently as an assessment tool in the evaluation of vocal fold paresis. This study investigates the clinical utility of laryngeal EMG as a diagnostic aid in the evaluation of movement disorders of the larynx in patients complaining of dysphonia. A retrospective chart review of all laryngeal EMGs performed at a tertiary laryngology referral center over a 13-month period was performed. All laryngeal EMGs were performed to evaluate laryngeal motion abnormalities in dysphonic patients. Thirty-seven laryngeal EMGs were completed during this study period. Analysis of the data revealed that the medical treatment plan changed as a result of findings on laryngeal EMG in 10/37 patients (27.0%); laryngeal EMG guided and/or confirmed the course of treatment in 12/37 patients (32.4%) and did not change the treatment plan in 15/37 patients (40.5%). Laryngeal EMG is a useful diagnostic tool that, in this study, contributed significantly to and helped guide the evaluation and management of motion disorders in the larynx of dysphonic patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Effects of adjunctive bifrontal tDCS on depressive symptoms and cognitive performance in major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence for antidepressant effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in major depressive disorder (MDD) is heterogeneous, and cognitive effects remain uncertain. We compared depressive symptoms and DSST performance during active and sham bifrontal tDCS in medicated outpatients with MDD and baseline HAMD-17 ≥ 15. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover pilot trial, adults with MDD and inadequate response to an adequate antidepressant trial were assigned to active→sham or sham→active tDCS sequences while continuing antidepressants. Each period comprised 10 sessions over 2 weeks. Active stimulation was delivered at 2 mA for 20 min (anode F3, cathode F4); sham used the same montage with brief ramping only. No washout interval was used. No washout interval was used. The primary outcome was HAMD-17; secondary outcomes were DSST and CGI ratings. RESULTS: Of 38 randomized participants, 32 completed both periods and were analyzed per protocol. HAMD-17 scores were lower during active than sham stimulation (mean difference -3.63, 95% CI -5.86 to -1.40; p = 0.002), but the condition-by-sequence interaction was significant (p = 0.026). No condition effect was observed for DSST (p = 0.261) or CGI-Severity (p = 1.000); CGI-Improvement was strongly sequence-dependent (p < 0.001). In an exploratory first-period analysis, adjusted T1 HAMD-17 scores were lower in the active-first group (adjusted difference -4.90, 95% CI -7.92 to -1.87; p = 0.003). Adverse effects were mild and transient. CONCLUSIONS: Active tDCS was associated with lower HAMD-17 scores, but the pooled contrast was order-dependent and cannot be interpreted as a definitive treatment effect. No DSST benefit was observed.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

A numerical study of the interannual variability of the Adriatic Sea (2000-2002).

A free-surface, three-dimensional finite-difference numerical model based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) has been implemented in order to simulate the interannual variability of the Adriatic Sea circulation. The implementation makes use of an interactive surface momentum and heat flux computation that utilizes the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 6-h analyses and the model predicted sea surface temperatures. The model is also nested at its open boundary with a coarse-resolution Mediterranean general circulation model, utilizing the same surface forcing functions. The simulation and analysis period spans 3 years (1 Jan 2000 to 31 Dec 2002) coinciding with the "Mucilage in the Adriatic and the Tyrrhenian" (MAT) Project monitoring activities. Model results for the simulated years show a strong interannual variability of the basin averaged proprieties and circulation patterns, linked to the atmospheric forcing variability and the Po river runoff. In particular, the years 2000 and 2002 are characterized by a weak surface cooling (with respect to the climatological value) and well-marked spring and autumn river runoff maxima. Conversely, 2001 is characterized by stronger wind and heat (autumn cooling) forcings but no river runoff autumn peak, even though the total amount of water inflow during winter and spring is sustained. The circulation is characterized by similar patterns in 2000 and 2002 but very different structures in 2001. During the latter, deep water is not formed in the northern Adriatic. A comparison with the observed data shows that the major model deficiencies are connected to the low salinity of the waters, probably connected to the missed inflow of salty Ionian waters of Aegean origin and to the numerical overestimation of the vertical mixing processes.

Climate↗

PubMed2003

Stability of the bacterial community in a pulp mill effluent treatment system during normal operation and a system shutdown.

Currently, very little is known about the normal dynamics of microbial populations in wastewater treatment systems and the relationship between population dynamics and functional stability of treatment systems. We monitored the bacterial community in an oxygen activated sludge system at a pulp and paper mill during a 55-day period that included normal operation as well as an 11-day shutdown of the system and the subsequent start-up. Ribosomal intergenic spacer (RIS) length polymorphism fingerprints were very similar (57-88% similar) throughout the study period. Analysis of clone libraries of RIS-rRNA gene amplicons indicated that Proteobacteria affiliated with the genera Paracraurococcus and Acidovorax as well as a Green Nonsulfur Bacterium affiliated with the genus Roseiflexus were consistently among predominant members of the community. By comparison, wastewater treatment systems from different pulp mills yielded dissimilar fingerprints (9-17% similar), and their clone libraries had distinct predominant phylotypes. Our analysis strongly suggests that the composition of the bacterial community in the former treatment system was stable during normal operation as well as the shutdown and start-up. This stability coincided with functional stability, including consistent and nearly complete removal of biological oxygen demand.

DNA Fingerprinting↗

PubMed1997

Reckless driving in adolescence: 'state' and 'trait' factors.

Reckless driving practices were studied among 139 high school students aged 17-18. A majority of both boys and girls reported driving at high speeds, and a majority of boys reported racing in a car and passing in a no-passing zone. About one-quarter of boys and girls reported driving while intoxicated. Sensation seeking and aggressiveness were found to be related to reckless driving practices. Fifty-nine of the students kept a log of their driving episodes over a 10-day period. Analysis of these data indicated that the participants drove faster when in an angry mood than when in any other mood. Also, they drove faster when alone or with friends than when their parents were present.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Descriptive characteristics of the dietary patterns used in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Trial. DASH Collaborative Research Group.

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial was a randomized, multicenter, controlled feeding study to compare the effect on blood pressure of 3 dietary patterns: control, fruits and vegetables, and combination diets. The patterns differed in selected nutrients hypothesized to alter blood pressure. This article examines the food-group structure and nutrient composition of the study diets and reports participant nutrient consumption during intervention. Participants consumed the control dietary pattern during a 3-week run-in period. They were then randomized either to continue on the control diet or to change to the fruits and vegetables or the combination diet for 8 weeks. Sodium intake and body weight were constant during the entire feeding period. Analysis of variance models compared the nutrient content of the 3 diets. Targeting a few nutrients thought to influence blood pressure resulted in diets that were profoundly different in their food-group and nutrient composition. The control and fruits and vegetables diets contained more oils, table fats, salad dressings, and red meats and were higher in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol than was the combination diet. The fruits and vegetables and combination diets contained relatively more servings of fruits, juices, vegetables, and nuts/seeds, and were higher in magnesium, potassium, and fiber than was the control diet. Both the fruits and vegetables and combination diets were low in sweets and sugar-containing drinks. The combination diet contained a greater variety of fruits, and its high calcium content was obtained by increasing low-fat dairy products. In addition, the distinct food grouping pattern across the 3 diets resulted in substantial differences in the levels of vitamins A, C, E, folate, B-6, and zinc.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Pathogenesis of paradoxical hypertension after coarctation repair.

A recent review of 25 patients who had repair of coarctation of the aorta at the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center revealed a 56% incidence of paradoxical hypertension in the immediate postoperative period. Analysis of results from recent animal experiments helped us to formulate a logical explanation of the pathogenesis of this hypertension. Stimulation of sympathetic nerve fibers located between the media and adventitia of the aortic isthmus has two effects, both of which result in hypertension. The first effect is release of norepinephrine and consequential rise in systemic blood pressure. Second, this spinal reflex directly stimulates the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin and cause additional hypertension. An additional effect of this increased renin production might be the shunting of blood from mesenteric arteries, thus causing the abdominal symptoms of so-called post-coarctectomy syndrome. The inability of some patients to adapt to this spinal reflex may be related to the age of the patient when the coarctation was repaired. This probably explains the high incidence of persistent hypertension in patients who undergo coarctation repair after adolescence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Structure of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella K-type 63.

Structural investigation of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella K type 63 by methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and uronic acid degradation showed the repeating unit to consist of leads to 3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1 to 3)-alpha-D-GalpA-(1 TO 3)-ALpha-L-Fucp(1 to. This structure is identical to that of Escherichia coli serotype K-42 capsular polysaccharide. The 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectra of the original and modified polysaccharide are consistent with the foregoing structure.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed1979

Lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas maltophilia: structural studies of the side-chain polysaccharide from strain N.C.T.C. 10257.

A lipopolysaccharide has been isolated from Pseudomonas maltophilia N.C.T.C. 10257. Monosaccharide components identified were L-rhamnose, 3-O-methyl-L-xylose, L-xylose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galacturonic acid, 2-amino-2-deoxy-galactose, 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose, and a 3-deoxy-2-octulosonic acid. Heptose was absent. In this and other respects, the lipopolysaccharide resembles the corresponding products from Xanthomonas species. Mild hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide with acid, followed by chromatography of the water-soluble products on Sephadex G-50, gave a polymeric, "side-chain" fraction containing rhamnose, 3-O-methylxylose, and xylose residues in the molar rations approximately 15:4:1. Methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and oxidation with chromium trioxide were the principal methods used in the study of this fraction. The following structure is proposed for the characteristic repeating-unit of the polymer.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed1980

Structural investigation of Klebsiella serotype K46 polysaccharide.

The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella type K46 has been investigated by using the techniques of methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and partial hydrolysis. The anomeric linkages were determined by 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy of the polysaccharide and of derived poly- and oligo-saccharides obtained through degradative procedures. 1H-N.m.r. spectroscopy of the polysaccharide in D2O showed clearly a ratio of one (1-carboxyethylidene) group (CH3, delta 1.47) to six anomeric protons (delta 4.62--5.29). The polysaccharide was shown to consist of the following hexasaccharide repeating unit, which is unique in this series in having a (1-carboxyethylidene) acetal group on a lateral, but nonterminal, sugar residue. (Formula: see text).

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed1986

The structure of the antigenic lipopolysaccharide O-chains produced by Salmonella urbana and Salmonella godesberg.

The lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella urbana and Salmonella godesberg, which belong in group N (O:30) of the Kauffmann-White system, were shown by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, glycose analysis, periodate oxidation, methylation, and 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. analyses to have identical O-chains composed of repeating, branched pentasaccharide units having the structure: [----4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1----3)-alpha-D-GalNAcp-(1----2)-alpha-D-P erNAcp-(1----3)-alpha-L-Fucp-(1----]n 4 increases 1 beta-D-Glcp. The serological cross-reactivity of S. urbana and S. godesberg with Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica (O:9) can now be related to the presence of a 1,2-glycosylated N-acyl derivative of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl residues in their respective lipopolysaccharide O-chains.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed1987

The structure of the neuraminic acid-containing capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli serotype K9.

The acidic capsular polysaccharide isolated from Escherichia coli O9:K9:H12 was investigated by using n.m.r. spectroscopy, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and bacteriophage-borne enzyme degradation. The polysaccharide, the structure of which is shown below, is the third E. coli capsular polysaccharide reported to contain neuraminic acid, the others being the K1 and K92 polysaccharides, and it is the first in the E. coli series shown to contain a 4-linked neuraminic acid unit. (formula; see text).

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed2001

Structural elucidation of a new arabinogalactan from the leaves of Nerium indicum.

A polysaccharide fraction, NIB-2, was obtained from the 3% aqueous sodium carbonate extract of Nerium indicum leaves using anion-exchange chromatography and gel-permeation chromatography. It was found to be composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, in the ratios of 1.0:10.4:4.4, along with 4% of galacturonic acid. The results of methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, partial acid hydrolysis, pectinase treatment, and 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy indicate that it is mainly an arabinogalactan having a backbone of 1,6-linked beta-Galp, with branches at O-3, consisting of terminal, 1,5-, and 1,3,5-linked arabinofuranosyl residues, and a small proportion of galactosyl residues at the termini. Rhamnose and galacturonic acid arose from a contaminating rhamnogalacturonan.

Galactans↗

PubMed2001

Structure of a galactomannan from the seeds of Cassia angustifolia Vahl.

Cassia angustifolia Vahl (family: Caesalpiniaceae) is a fast growing and spreading Indian shrub of which seeds, pods and leaves are extensively used for pharmaceutical applications. The seeds have been found to be an alternative source of commercial gums. The structural aspects of the galactomannans have been determined for a better understanding of its properties. The purified seed galactomannan contains mannose:galactose in a ratio of 2.90. The average molecular weight (M(w)) is 9.66x10(4) and the intrinsic viscosity (eta) is 209 mL/g. Methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation and 13C NMR studies confirm that the gum has the basic structure of legume galactomannans with a main chain of (1-->4)-linked beta-D-mannopyranosyl units to which single alpha-(1-->6)-D-linked galactopyranosyl units are attached through block pattern.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed2001

The structure of a polysaccharide from infectious strains of Burkholderia cepacia.

The structure of an acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS) from eight strains of Burkholderia cepacia has been investigated by methylation and sugar analysis, periodate oxidation-Smith degradation, and partial acid-hydrolysis. An enzyme preparation obtained from the same organisms producing the EPS was also used to depolymerize the polysaccharide. Detailed NMR studies of the chemical and enzymatic degradation products showed that this EPS consists of a highly branched heptasaccharide-repeating unit with the following structure: [abstract: see text]. About three O-acetyl groups per repeating unit are present at undetermined positions.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Extracellular polysaccharides of Erwinia futululu, a bacterium associated with a fungal canker disease of Eucalyptus spp.

Extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) produced by an Erwinia spp. associated with a fungal canker disease of Eucalyptus were fractionated into two polysaccharides, one that was identified with that produced by Erwinia stewartii. The other has a similar structure, but with one terminal Glc residue replaced by pyruvic acid to give 4,6-O-[(R)-1-carboxyethylidene)-Galp. Their structures were determined using a combination of chemical and physical techniques including methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, low-pressure gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatographies, high-pH anion-exchange chromatography, mass spectrometry and 1D and 2D 1H NMR spectroscopy. The new polysaccharides, identified as EPS Futululu FF-1 and FF-2, have the following structures:The molecular weights of the polysaccharides range from 1.3-2.1x10(6) and their hydrodynamic properties are those of polydisperse, polyanionic biopolymers with pseudoplastic, non-thixotropic flow characteristics in aqueous solutions.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed2003

Structural features of a pectic arabinogalactan with immunological activity from the leaves of Diospyros kaki.

A water-soluble acidic heteroglycan, DL-3Bb, isolated from the leaves of Diospyros kaki, had [alpha](D)(20) -19.9 degrees (c 0.30, water), and contained rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, galactose and galacturonic acid in the molar ratio of 1.0:4.5:0.7:1.5:1.0. About 44% of the galacturonic acid existed as its methyl ester, and O-acetyl groups (approx 5.7%) were also identified. Its molecular weight was determined to be 9.0x10(5) Da by high-performance gel-permeation chromatography. Its structural features were elucidated by a combination of methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, two steps of partial acid hydrolysis, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry. The data obtained indicated that DL-3Bb possessed a backbone of a disaccharide of [-->4)-alpha-GalAp-(1-->2)-alpha-Rhap-(1-->], with approx 58.7% substitution at O-4 of the rhamnopyranosyl residues by beta-(1-->4)-linked xylopyranosyl residues, and by beta-(1-->3) and beta-(1-->6)-linked galactopyranosyl (galactan) residues. The side chains were further substituted by arabinofuranosyl residues at O-2 by beta-(1-->4)-linked xylopyranosyl residues and at O-3 by beta-(1-->6)-linked galactopyranosyl residues. Preliminary tests in vitro revealed that it could stimulate LPS-induced B lymphocyte proliferation, but not for ConA-induced T lymphocyte proliferation. It was proposed that the acid-labile arabinofuranosyl residues in the side chains would not be needed for the expression of the enhancement of the immunological activity, and that the presence of GalAp in the backbone has an important, but not crucial effect on the expression of the activity.

Animals↗