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PubMed1999

[Evaluation of selected HLA DRB1 gene alleles as genetic markers of type I diabetes in the population of northeastern Poland].

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an autoimmune disease and both environmental and genetic factors play a role in its pathogenesis. The second-generation screen of human genome has confirmed that diabetes mellitus type 1 is a polygenic disease. The identification of the alleles with the highest association with IDDM in the different populations gives the opportunity for better evaluation of the probability of IDDM development in subjects at risk (i.e. first degree relatives of IDDM patients with autoantibodies against B-cells). The aim of the present study was to estimate the frequency of chosen HLA DRB1 gene alleles in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and their first degree relatives in comparison with the healthy population in the north-eastern region of Poland. The highest predisposition to IDDM in the population of the north-eastern region of Poland was associated with DRB1*0401 allele and DRB1*03-DRB1*04 haplotype, while the dominant protection was connected with DRB1*0403 and nonDRB1*03-nonDR*04 haplotype. Our study suggests that the estimation of HLA DRB1*04 allele subtypes serves as a marker for better identification of subjects at risk of IDDM development in the first degree relatives of IDDM patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[A Japanese case of Poland-Möbius syndrome].

We herein report a Japanese case of Poland-Möbius syndrome. The patient was a 19-year-old female. She was the product of a full-term forceps delivery. Birth weight was 2500 g. She had a defect of the right pectoral muscle, and syndactyly of the right hand. When she was 10 days old, facial diplegia, bilateral abducens nerve palsy, and bilateral ptosis were also noted. She was admitted to our hospital at 19 years of age. On physical examination, she had microsyndactyly of the right hand, and her right pectoralis major muscle was absent. Neurological examination revealed bilateral abducens nerve paresis, mild impairement of the upward and adducting movement of both eyes and bilateral facial weakness and atrophy of the left side of her tongue. Her karyotype was normal. Neither R 1 nor R 2 response was evoked in the blink reflex on either side. Brain MRI disclosed thin facial nerves and atrophy of the pons and medulla. Therefore, she was diagnosed as a case of Poland-Möbius syndrome. In this case, the facial nerves were considered to be hypoplastic.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Diplococcus pneumoniae to antibiotics. Comparison of patterns in Poland and Federal Republic of Germany.

One hundred and eighty five strains of Gram-positive cocci were tested for susceptibility to 16 antibiotics, including some newer drugs, by agar dilution technique. Of these, 100 strains (50 each isolated in Poland and Germany) were Staphylococcus aureus, 55 Streptococcus pyogenes, and 30 Diplococcus pneumoniae. Previous investigations of streptococci and pneumococci isolated in Poland and Federal Republic of Grmany, revealed no differences in antibiotic-susceptibility patterns in both countries, which was not the case with staphylococci. Present study demonstrates further evidence for existence of differences in antibiotic-sensitivity of staphylococci, depending of their geographical origin, and presents actual state of susceptibility to antibiotics of Streptococcus pyogenes and Diplococcus pneumoniae.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of doses to patients in X-ray diagnostics in Poland.

The study includes a detailed analysis of patients' exposure to ionising radiation resulting from diagnostic radiology in Poland. Data concerning the number and types of examinations were collected by wide-range questionnaire surveys conducted in 1986 and 1995. As the result, the number of examinations per 1000 inhabitants was found to be 572 in 1986 and 715 in 1995. Most of the examinations were the basic, conventional ones (mostly chest and spine radiography). A great part of this study includes detailed description of the methodology of evaluating doses received by patients from X-ray procedures. The theoretical Monte Carlo simulation with the original author's computer code was used for this purpose. As the result, the doses to patients in six age groups (< 1, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and the adults) were estimated. In simulation process the examined persons were represented by the appropriate mathematical human phantoms. The doses from particular examinations performed in exposure conditions routinely used in Polish radiology departments are presented. The mean effective doses for adult patients from typical examinations are: 0.11 mSv from chest, 3.0 mSv from thoracic spine, and 4.3 mSv from L-S spine radiography. Significantly higher doses were received by patients undergoing fluoroscopy procedures: 23 mSv from barium enema and 14 mSv from the stomach examination. In conclusion, the estimated exposure levels in Poland are as follows: the average effective dose per examination: (1.4 +/- 0.6) mSv in 1986, (1.2 +/- 0.5) mSv in 1995, the average effective dose per capita: (0.8 +/- 0.3) mSv in 1986 and 1995.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Incidence of occupational diseases in Poland].

The paper is aimed at presenting the incidence of occupational diseases in Poland. The analysis was performed on the basis of the information included in 'occupational disease certificates'. All sanitary and epidemiological stations throughout the country are committed to send these certificates to the Central Register of Occupational Medicine in The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lódź. The incidence of occupational diseases during the three recent years (1996-97-98) was the subject of a thorough analysis. In all, 11,318, 11,685 and 12,017 cases of occupational diseases, respectively were registered over those three years. The corresponding rates were 116.0, 116.9 and 117.3, respectively per 100,000 people employed. In 1998, diseases of the voice organ predominated (30.4%) of all occupational diseases) and they were followed by hearing impairment (28.2%), infectious and parasitic diseases (9.9%), pneumoconioses (8.2%), dermatoses (6.4%), vibratory syndrome (2.9%) and poisoning (2.5%). These disease categories constituted over 88% of all occupational diseases registered in that year. Diseases of the voice organ which showed the greatest growth dynamic were mainly diagnosed among teachers. Neither in the United States nor in the member states of the European Union, this pathology is included into the list of occupational diseases. In view of high rates of its incidence in our country it has become one of essential problems of occupational medicine. In Poland, particular attention is paid to infectious and parasitic diseases among which hepatitis occupies the first place (65%), mostly among health service workers. The decrease in hepatitis incidence observed in the 1990s has been due to an intensive vaccination programme in this group of workers. The incidence of occupational hepatitis became rather stable and accounted for 940 cases per year, however the incidence of hepatitic C increased at the same time. Lower rates of incidence of 'classic' occupational diseases, such as poisoning, pneumoconioses or vibratory syndrome are a positive observation. It is also interesting to note that the rate of occupational diseases diagnosed in advanced stage has also diminished. When analyzing occupational diseases one should bear in mind that the majority of pathologies already diagnosed result from long-term effect of exposure to harmful factors. In all, 93% of cases of occupational diseases emerged after a ten-year exposure. The highest rates, taking account of sections of activity, were found in mining and quarrying, health service, agriculture, hunting and forestry.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Dietary intake of dieldrin and aldrin in Poland].

Dieldrin and aldrin exposure from a particular food items in Poland in 1970-1996 was calculated by multiplying its annualized mean consumption rates by residue concentration in the food. Estimated daily dietary intakes of dieldrin and aldrin were from 1.0 do 1.3 micrograms per person in 1970-1985 and from 0.50 do 0.58 microgram per person in 1990-1996, on the average. Fish and dairy products are a main source of dieldrin in a total diet in Poland.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1999

[The occurrence of intestinal parasites among children attending first classes of the elementary schools in Poland in the school year 1997/1998].

OBJECTIVE: The studies were undertaken to: (i) evaluate the epidemiological situation of infections with intestinal parasites among seven-year-old children attending first classes of the elementary schools in 25 provinces of Poland (ii) answer the question concerning an influence of the summer flood 1997 on the epidemiological situation of intestinal parasitoses in the affected regions. METHODS: The studies included 30,110 children, i.e. 10% of the population of seven-year-olds, in the provinces under study, and were based on the examination of a single faecal specimen and a cellophane swab using the following methods: wet mount preparations in 0.9% NaCl and diluted Lugol,s iodine, zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation and decantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The parasites most frequently encountered in the examinations included: Enterobius vermicularis (in 16.45% of the examined), Ascaris lumbricoides (2.8%), Giardia intestinalis (1.02%), Entamoeba coli (0.73%), Trichuris trichiura (0.29%). The obtained results confirmed the decreasing frequency of infections with intestinal parasites in Poland and indicated that the summer flood of 1997 had a little influence on the epidemiological situation of intestinal parasitoses in the affected regions.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Poland's syndrome.

Poland's syndrome is characterized by hypoplasia or absence of the breast or nipple, hypoplasia of subcutaneous tissue, absence of the costosternal portion of the pectoralis major muscle, absence of the pectoralis minor muscle, and absence of costal cartilages or ribs 2, 3, and 4 or 3, 4, and 5. Clinical manifestations of Poland's syndrome are extremely variable and rarely are all the features recognized in one individual. Depending on the physician's specialty and the referral pattern, a variable incidence of the anomalous defects is recognized. Syndactyly or bony abnormalities of the forearm are seldom treated by thoracic surgeons.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2000

[Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in soils in Poland].

The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides such as DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, HCBz and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in 59 soil samples collected in Poland in 1990-1994 to understand the scale of contamination, spatial distribution and sources of these compounds. Identification and quantification of organochlorines were carried out using HRGC-ECD (63Ni) and HRGC-LRMS. All soil samples were contaminated by DDTs, PCBs and HCHs, while HCBz and CHLs were absent in a few samples. DDTs dominated as organochlorine residues in Polish soil and on the concentration of other insecticides was two orders of magnitude lower. Percentage composition of DDTs (about 60% of p,p'-DDT) indicates a very slow metabolism of DDT in Polish soils. Spatial distribution of HCHs in Poland is similar to distribution of DDTs, while HCBz and CHLs are rather evenly distributed. PCBs concentrations in soil of the Former Soviet Union Army Base are 10 times higher then in urban soils, and 100 times higher then in cultivated and forests soils.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

HIV infection in Poland (1985-96).

Reported numbers of HIV infections have provided an indication of the order of magnitude of the size of the HIV epidemic in Poland, and how it has evolved in time. To the end of 1996, most documented infections had been observed among intravenous drug users (IDUs, n=2, 933/3,470) and, to a lesser extent, men who have sex with men (MSM, 289/3,470). Reported infections among non-IDU prostitutes and other non-IDU heterosexuals remained low. In this paper we describe surveillance systems and epidemiologic data in Poland from 1985 to 1996 for AIDS cases, HIV infections and other STDs. We also discuss the contributions of different vulnerable groups. Finally we discuss factors influencing the past spread of HIV infection and the potential for future spread, and propose recommendations for surveillance and research.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Poland-Möbius syndrome and disruption spectrum affecting the face and extremities: a review paper and presentation of five cases.

The author summarizes hitherto assembled experience with the clinical and genetic characteristics of Poland's and Möbius syndrome. Five selected case-records with this disease and the sequence of the Poland-Möbius syndrome are presented. Another case-record is devoted to an allied syndrome, hypoglossia-hypodactyly, found in a spontaneously aborted fetus. For establishment of a more accurate symptomatology, an irreplaceable place is held by anthropometric examination; for objectifying the asymmetry of the chest the so-called cyrtogram, the chest circumference recorded by means of a wire, is valuable. From the aspect of genetic counseling, preconception care is always provided to mothers from families with reproductive intentions, as well as ultrasonographic examination of the fetus in areas of assumed acral symptomatology (signaling phenotype). In two families ultrasonography was used for prenatal diagnosis. Invasive prenatal diagnosis by amniocentesis was employed in a family with Möbius syndrome. In these families dermatoglyphs have certain common characteristics, such a tendency towards simple patterns. In the wider family of one of our patients we detected in a cousin Parkes-Weber-Klippel-Trenaunay's syndrome, which may indicate common vascular predisposing factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Phylogenetic relationship of street rabies virus strains and their antigenic reactivity with antibodies induced by vaccine strains. I. Analysis of phylogenetic relationship of street rabies virus strains isolated in Poland].

The aims of these studies were: genetic characteristic of street rabies virus strains isolated from different animal species in Poland and determination of phylogenetic relationships to reference laboratory strains of the street rabies viruses belonging to genotype 1 and 5. The variability of rabies isolates and their phylogenetic relationship were studied by comparing the nucleotide sequence of the virus genome fragment. The Polish strains of genotype 1 belong to four phylogenetic groups (NE, CE, NEE, EE) corresponding to four variants: fox-racoon dog (F-RD); European fox 1 (F1); European fox 2 (F2) and European fox 3 (F3). On the Polish territories there are no rabies strains representing the variant dog-wolf and typical for arctic fox variant. The similarity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of street rabies strains belonging to genotype 1 and laboratory strain CVS is very high. It is about 91% similarity at nucleotide level and 95% at amino acid level. Rabies strain CVS is similar to genotype 5 bat strains (EBL 1) only in about 69% and 74% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. The genetic divergence of rabies strains circulating in Poland raised the need of permanent epidemiological and virological surveillance. The genotype and variant of isolated strains should be determined (using PCR and RLFP methods).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Results of the health survey of a population living in a vicinity of a large waste site (Warsaw, Poland).

Although attracting rapidly increasing attention from the public, the health impact of environmental exposures related to the operation of waste dumping sites is a relatively new issue in Poland. However, the problem cannot be neglected in light of the fact that environmental impact assessment in selected sites revealed the lack of sufficient documentation concerning quantity and quality of dumped materials and poor technological management of the sites. The paper describes the results of health survey performed in a vicinity of a country's largest municipal waste site. Although the study came across methodological obstacles involving low participation and difficult to estimate representativeness of the examined group its findings obtained in 393 adults and 188 children and the results of internal comparisons revealed some interesting observations. Three "exposure-classification" variables were used in data analysis (geographical location, distance, "waste traffic" intensity) and health status was examined by means of self- and physician-administered questionnaire, physical examination and routine laboratory analyses. Relationship, although weak, of subjective symptoms and objective findings with the place of residence vis-a-vis the waste site location suggests that potential health effects of waste site-related environmental exposures might include psychological problems, digestive tract disorders and respiratory disorders as well as allergic symptoms. An intriguing observation concerning pregnancy-related health outcomes was made. The exact role of environmental determinants in this respect remains unclear and should be addressed by specific environmental epidemiological and toxicological studies. The findings as well as subjects' concern about health consequences of exposures to waste-related pollution (paralleled by subjective perception of impaired health) justify further investigations and public health initiatives including environmental impact assessment and health monitoring activities targeting populations living in a vicinity of waste sites in Poland.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2000

[Quantity of chlordane intake with seafood in Poland].

An attempt has been made to assess intake of chlordanes (CHLs) with seafood in Poland in 1970-1998. The average mean weighted concentration of chlordanes in Baltic fish has been calculated for 9.0 ng/g wet weight in herring and sprat, 0.63 ng/g wet weight in cod flesh, 1.2 ng/g in flatfish and 5.7 ng/g in other edible fishes. Intake of chlordanes with fish in Poland has been assessed for 31 to 47 micrograms/person/year, i.e. from 0.09 to 0.13 microgram/person/day.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Population data for the STR systems D8S1132, CD4, VWA and TH01 in the region of Podlasie (northeastern Poland).

BACKGROUND: STR systems are widely used in forensic casework due to their discriminating power and high sensitivity. The aim of the study was to determine allele frequencies and forensic efficiency parameters of the STRs D8S1132, CD4, VWA and TH01 in a population sample of Podlasie (Northeastern Poland). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Blood specimens were collected from the unrelated individuals in Podlasie, Poland. The DNA samples were extracted with Chelex method and amplified by PCR technique. The PCR products were analyzed by the PAG horizontal electrophoresis with discontinuous buffer system and then silver stained. RESULTS: All common alleles included in the allelic ladders were found. For all loci examined no deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found. CONCLUSION: The TH01, VWA and D8S1132 systems have been confirmed as particularly useful in the paternity testing and the individualization of biological evidence.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Swedish adjustable gastric band (SAGB) implanted laparoscopically in the treatment of morbid obesity--the first experience in Poland.

Surgical treatment of morbid obesity is a recognized method of proceedings in patients who did not obtain any positive results in conservative therapy. In October and November 1998 laparoscopic implantation of the SAGB was performed among ten morbid obesity patients with mean BMI of 41.9 +/- 3.6 kg/m2. It was the first experience in Poland. In this group we observed also non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in five, hyperlipidemia in eight and hypertension in three patients. In this series, there was no mortality and no perioperative morbidity. The mean operation time was 158 +/- 51 min. The mean hospital stay was four days after the operation. Median BMI reduction after four months was 4.7 +/- 1.6 kg/m2. Parallel to the reduction in body weight, there occurred a significant reduction in plasma concentration of glucose (111.0 +/- 38.5 vs. 90.2 +/- 20.8 p < 0.01), total cholesterol (223.8 +/- 42.0 vs. 192.7 +/- 21.3 p < 0.005), and LDL-cholesterol (140.4 +/- 34.0 vs. 121.7 +/- 25.2 p < 0.01). Hypertension was still observed only in one patient. Nowadays laparoscopic gastric banding represents the least invasive surgical treatment of morbid obesity. In our series laparoscopic implantation of SAGB seems to be an effective surgical method for the treatment of obesity. Substantial reduction in body weight was associated with improvement in metabolic control. Absence of mortality and morbidity is one of the main aims in bariatric surgery which was achieved in our study. The results of the present, first in Poland, preliminary study confirm previous observations that gastric banding is an effective treatment of obesity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effectiveness of the screening programme for galactosemia. New strategy in Poland].

Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disease related to deficiency of one of three different enzymes involved in the metabolism of galactose: galactokinase (GALK), galactoso-J-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) or UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE). Classic galactosemia is due to GALT deficiency and is the most common. Longitudinal studies have shown that in spite of early diagnosis and early treatment of children with galactosemia detected in the mass screening programme, the results are poor and mental retardation as well as other complications are of similar severity as in children diagnosed clinically without screening. In many investigations it was also proved that some impairments developed already in the prenatal period. Therefore, many countries among them also Poland, stopped mass screening for galactosemia. At present, in Poland the procedure strategy in galactosemic children and their families include: diagnosis of new cases on the basis of clinical symptoms, selective screening in high-risk families, prophylactic lactose-free diet for mothers during pregnancy. Such management can help to prevent clinical manifestations in newborns and prevent death in the early period of life.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of prevalence of emotional low self esteem and neurosis in Poland in 1996].

The paper presents psychiatric problems included in national, health interview survey, recommended by the WHO, carried out by the Central Statistical Office in Poland in 1996. Authors are going to estimate the prevalence of a bad frame of mind and neurosis among Polish adult people and try to appoint the relationships between psychiatric disorders and gender and place of residence. We estimated results in 49 provinces. There were significant differences between east and west Poland. People who live in eastern provinces have a worse psychological condition than western. Women have higher rate of these this psychiatric problems. We also found a major correlation between dissemination of a bad frame of mind and neurosis among men and women.

Adult↗