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PubMed2000

[Detection of Salmonella enteritidis in samples of poultry products for human consumption in the Chilean metropolitan area].

BACKGROUND: Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is a frequent cause of diarrhea, and is transmitted mainly by SE contaminated eggs or poultry meat. The frequency of SE contaminated eggs or chicken meat and the risk for acquiring this pathogen is unknown in Chile. AIM: To measure SE contamination in eggs poultry meat and entrails offered in retail markets in the Metropolitan Area during two consecutive years (1998-1999). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Samples were placed in sterile bags and transported to the laboratory before 4 hours at 4 degrees C. Microbiologic detection was done using a standard procedure and an immunodetection assay. RESULTS: SE was found in one of 1081 egg samples (0.09%). The contaminated sample was offered in a supermarket under their own commercial name. Six percent of 1154 poultry meat samples were contaminated by SE and 2.3% by other Salmonella serotypes. Entrails had even higher rates with 10.2% of 370 samples harboring SE and 2.7% other serotypes. Total Salmonella sp. isolates and SE isolates declined during 1999. Nine SE phagotypes were identified, predominating types 4 and 7. CONCLUSIONS: Eggs and other avian products are contaminated by different SE phagotypes and other Salmonella serotypes, implicating a risk for the consumers (Rev Méd Chile 2000; 128: 1075-83).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease linked with poultry, England and Wales, 1992-1999.

Between 1992 and 1999, 1426 foodborne general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (IID) were reported to the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. A fifth were associated with the consumption of poultry. Chicken was implicated in almost three quarters of these outbreaks, turkey in over a fifth and duck in 2% of outbreaks. The organisms most frequently reported were Salmonella (30% of outbreaks), Clostridium perfringens (21%) and Campylobacter (6%). Over 7000 people were affected, with 258 hospital admissions and 17 deaths. During the summer, outbreaks were mainly of salmonellosis and attributed to the consumption of chicken. In December, C. perfringens and turkey were the organism and vehicle most often implicated. Most outbreaks occurred on commercial catering premises (56%) or in private houses (21%). The highlight of this surveillance period was the fall in outbreaks of salmonellosis linked with poultry products, probably due, at least in part, to the vaccination of poultry flocks.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

A veterinary-controlled meat and poultry inspection centre in Canada.

After being awarded a Sir Winston Churchill Fellowship the author visited Canada to examine the meat and poultry industry, particularly methods of production, inspection and retailing. This article deals with the methods of meat and poultry inspection employed in Canada's meat and poultry processing plants.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[The use of neck skin for microbial process control of fresh poultry meat using the bioluminescence method].

In this study comparative investigations of the total viable counts of bacteria and viable counts of Enterobacteriaceae with the ATP content were carried out on 70 poultry carcasses and neck skins thereof. The results revealed a correlation of total viable counts on the neck skin and on the carcass sample. Therefore the examination on total viable counts of neck skin is able to give results on the respective load of the carcass (coefficient of correlation (r) = 0.85 and coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.71). This only applies, however, to a slaughter technology at which the poultry hangs up site down with the neck skin to the bottom. The results of the ATP investigation expressed in Relative Light Units (RLU) in a bioluminescence method and total viable counts of neck skin samples are correlated (r = 0.85; R2 = 0.72). Lower values for r and R2 were estimated for RLU/Enterobacteriaceae on neck skin (r = 0.64; R2 = 0.41), for RLU/total viable counts on the carcass (r = 0.66; R2 = 0.46) and for RLU/Enterobacteriaceae on the carcass (r = 0.33; R2 = 0.11). To estimate the hygiene status in poultry slaughtery, sampling from the neck skin can replace the sampling on the whole carcass The bioluminescence method is suitable to replace the determination of total viable counts in the context of in-house hygiene supervision. However, this method seemed to be less reliable to predict the Enterobacteriaceae counts.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2004

Field experiences in the control of avian influenza outbreaks in densely populated poultry areas.

From 1997 to 2003, Italy has been affected by two epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and by several outbreaks of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). In 1999-2000 a severe HPAI epidemic affected the country, causing 413 outbreaks: a total of about 16 million birds died or were stamped out. From August 2000 to March 2001, a H7N1 LPAI strain infected 78 poultry farms. The last affected flock was stamped out on the 26th of March 2001. In October 2002, another LPAI virus of the H7N3 subtype emerged and infected a total of 388 poultry holdings. Eradication measures were based on stamping out or controlled marketing of slaughtered birds on infected farms and on the prohibition of restocking. Restriction measures on the movement of live poultry, vehicles and staff were also imposed. To supplement these disease control measures, two emergency vaccination programmes, based on the "DIVA" (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) strategy were implemented. The two vaccination campaigns (2000-2002 and 2002-2003) both resulted in the eradication of infection. However, the first campaign appeared to be more successful that the second and possible explanations are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Incidence of fumonisins, moniliformin and Fusarium species in poultry feed mixtures from Slovakia.

A total of 50 samples of poultry feed mixtures of Slovak origin were analysed for fumonisin B(1) and B(2) (FB(1), FB(2)) and moniliformin (MON) using SAX-clean up procedure being detected by high pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), respectively. The samples were also simultaneously investigated for Fusarium species occurrence, and for the capability of Fusarium isolates recovered to produce FB(1) and MON in vitro. FB1 was detected in 49 samples (98 %) in concentrations ranging from 43 to 798 microg x kg(-1), and FB(2) in 42 samples (84 %) in concentrations ranging from 26 to 362 microg x kg(-1). MON was detected in 26 samples (52 %) in concentrations that ranged from 42 to 1,214 microg x kg(-1). Only two Fusarium populations were encountered, namely F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans, of which the former was the most dominant and frequent. All 86 F. proliferatum isolates tested for FB1-production ability proved to be producers of the toxin although none of them produced MON. On the contrary, MON production was observed in a half out of 16 F. subglutinans isolates tested, yet no FB1 production was detected in this case. Despite the limited number of samples investigated during this study, it is obvious that poultry feed mixtures may represent a risk from a toxicological point of view and should be regarded as a potential source of the Fusarium mycotoxins in central Europe. This is the first reported study dealing with fumonisin and moniliformin contamination of poultry feeds from Slovakia.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Fowl cholera outbreak in domestic poultry and epidemiological properties of Pasteurella multocida isolate.

Symptoms of fowl cholera including orofacial edema, swollen and edematous wattles and combs, and severe respiratory disorders were detected in domestic poultry in two broiler breeder farms: one located in Gyeong-gi Province (October, 2000) and the other in Chung-cheong-nam Province (March, 2001). Gram-negative, bipolar staining bacillus was easily found in a direct smear. The biochemical properties of isolates were examined using a standard diagnosis method, proving that they were 99.7% similar to the Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida: PM), a pathogenic and causative agent of fowl cholera (FC). As a result, an FC outbreak in domestic fowls was confirmed for the first time in Korea since 1942. Because FC was detected in broiler breeder farms for the first time in 59 years at the same time as an FC outbreak was confirmed in wild birds (October, 2000), our concern was focused on whether the PM strains that originated in wild birds were transmitted into poultry farms. The possibility was tracked down by comparing phenotypic and genetic properties between the two types of PM strains. PM strains of chicken origin showed prominent differences from the PM strains of wild bird origin in both phenotypic and genetic properties. An examination of the origin of the wild bird bacteria was conducted, but no evidence has been identified that PM strains from the wild bird were introduced into domestic poultry farms.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Animal welfare and workers' protection during electric stunning of poultry for slaughter].

Every slaughter process involves problems as to animal welfare as well as safety aspects and the protection of workers. With poultry these are basically concentrated on electrical stunning. Electrical currents and voltages suitable for stunning slaughter animals are principally also hazardous for man in what respect body resistance is of crucial importance. Potential hazards have to be looked upon as present in spite of existing safety regulations. Comparatively high stunning voltages for poultry recently proposed because of animal welfare considerations have met objections not only from the viewpoint of meat hygienic but workers' safety regulations as well. While the former meanwhile could be overcome the latter still has to be investigated, especially as a regulation on the electrical stunning of poultry is currently being prepared. In this respect the question whether adequate stunning efficiency can be obtained by reducing the voltage and prolonging the time of exposure is of special interest. First preliminary results of such investigations are presented. To ensure workers' safety other related aspects should also be taken into account and examined for improvements.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1986

Ectoparasitic fauna of poultry in Nsukka, Nigeria.

An investigation which lasted for a period of one calendar year was mounted to determine common ectoparasitic fauna of poultry in Nsukka, Nigeria. This survey covered twenty commercial poultry farms located in different areas of Nsukka. Birds were picked and thoroughly examined visually for the presence of ectoparasites after horizontal displacement of the feathers against their anatomical direction of alignment. Identification was mainly by morphological characteristics, host preference and anatomical location. The result of the survey indicates that 15 (75%) out of a total of 20 farms sampled were infested. Furthermore, the orders Mallophaga and Anoplura were commonly recovered. Common ectoparasites identified and their prevalence rates are as follows: Gonoides gigas (15.0%), Menacanthus stramineus (20.0%), Lipeurus caponis (25.0%), Ceratophyllus gallinae (25.0%) and Amblyomma sp. (15.0%). The veterinary importance of these ectoparasites are highlighted and possible control measures against ectoparasitic build up in poultry houses recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Experience in using cluster analysis and the prognosis of the stages of epizootic risk for Newcastle disease in poultry].

An attempt was made to use clastic analysis and projection of the steps of the epizootic hazard with regard to Newcastle disease. There were no records of the disease after 1982 but still it is the object of consideration on the part of specialists. A clastic analysis was made on the base of a factorial model of Newcastle disease in this country for the 1970-1979. Used was a programme already worked out and practised at the Pilot Computor Center of the Medical Academy, Sofia. The districts in the country were grouped in a dendogramme, 16 groups being distinguished out of a total of 27 districts. This showed that regardless of the small territory of the country the districts are sufficiently differing between each other (due to the various degrees of integration) so that they could not be grouped together by similar values of intensity of poultry breeding and epizootic conjuncture with regard to Newcastle disease. Districts of epizootic hazard ranging from 1st to 5th degree substantiate the use of a differential approach in building up the tactics of prophylaxis and control of the disease, while measures concerning the poultry dressing combines should be at a high level regardless of the category of the respective district. The grouping of neighboring districts on a territorial principle disclosed the existence of reasons of climatic-and-geographic nature that could predispose equal degrees of intensity of poultry breeding and epizootic hazard.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Presence of chlortetracycline residues in the organs and tissues of poultry].

Poultry products (meat, liver, kidneys of hens and chicken) were found to be contaminated with chlortetracycline used as a stimulant of the poultry growth. From among 603 samples examined 91 (15.1 per cent) were found to contain residual amounts of the antibiotic comprising from 0.01 to 1.0 gamma/g of the tissue. Most often the antibiotic was definable in the tissues of the kidneys (24.7 per cent), liver (19.5 per cent) and more seldom in that of the muscles (2.4 per cent). Regular control is needed in the country over the presence of antibiotics in the products of poultry industry.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Testing of poultry for susceptibility to sarcoma viruses in the C subgroup].

Experiments were performed to test the conventional chickens of the Ross I and Tetra-B broiler hybrid and the Shaver Starcross 288 and Slovgal laying hybrid for their susceptibility to the poultry sarcoma virus of subgroup C (B77). The chickens were inoculated six days from hatching and the first sarcomata began to appear at the inoculation spot on the fourth day. The first deaths were observed on the eighth day from inoculation, and the necropsy revealed frequent metastases. Regressive fluid was also found to develop in some cases. On the basis of the haematological examination of all hybrids, significant lymphocytopenia and heterophilia were determined; in addition to this, a significant drop in the basophile count was ascertained in the Tetra-B hybrid and a significant rise in the monocyte count was found in the Slovgal hybrids. Also, a frequent occurrence of a high number of large lymphocytes, a random occurrence of large thrombocytes, and individual myelocytes and metamyelocytes were also observed. The results suggest that the tested poultry represent progressive (highly susceptible) types of poultry, in relation to sarcoma virus of subgroup C.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The comparative virulence for chicks of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 isolates and isolates of phage types commonly found in poultry in the United States.

Phage type 4 Salmonella enteritidis has been associated with morbidity and mortality in broiler chickens in the United Kingdom. The recent isolation of this phage type from poultry in the United States has raised concerns about whether the current regulatory approach to S. enteritidis should be modified to consider phage type 4 differently from other phage types. The present study assessed and compared the virulence of phage type 4 S. enteritidis isolates, S. enteritidis isolates of other phage types, and an S. pullorum isolate in both single-comb white leghorn and white Plymouth Rock chicks. The mean incidence of severe illness or death following oral inoculation with phage type 4 S. enteritidis was significantly lower than the incidence associated with S. pullorum inoculation in both lines of chicks. Nevertheless, some individual phage type 4 S. enteritidis isolates caused severe effects at a frequency similar to that of S. pullorum in single-comb white leghorn chicks. In general, severe morbidity or mortality following infection with S. enteritidis isolates of all phage types tested occurred more often in single-comb white leghorn chicks than in white Plymouth Rock chicks. The mean frequency at which chicks were severely affected following inoculation with phage type 4 isolates was significantly higher than the mean for isolates of other phage types. However, in both lines of chicks, some significant differences in virulence were apparent within the set of phage type 4 strains tested. The observed virulence for chicks of recent U.S. poultry isolates of phage type 4 S. enteritidis was similar to that of earlier isolates from various sources, including poultry isolates from the United Kingdom.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The impact of contamination by organochlorine insecticides on poultry nutrition and feeding.

Nutrient interactions with organochlorine insecticides have been described primarily for vitamin A and protein. Storage of liver vitamin A is reduced by DDT and dieldrin. Low protein diets protect rats from heptachlor toxicity, whereas the toxicity of DDT, dieldrin and lindane is reduced by increasing the quantity and quality of diet protein intake. Biological performance of poultry is adversely affected by 50 to 500 ppm of most of these compounds. Hatchability of eggs and survival of chicks from hens fed insecticides are usually the most sensitive parameters of toxicity. Higher levels of DDT decrease thyroid activity. While several insecticides reduce egg shell thickness in wild birds, such changes are not observed in poultry. Extensive low level contamination of poultry tissues and eggs results from the organochlorine insecticides, with the exception of methoxychlor where tissue residues are not a problem. Tissue and egg accumulation of residues is related to dose but quantitatively different for each organochlorine compound. Tissue withdrawal and excretion takes place slowly and most of the compounds are metabolized by liver hydroxylating enzymes to various derivatives that are also stored in the body. In one case (heptachlor epoxide), the oxidation product is more toxic than the body. In one case (heptachlor epoxide), the oxidation product is more toxic than the parent compound.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1995

Polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni in poultry meat.

Primers of 16S rRNA and flaA genes were used to optimise a PCR technique for detecting thermotolerant campylobacters in poultry meat. Different methods for crude DNA extraction were also evaluated. The use of flaA primers and extraction of nucleic acid by boiling and proteinase K gave good results in the detection of Campylobacter either in artificially or naturally contaminated foodstuffs. The lowest sensitivity limit for the PCR reaction was 10(1)-10(2) thermophilic Campylobacter cells either in pure cultures or in artificially and naturally contaminated poultry skins, corresponding to a concentration of 10(2)-10(3) Campylobacter/ml or g product. The PCR method we devised had a high sensitivity and specificity. It appears to give better results than conventional methods and is very easy and fast, requiring only eight hours to detect thermotolerant Campylobacter from poultry meat. In contrast, conventional methods require almost 4 days.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relative effectiveness of selenite cystine broth, tetrathionate broth, and rappaport-vassiliadis medium for recovery of Salmonella spp. from raw flesh, highly contaminated foods, and poultry feed: collaborative study.

A collaborative study was performed in 18 laboratories to validate use of Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) medium in the standard culture method for recovery of Salmonella spp. from raw, highly contaminated foods and poultry feed. RV medium made from its individual ingredients and incubated at 42 degrees C was compared with selenite cystine (SC) broth incubated at 35 degrees C and tetrathionate (TT) broth incubated at 35 degrees and 43 degrees C for effectiveness in recovery of Salmonella spp. Four artificially contaminated foods (oysters, frog legs, mushrooms, and shrimp) and poultry feed and one naturally contaminated food (chicken) were analyzed. The artificially contaminated foods were inoculated with single serovars of Salmonella at target levels of 0.04 colony-forming units (CFU)/g for the low level and 0.4 CFU/g for the high level. For analysis of 1125 test portions, RV medium (42 degrees C) recovered Salmonella from 409 test portions; TT (43 degrees C), from 368 test portions; TT (35 degrees C), from 310 test portions; and SC (35 degrees C), from 334 test portions. Overall, RV medium was comparable with or better than other selective enrichments for recovery of Salmonella from the foods in this study, except mushrooms. From mushrooms, SC broth (35 degrees C) recovered more positive test portions than did RV medium (42 degrees C) and TT broth (43 degrees C). The method for detection of Salmonella in raw, highly contaminated foods and poultry feed using RV medium has been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. AOAC Official Method 967.25, Salmonella in Foods, Preparation of Culture Media and Reagents, has been revised to include RV medium, and the applicability of AOAC Official Method 967.26, Salmonella in Foods, Detection, has been restricted to processed foods.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Nutritional metabolic diseases of poultry and disorders of the biological antioxidant defence system.

Deficiencies or disturbances of nutrition cause a variety of diseases and can arise in different ways. The amount of a particular nutrient in the diet may be insufficient to meet the requirements, the diet may contain substances that inactivate the nutrient or inhibit its absorption/utilisation, or metabolism may be upset by the interaction of dietary and environmental factors. Peroxidation of lipids or oxygen free radical generation in general is a physiological process important for cell metabolism, division and differentiation and also for the biosynthesis of hormones and prostaglandins. Free radicals generated through these processes are effectively scavenged by the antioxidant defence system. Uncontrolled lipid oxidation caused by disturbances of that system may play a crucial role in some important poultry diseases and toxicoses. The first route of lipid peroxide loading of the organism is via the feed, such as through oxidised lipids. Oxidised fatty acids are absorbed from the intestine mainly in the form of unsaturated keto compounds and initiate lipid peroxidation in the tissues. The second problem is the insufficient amount of antioxidants in the feed, e.g. vitamin E deficiency. Nutritional encephalomalacia is a problem in poultry production which depends both on the actual vitamin E supply and the dietary amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In young birds the primary target of vitamin E deficiency is the brain because it contains low amounts of vitamin E, and the vitamin E content of the liver acting as store decreases rapidly during the first week of life. Besides vitamin E, other components of the antioxidant system, e.g. the antioxidant enzymes (catalase and glutathione peroxidase) also have low activity in the brain as compared to other major tissues. The brain is highly susceptible to oxidative stress because of the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The third source of free radical generation is the toxic level of different feed ingredients, e.g. toxicoses caused by vitamin A, selenium, and ionophore antibiotics. Other important aspects of antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E and selenium) in poultry are stimulation of the immune response (e.g. in the case of vaccination) and reduction of the risks of free radical formation as a result of macrophage function.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An assessment of the connection between the annual population morbidity of salmonellosis due to Salmonella enteritidis and the dynamics of the epizootic process among chickens in commercial poultry plants].

The dynamics of annual morbidity in salmonellosis caused by S. enteritidis among the population of Perm during the period of 1987-1992 was analyzed. Blood sera taken from 4,689 practically healthy donors and from 6,997 hens at poultry breeding complexes were studied in the passive hemagglutination test with the use of complex Salmonella diagnosticum. The study revealed that seasonal rises in morbidity caused by S. enteritidis in winter and spring months, as well as in autumn months, were linked with the activation of the epizootic process of Salmonella infection among hens at poultry-breeding complexes during these periods of the year. A rise in the level of anti-Salmonella antibodies in poultry and human blood sera was found to be the precursor of the aggravation of the epidemic situation.

Animal Husbandry↗