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PubMed2006

Pharmacy students' and graduates' attitudes towards people with schizophrenia and severe depression.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the attitudes of third-year pharmacy students and pharmacy graduates towards people with schizophrenia and severe depression. METHODS: Third-year pharmacy students (n = 216) and pharmacy graduates (n = 232) completed a survey instrument with 21 common items. The third-year students had not yet received any mental health lectures or tutorials as part of their pharmacy course. The graduates had completed their university education, including mental health lectures and tutorials, plus 6 months of supervised clinical practice in the pharmacy workplace. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the third-year students and pharmacy graduates in terms of social distance from people with schizophrenia. The rates of stigmatization of people with schizophrenia and severe depression were also similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Mental health lectures and tutorials delivered by pharmacists and supervised clinical practice in the pharmacy workplace may not decrease students' social distance or stigmatization of people with mental illness. The results of our study suggest that more comprehensive education and training programs are needed to improve the ability of pharmacists to meet the needs of people with mental illness.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

Predictors of academic success in a doctor of pharmacy program.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the correlation between specific prepharmacy college variables and academic success in the Texas Tech doctor of pharmacy degree program. METHODS: Undergraduate and pharmacy school transcripts for 424 students admitted to the Texas Tech doctor of pharmacy degree program between May 1996 and May 2001 were reviewed in August of 2005. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Release 11.5. The undergraduate college variables included prepharmacy grade point-average (GPA), organic chemistry school type (2- or 4-year institution), chemistry, biology, and math courses beyond required prerequisites, and attainment of a bachelor of science (BS), bachelor of arts (BA), or master of science (MS) degree. Measurements of academic success in pharmacy school included cumulative first-professional year (P1) GPA, cumulative GPA (grade point average of all coursework finished to date), and graduation without academic delay or suspension. RESULTS: Completing advanced biology courses and obtaining a BS degree prior to pharmacy school were each significantly correlated with a higher mean P1 GPA. Furthermore, the mean cumulative GPA of students with a BS degree was 86.4 versus cumulative GPAs of those without a BS degree which were 84.9, respectively (p = 0.039). Matriculates with advanced prerequisite biology coursework or a BS degree prior to pharmacy school were significantly more likely to graduate from the doctor of pharmacy program without academic delay or suspension (p = 0.021 and p = 0.027, respectively). Furthermore, advanced biology coursework was significantly and independently associated with graduating on time (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Advanced biology coursework and a science baccalaureate degree were significantly associated with academic success in pharmacy school. On multivariate analysis, only advanced biology coursework remained a significant predictor of success.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

The effective pharmacy-nursing committee.

The Saint Joseph's Hospital Pharmacy-Nursing Committee sees a long list of pharmacy-nursing and drug distribution system problems still to be addressed and has no worry about running out of new business. In fact, increasing controlled substances accountability, creating a more reliable and timely process for moving intravenous fluid pumps through the inpatient system, and implementing a pharmacy-based, patient-controlled analgesia program across all of the hospitals' wards are three major issues now being addressed by the committee. At Saint Joseph's Hospital there is not a lot of unnecessary handwringing or undue stress over major pharmacy-nursing issues. Issues do exist, but there is also an experienced Pharmacy-Nursing Committee with a good track record of being able to resolve major issues. The committee takes on problems in a healthy and confident atmosphere of trust in both profession's skills and competencies. There is a respectful knowledge of each discipline's professional responsibilities and a full awareness that a quality patient drug system requires pharmacy and nursing elements working closely together. Wrestling with the heavy, modern-day, hospital pharmacy-nursing drug distribution system issues at this facility actually can be fun as a result of the confidence, camaraderie, and empathy that exists within the Pharmacy-Nursing Committee.

Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems↗
PubMed2004

Tuberculosis control and the private health sector in Bolivia: a survey of pharmacies.

BACKGROUND: Bolivia is a high tuberculosis (TB) incidence country with a large private for-profit health sector. TB drug sales in private pharmacies are not illegal. OBJECTIVES: To measure the availability of TB drugs in private pharmacies, study vendors' attitudes, and explore the potential for collaboration between the public health sector and pharmacies. METHODS: Simulated clients visited a random sample of 100 pharmacies in the city of Cochabamba, presenting with a prescription for four TB drugs. After the survey, contacts were made with the local Pharmacist's Association. RESULTS: Twenty-five pharmacies sold at least one drug, 23 sold rifampicin and 16 sold isoniazid. Of 99 pharmacies unable to fill the whole prescription, 59 referred the client to another pharmacy, and 22 to the public services. Pharmacists said that rifampicin was often prescribed for non-TB indications, and that TB drug sales were of minimal contribution to their income. They agreed to stop selling the drugs and to refer clients seeking them to the public sector. CONCLUSION: This study has documented a small market for TB drugs sales in private pharmacies and provided the opportunity to start collaboration with the pharmacists. Our results suggest that the private sector contributes little to managing TB in Bolivia.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1990

Implementation of product-line management in a hospital pharmacy department.

The development and implementation of product-line management (PLM) in a pharmacy department is reviewed. The PLM system of hospital organization shifts the emphasis from function to product. The pharmacy department at a 737-bed nonprofit hospital adopted PLM in an effort to reach more directly the physician and patient markets, enhance the image of pharmacy, and help meet requirements of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. The department surveyed physicians and administrators to identify their product and service needs and surveyed pharmacy staff members to identify the perceived benefits and risks of a PLM system. A strategic-planning session was held to decide how best to match the pharmacy department's product lines with market needs. The team leaders were renamed clinical supervisors and were no longer responsible for defined physical areas but rather for clinical matters relating to patients in the product line assigned. Pharmacy's chosen product lines were oncology services, neuropsychiatry, maternal and child care, cardiovascular, operating room-anesthesia-pain clinic, and general medical. The transition is being accomplished one product line at a time; interested team leaders transfer into clinical supervisor positions by achieving clinical expertise within the relevant product lines. Despite some initial confusion, PLM contributed to job satisfaction and morale and allowed the pharmacy department to provide increased clinical consultation and intervention services. PLM enhanced the clinical pharmacy program and focused clinical services on the physician and ultimately the patient.

Education, Pharmacy, Continuing↗
PubMed1985

College of pharmacy-teaching hospital relationships: report of a survey.

The results of surveys conducted by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) and the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ASHP) to investigate the extent and causes of problems in relationships between colleges of pharmacy and the pharmacy departments in their affiliated teaching hospitals are presented. For the AACP study, questionnaires were mailed to either the dean or the pharmacy practice department chairman of all 72 colleges, and a telephone interview was subsequently conducted with most of them. For the ASHP study, interviews were conducted with 67 directors of pharmacy in the colleges' principal affiliated teaching hospitals. Problems identified by the colleges related to quality or extent of services and finances. Most directors of pharmacy stated that they derived benefit from their affiliation with a college of pharmacy. The relationship between colleges of pharmacy and their teaching hospitals is relatively healthy and generally better than expected.

Faculty↗
PubMed1982

Job satisfaction and the future of pharmacy.

Reasons for the low levels of job satisfaction reported by hospital pharmacy personnel, the potential impact of this dissatisfaction on the profession, and possible solutions to the problem are discussed. Low levels of satisfaction among hospital pharmacists may be largely because of the manner in which pharmacy is practiced. While leaders in pharmacy have developed innovative programs and colleges of pharmacy have produced highly skilled practitioners, the practice of hospital pharmacy has not kept pace. Young practitioners may be disenchanted with pharmacy practice in the "real world" compared with their expectations, and they may not find their jobs mentally challenging. This may result in boredom, low motivation and commitment, and obsolescence of skills and abilities. To reverse the trend of insufficient mental challenge, the role of the hospital staff pharmacist sould be expanded to include some of the challenging functions presently performed by clinical pharmacists. This could be done by decentralizing pharmaceutical services so that pharmacists have more interaction with patients and other health practitioners. To alleviate dissatisfaction with advancement, a position hierarchy in the pharmacy could be established where pharmacists and support personnel would be promoted to a higher grade on the basis of merit, tenure, and demonstrated competence. Soliciting employee input at staff meetings may have a positive impact on satisfaction with hospital policies and practices. Finally, it is necessary for directors of pharmacy to develop the expertise to deal effectively with problems of human-resources management.

Job Satisfaction↗
PubMed1982

Hospital pharmacy practice in the People's Republic of China.

The practice of hospital pharmacy in the People's Republic of China is described. Since 1949, health care in China has improved. The number of hospitals has increased. While medicines previously were scarce, China now produces approximately 95% of the drugs it needs. China has a long history of traditional medicine; although there are attempts to integrate the concepts of traditional and Western medicine, the practices are still segregated. All hospital pharmacies in China have the responsibilities to guarantee the safe and effective use of drugs within the hospital and to do research. Even though Chinese factories manufacture many pharmaceutical products, the hospital pharmacy must manufacture many more. Hospitals have established Agreed Prescription programs, whereby drugs are manufactured in large batches, repackaged, and distributed to other hospital pharmacies in the area if needed. Quality is assessed chemically and by modern techniques when equipment is available. Most large hospitals now have automated facilities to manufacture sterile solutions. Each hospital has a medical supply committee that supervises the procurement of medical supplies and the reasonable use of drugs. A government resolution mandates that every hospital pharmacy do research. A primary focus of their research is the integration of traditional and Western medicine. Concepts of traditional and Western medicine are taught in separate pharmacy schools. Most pharmacy undergraduate programs are four years, but some schools recently changed to five years. Future challenges for hospital pharmacists in China are to develop the theoretical and technological knowledge of pharmacy, and to expand the scientific and technical information system that is necessary to do research.

China↗
PubMed2026

A comparative systematic review of pharmacist education systems and pharmacy service quality in ASEAN-5: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore.

BACKGROUND: The global transition toward patient-centered pharmaceutical care has exposed structural disparities in ASEAN pharmacy workforce training and deployment. This review examines four research questions: how pharmacy education systems and accreditation standards differ across Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore (collectively, the ASEAN-5); the extent to which pre-registration education influences clinical service scope and professional confidence; how education reform and regulatory change have shaped pharmacist clinical roles; and what barriers and enablers exist for regional qualification harmonization. METHODS: A systematic literature review following PRISMA 2020 was conducted. Searches of PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus, supplemented by grey literature, were completed in May 2026. Of 78 unique records screened, 46 studies published between 2005 and 2026 met inclusion criteria. Quality appraisal used an adapted Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool; synthesis employed narrative thematic analysis. RESULTS: The five countries represent four structurally distinct pharmacy education architectures: Thailand's standardized six-year Doctor of Pharmacy with dual specialization tracks; four-year Bachelor of Pharmacy programmes in Malaysia and the Philippines with institutional variation; Indonesia's clinically underdeveloped system despite rapid expansion; and Singapore's four-year Bachelor of Pharmacy followed by a nationally mandated one-year pre-registration pathway. Evidence links deeper clinical training to broader practice scope, higher confidence, and improved patient outcomes. Reform produced uneven results: Thailand's PharmD transition improved clinical recognition but exposed deployment paradoxes; Singapore achieved the strongest training-to-practice alignment; Indonesia's health insurance reforms were not absorbed by an underprepared workforce; the Philippines lacks a national competency framework. No binding mutual recognition arrangement was identified; divergent qualification structures, incompatible accreditation systems, and an asymmetric evidence base remain the primary barriers. DISCUSSION: These findings indicate that clinical service scope is bounded less by national policy ambition than by the depth and clinical orientation of the pre-registration education that precedes it, and that credentialing reforms which outpace a health system's capacity to absorb new clinical roles, or the reverse, do not by themselves translate into expanded practice. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacy education across the ASEAN-5 remains nationally distinct and clinically uneven. Clinical service scope is directly bounded by pre-registration education quality. No country has fully closed the education-practice gap. Regional harmonization requires national-level educational reform as a prerequisite.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Factors motivating pharmacy students to pursue residency and fellowship training.

Factors that influence pharmacy students to pursue residency and fellowship training were studied. Directors of 514 residency or fellowship programs were asked to distribute to their residents or fellows a survey concerning factors that influenced their decision to enter a residency or fellowship. Deans of the 75 U.S. pharmacy schools were sent a related survey and asked to forward it to the faculty or staff member who was most involved in promoting residencies and fellowships to students. This survey asked about methods for promoting the programs and the faculty member's opinion on why students chose to become residents and fellows. Residents and fellows cited "to gain knowledge and experience," "recognition of new and challenging roles," and "desire for specialized training" as their leading reasons for entering their programs. The pharmacy school representatives also cited "to gain knowledge and experience" and "desire for specialized training" as leading reasons. The residents and fellows thought instruction on residencies and fellowships should occur earlier in the pharmacy degree programs than it was being provided. The pharmacy school respondents considered the largest barriers to entering such programs "financial" and "a job was available upon graduation from pharmacy school." The pharmacy school survey results were broken into two groups: the 9 schools that produced the most students who went on to residencies and fellowships, and the rest of the schools. The former group was more likely to offer the Pharm.D. degree and to involve preceptors, residents, and fellows in didactic and clerkship teaching. Two factors--"to gain knowledge and experience" and "desire for specialized training"--were cited most frequently by survey respondents as important factors in students' decisions to pursue residencies and fellowships, and schools that produce more residents and fellows tended to involve preceptors, residents, and fellows in didactic and clerkship training.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Perceived utility of pharmacy licensure examination preparation tools.

OBJECTIVES: To identify board examination preparation tools most commonly used by recent pharmacy graduates and determine which tools are perceived as most valuable and representative of the actual content of licensure examinations. METHODS: An electronic survey was sent to all 2004 graduates of colleges of pharmacy in Indiana. Participants identified which specific preparation tools were used and rated tools based on usefulness, representativeness of licensure examination, and monetary value, and provided overall recommendations to future graduates. RESULTS: The most commonly used preparation tools were the Pharmacy Law Review Session offered by Dr. Thomas Wilson at Purdue University, the Complete Review for Pharmacy, Pre-NAPLEX, PharmPrep, and the Kaplan NAPLEX Review. Tools receiving high ratings in all categories included Dr. Wilson's Pharmacy Law Review Session, Pre-NAPLEX, Comprehensive Pharmacy Review, Kaplan NAPLEX Review, and Review of Pharmacy. CONCLUSIONS: Although no preparation tool was associated with a higher examination pass rate, certain tools were clearly rated higher than others by test takers.

Education, Pharmacy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacy data in epidemiological studies: an easy to obtain and reliable tool.

PURPOSE: The agreement between drug use measured in computerized pharmacy records and patient interviews or questionnaires is generally good. However, most investigations on this subject studied selected populations or subsets. We studied the coverage of Dutch pharmacy data for our study cohort, and the agreement between the different sources. METHODS: We used the data from 8592 subjects of an on-going population-based study, focused on the impact of microalbuminuria (PREVEND). Data on drug use was collected in a questionnaire and at community pharmacies. Drug use was measured in the year preceding the questionnaire. Agreement between the sources was measured using kappa-values, sensitivity and positive predictive value. RESULTS: Pharmacy data could be collected for 7568 (88%) of the study cohort. Pharmacy data and questionnaires showed good agreement for antihypertensives, lipid lowering drugs, oral antidiabetics and oral contraceptives, but poor agreement for nitrates, hormone replacement therapy and painkillers. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacy data could be collected for a large proportion of our cohort. For chronically used drugs pharmacy data generally agrees well with questionnaires. However, for drugs used for shorter periods, as needed, or also available over-the-counter, the agreement is not so good. Pharmacy data can be a valuable source of drug information in epidemiological studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Actual and perceived provision of pharmaceutical care in Danish community pharmacies: the pharmacists' opinions.

OBJECTIVE: The study explores characteristics of community pharmacies with respect to implementing pharmaceutical care activities. The article addresses the provision of pharmaceutical care at reality level, perceived level and policy level. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire was sent to all Danish community pharmacies to investigate the provision of pharmaceutical care (n=288). The respondents were pharmacists. Pharmaceutical care activities were operationalised by detecting and identifying medicine-related problems, setting goals to solve medicine-related problems, and documenting efforts to solve them. A non-respondent analysis was also performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The identification of medicine-related problems (from self-report) was used as a proxy measure of pharmaceutical care activities and compared to pharmacies' self-reported provision of pharmaceutical care. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 75.7. The characteristics of pharmacies that detected medicine-related problems differed from those of pharmacies with only a perceived provision of pharmaceutical care. Pharmacies that actually detected medicine-related problems focused on external cooperation regarding their pharmacy activities. CONCLUSION: The profiles of the perceived providers of pharmaceutical care and the respondents that detected medicine- related problems were distinct, thus indicating two separate groups of pharmacies. Pharmaceutical care has only been implemented in Denmark to a limited extent. This may be explained in part by the top-down implementation strategy conceived by the proprietor organisation.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Availability of emergency contraception at rural and urban pharmacies in Pennsylvania.

OBJECTIVE: Pharmacy availability of emergency contraception (EC) is necessary for timely access to this important contraceptive method. This is especially important in rural areas where pharmacies are fewer and further apart. STUDY DESIGN: This study was conducted using a telephone survey of 186 pharmacies located in the northeast region of Pennsylvania. RESULTS: Only 32% of the pharmacies had EC in stock, which did not differ by rural or urban location. Pharmacies that stocked EC in rural counties were less likely to have evening store hours compared with urban counties (p=.01). Pharmacies that did not stock EC most frequently cited lack of perceived need as the reason (61%). CONCLUSION: Emergency contraception availability in pharmacies is uniformly low in this region of Pennsylvania, creating a significant access barrier. Although there were no significant differences in EC availability between rural and urban pharmacies, additional barriers in rural settings could impede timely access to EC for rural women.

Contraception, Postcoital↗
PubMed2003

Emergency contraception: pharmacy access in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: Emergency contraception could reduce the approximately 3 million unintended pregnancies that occur annually in the United States. Dedicated emergency contraception products may be particularly useful because instructions are easy to understand and simple to follow. However, they must be available within a few days to women who have had unprotected intercourse. The goal of this study was to investigate whether women presenting to pharmacies in a moderately sized metropolitan area with a prescription for Plan B or Preven could get it filled. METHODS: Two research assistants posed as women needing emergency contraception. They visited 89 pharmacies in Albuquerque, New Mexico, presenting a prescription for either Plan B or Preven. The assistants recorded the availability of the products in the pharmacies. When the product was not in stock, the research assistants asked pharmacy providers why the products were not carried. Fisher exact test was performed to compare categoric data. RESULTS: Plan B and Preven were in stock at only 19 visits (11%). Of the pharmacies that did not stock the products, 53% reported they could obtain Plan B or Preven within 24 hours. The most common reason cited by pharmacy providers for not stocking Plan B or Preven was the lack of prescriptions received for them (65%). CONCLUSION: Plan B and Preven were not in stock at the majority of pharmacies in a moderately sized metropolitan area. Lack of availability at the pharmacy constitutes a major barrier to emergency contraception access.

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined↗
PubMed2005

Pharmacy-specific quality indicators for asthma therapy.

BACKGROUND: Lack of appropriate drug therapy in asthma patients is a recognized quality problem leading to preventable emergency room visits, hospitalizations, or death. While indicators measuring pharmacotherapy quality on the level of prescribers and third party payers are widely used, no such indicators exist for pharmacies. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to (1) develop quality indicators for asthma care applicable to retail pharmacies, (2) estimate the prevalence of inappropriate asthma drug therapy, and (3) explore variation in the quality of care across pharmacies. METHODS: We present a descriptive analysis of automated patient-specific dispensing data from February 1, 2000 to January 31, 2001 of beta-agonists and anti-inflammatory agents with a Food and Drug Administration-approved indication for asthma. Two quality indicators of potentially inappropriate drug therapy were applied: (1) the proportion of patients who obtained more than a 360-day supply (assuming maximum acceptable daily dose) of short-term beta-agonists (SABA) including all inhaler types, inhaler solutions, and syrups during the 12-month study and (2) the proportion of patients with 2 consecutive early refills of defined SABAs. Indicator values with 95% confidence intervals are reported for each pharmacy. RESULTS: Pharmacies had an average of 328 (range 169-534) patients who received SABAs. An average of 11 patients per pharmacy (3.4% of all patients who received SABAs) met the indicator 1 definition. The second indicator identified 8.2% (27) patients per pharmacy as short-term SABA overusers (range 3.9-11.9%). Of these, 48% did not receive any anti-inflammatory agents during the time frame when SABA overuse occurred. CONCLUSION: Application of drug therapy quality indicators at the level of individual pharmacies using dispensing data is feasible and identifies opportunities for quality improvement. Indicator 2 is most appropriate for daily practice, because it allows for timely identification of potentially uncontrolled patients, and offers a balance between indicator sensitivity and positive predictive value.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of women pharmacy and nursing students.

The increasing number of women in pharmacy schools has had an impact on pharmacy manpower estimates. The nursing shortage has been used as an example of what may happen when women health professionals choose not to practice in their field. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the women students in these two health professions were similar with respect to demographics, career choice, career plans, and career commitment. A survey was distributed to undergraduate pharmacy students and baccalaureate nursing students at the University of Texas. The 168 women pharmacy students and 67 nursing students responding to the survey were included in the analyses. On average, the pharmacy students were younger, were more likely to be single, and had fathers of a higher socioeconomic status. When asked to indicate their primary reason for choosing their profession, the pharmacy students most often chose "want a career in the health field," whereas the nursing students chose "desire to help people" most often. When future plans of the two groups were compared, a higher percentage of the pharmacy students planned to work full time for the majority of their careers. Responses to Blau's Career Commitment Scale indicated that the women pharmacy students were more committed to their profession than were women nursing students. Although some may assume these groups are similar, results indicate that there are significant differences between them. Comparison of manpower issues between the two groups may not be justified.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1998

Pharmacies, self-medication and pharmaceutical marketing in Bombay, India.

Studies of pharmaceutical practice have called attention to the role played by pharmacists and pharmacy attendants in fostering self-medication and medicine experimentation among the public. Left undocumented is the extent to which clients passively follow the advice of pharmacy personnel or question their motive or expertise. While research has focused on pharmacists and pharmacy attendants as agents encouraging self-medication and medicine experimentation, adequate attention has not been paid to pharmacist-client interactions that are sensitive to the social, cultural, and economic context in which medicine sales and advice occur. This paper highlights the context in which pharmacy attendants engage in "prescribing medicines" to the public in Bombay, India. An ethnographic description of pharmacies and pharmaceutical-related behavior in Bombay is provided to demonstrate how reciprocal relationships between pharmacy owners, medicine wholesalers and pharmaceutical sales representatives (medreps) influence the actions of pharmacy staff. Attention is focused on the role of the medicine marketing and distribution system in fostering prescription practice, pharmacy "counter-pushing" and self-medication. In documenting the profit motives of different players located on the drug sales continuum, it is argued that the economic rationale and the symbiotic relations that exist between doctors, medreps, medicine wholesalers and retailers, need to be more closely scrutinized by those advocating "rational drug use".

Drug Prescriptions↗