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PubMed1995

Pulsating fluid flow increases nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by osteocytes but not periosteal fibroblasts--correlation with prostaglandin upregulation.

Osteocytes are extremely sensitive to fluid shear stress, a phenomenon that may be related to mechanical adaptation of bone (FASEB J 9:441,1995). Here we examined the effect of pulsating fluid flow (PFF, 0.5 +/- 0.02 Pa, 5 Hz, 0.4 Pa/sec) on the release of NO, in relation with upregulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Chicken calvarial osteocytes, but not periosteal fibroblasts, as well as mouse calvarial cells responded to PFF with a rapid and transient 2 to 3-fold stimulation of NO release. The effect was maximal after 5 min and leveled off thereafter. PFF also stimulated PGE2 release. This effect was significant after 10 min and continued throughout 60 min PFF treatment. Inhibition of NO release by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine prevented the effect of PFF on NO as well as PGE2 release. These results suggest that NO is a mediator of mechanical effects in bone, leading to enhanced PGE2 release. They further strengthen the hypothesis that fluid flow through the osteocyte canalicular network provides the physical stimulus for mechanosensation in bone.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microstructures of external periosteal callus of repaired femoral fracture in children.

In order to understand further the mechanism of bone fracture repair, and thus to innovate better operative treatment for bone fracture and to design new implant materials for bone repair, microstructures of external periosteal callus (EPC) of repaired femoral fracture in both children and adults were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, and an X-ray microdiffractometer. The repair time after the fractures in children and adults is on average 155 and 370 days, respectively. Collagen fibrils making up children's EPC (CEPC) are underdeveloped and insufficiently mineralized by hydroxyapatite (HA), while those from adults' EPC (AEPC) are similar to normal bone. A lot of particles loaded by brushite (DCPD) minerals were found among the collagen fibrils of CEPC. The main mineral phases in CEPC consist of DCPD and HA, while only HA exists in AEPC. Deposition of DCPD minerals could have compensated for the insufficient mineralization of the collagen fibrils of CEPC, thereby making fractured bone repair more rapidly in children than in adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The implantation of cartilaginous and periosteal tissue into growth plate defects.

This experimental study reports the results of implantation of cartilaginous and periosteal tissues into growth plate defects in the tibiae of sheep. When no material was used, the defect rapidly filled with marrow-like tissue. When cartilage from the margin of the secondary centre of ossification was implanted, endochondral ossification continued and no shortening or deformity resulted. Implantation of periosteum with or without reconstructed peripheral tissues resulted in the formation of a bony bridge which led to a 32% inhibition of longitudinal growth and a 12 degrees varus deformity in the absence of peripheral connective tissues. After reconstruction with these tissues, the inhibition of longitudinal growth was 47% with a 28 degrees varus deformity. The chondroprogenitor cells in the implanted tissues cannot change phenotypic expression. Periosteum has a strong potential for bone formation after it has been implanted.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Case report 834: Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible with long bone periostitis.

We present the case of a patient with primary chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible, the radiological appearance of which is compatible with a diagnosis of chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis. The accompanying femoral and tibial periosteal reactive new bone formation and the benign clinical course suggest that this presentation may represent a form of chronic multifocal osteomyelitis.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Bone growth after periosteal stripping in rats.

The effect on bone growth after stripping of the periosteum of the middle third of the femur was investigated in 70 rats. Seventy further animals were used as controls. The animals were serially killed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after operation. The femoral length, intertrochanteric diameter, diameter of the distal epiphysis of the femur, diameter of the femoral diaphysis and the tibial length were measured. Significant lengthening of the femur was noted only after 4 weeks, when it was 1.5% longer than the opposite side (p 0.001), but this was not maintained. The diameter of the distal epiphysis and the tibial length were not significantly affected. The intertrochanteric diameter was significantly shorter on the stripped side at the 2nd week and significantly longer at the 12th. The diaphyseal diameter of the stripped bones was progressively more narrow than the contralateral from the 2nd week. Differences remained significant at all stages of this study. Periosteal stripping yields only a temporary slight increase in bone length with a definite decrease in diaphyseal diameter.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Periosteal chondroma: a radiographic spectrum.

The radiographic features of 22 cases of histologically proven periosteal chondroma are analyzed in detail. The typical tumor consisted in an area of outer cortex remodeling (scalloping) involving the metaphyseal lesion of a long bone with slightly overhanging edges and a small amount of cartilage calcified matrix adjacent to the scalloping. The presence of a visible soft tissue mass was uncommon, present in only third of the cases. The radiographic differential diagnosis is analyzed in detail and illustrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Periosteal bone apposition in chondroblastoma.

Periosteal bone apposition in chondroblastoma of long bones is more frequent than generally recognized. This should not cause confusion in differential diagnosis. The findings does not seem to have prognostic significance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The periosteal sunburst reaction to bone metastases. A literature review and report of 20 additional cases.

The periosteal sunburst reaction is an unusual response to metastatic bone tumours. Fifty such cases are reported in the literature, and 20 additional cases are reported in this study. The most common primary tumour showing this response is prostatic carcinoma, and the majority of cases are associated with osteoblastic metastases. Twenty percent of sunburst metastases occur in bones distal to the elbow and knee, a much higher prevalence than is found overall in bone metastases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Vitamin K2 promotes 1alpha,25(OH)2 vitamin D3-induced mineralization in human periosteal osteoblasts.

The effect of vitamin K on mineralization by human periosteal osteoblasts was investigated in the absence and presence of 1alpha, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Vitamin K1 and K2, but not vitamin K3, at 2.5 microM enhanced in vitro mineralization when cells were cultured with vitamin K for 20 days after reaching confluence in vitro. Vitamin K2 (2-methyl-3-all-trans-tetraphenyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone : menatetrenone) was the most potent of these vitamin K analogs; it slightly inhibited alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Human osteoblasts were mineralized and showed the enhanced ALP activity on treatment with 10(-9) M of 1,25(OH)2D3 for 20 or 25 days after confluence. Vitamin K2 promoted the 1,25(OH)2D3-induced mineralization, but slightly inhibited the 1,25(OH)2D3-induced ALP activity. Moreover, vitamin K2 enhanced the 1,25(OH)2D3-induced osteocalcin accumulation in the cells and the extracellular matrix (cell layer), but inhibited the osteocalcin content in the medium produced by the 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. However, vitamin K2 alone did not induce osteocalcin production in the human osteoblasts. On Northern blot analysis, osteocalcin mRNA expression on 1, 25(OH)2D3-treated cells was enhanced by vitamin K2 treatment, but vitamin K2 alone did not induce osteocalcin mRNA expression. Warfarin blocked both the 1,25(OH)2D3-induced osteocalcin production and the accumulation in the cell layer, and also blocked the 1, 25(OH)2D3 plus vitamin K2-induced osteocalcin production and the accumulation in the cell layer. The 1,25(OH)2D3-induced mineralization promoted by vitamin K2 was probably due to the enhanced accumulation of osteocalcin induced by vitamin K2 in the cell layer. However, we concluded that the mineralization induced by vitamin K2 alone was due to the accumulation of osteocalcin in bovine serum on the cell layer, since osteocalcin extracted from the cell layer was not identified by specific antiserum against human osteocalcin, which does not cross-react with bovine osteocalcin. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying the mineralization induced by vitamin K2 in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 was different from that of vitamin K2 alone, and that osteocalcin plays an important role in mineralization by osteoblasts in vitro.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The effect of diphosphonates on periosteal and bone cells in culture.

Calvaria cells were separated into periosteal and bone cells and cultured in the presence of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) or dichloromethanediphosphonate (Cl2MDP). Both cell types were affected to the same degree with respect to the effect on cell number and lactate production. The action of the diphosphonates seems therefore not to be specific for one of the cell types.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Pentose-shunt oxidation in the periosteal cells in healing fractures.

The activity of pentose-shunt dehydrogenases is very low in periosteal cells of normal rat metatarsals, but increases one day post-fracture and rises linearly over the next two days. By four days post-fracture, the distribution of this activity along the bone shows two centres of high activity: the first in the region of proliferation to form callus and the second at the site where new bone is first seen, one day later. The high rate of generation of NADPH would be expected to reduce glutathione; reduced glutathione has been shown to inhibit alkaline phosphatase activity in these cells.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1990

Idiopathic periosteal hyperostosis with dysproteinemia-Goldbloom's syndrome.

Idiopathic periosteal hyperostosis with dysproteinemia has been recognized as a separate entity since its description by Goldbloom and colleagues in 1966. Very few cases have been reported to date, and the radiologic literature is very scanty regarding this syndrome. This article reviews the entity and illustrates it with our own example.

Blood Protein Disorders↗
PubMed1995

Child abuse fracture through physiologic periosteal reaction.

Because infants from 1 to 6 months of age often normally show symmetric diaphyseal periosteal reaction, careful analysis of the reaction at a midshaft fracture site is needed to date the fracture, especially in a child-abuse evaluation. We present a case of an acute fracture through such physiologic reaction.

Child Abuse↗
PubMed1979

Regulation of calcium transport in isolated periosteal cells, effects of hormones and metabolic inhibitors.

Calcium transport was studied in cells isolated from cultured periostea of 18-day-old chick embryos. Net calcium uptake was stimulated by iodoacetate (IAA) and inhibited by dinitrophenol (DNP). Calcium efflux from the intracellular compartment was inhibited by IAA. Changes in the extra- or intracellular sodium concentration had only minor effects on calcium transport. This indicates that calcium efflux from periosteal cells is probably directly dependent on ATP hydrolysis, whereas calcium-sodium exchange is of less importance. The cation ionophore A23187 stimulated calcium uptake during short incubations but was inhibitory in long incubations. The possible involvement of the mitochondria in this effect is discussed. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) stimulated the net uptake of calcium in relatively low doses (both 0.01 U/ml or higher). The effects of the hormones on net calcium uptake were not additive. Calcium efflux was not changed in the presence of PTH or CT.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Casodex (a nonsteroidal antiandrogen) reduces cancellous, endosteal, and periosteal bone formation in estrogen-replete female rats.

Testosterone has been implicated in the preservation of the skeleton in women and female rats. In this study we investigated the role of androgens in estrogen-replete female rats by giving Casodex (pure nonsteroidal anti-androgen) daily and analyzing the effects on the skeleton using static and dynamic histomorphometric parameters after 3 weeks. There was a significant reduction in the bone formation rate in both the cancellous bone of the tibial metaphysis and in the periosteal and corticoendosteal diaphyseal bone (90%, 30%, and 100% reduction, respectively), compared with control animals, which was unaccompanied by a change in the indices of bone resorption. Casodex had no effect on cancellous bone volume and cortical bone area but this can be accounted for by the short duration of the experiment. The serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate and androstenedione were significantly reduced in the Casodex-treated rats compared with the control animals and there was no difference in the plasma levels of estrone, estradiol, or testosterone between the two groups. This study demonstrates that androgens play a physiological role in regulating osteoblast activity in female rats.

Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed1987

Effects of continuous 17 beta-estradiol administration on the periosteal and corticoendosteal envelope activity in spayed beagles.

Histomorphometric analyses of resorptive and formative parameters of the periosteal and corticoendosteal bone envelopes were performed on ribs from intact, spayed and spayed 17 beta-estradiol-supplemented Beagle dams. Dynamic formative features were evaluated after 2 pulses of in vivo tetracycline administration. The results indicated that following oophorectomy there was an increase in resorptive surfaces on the periosteum and corticoendosteum, and a decline in formative activity on these same envelopes. With continuous 17 beta-estradiol supplementation, the resorptive surfaces on both the periosteum and corticoendosteum of the spayed dams decreased. The formative activity on the periosteum seemed to decline further after the administration of 17 beta-estradiol, while on the corticoendosteum it tended to be restored to the level obtained for the intact dams. The increase in mineralization lag-time detected on the periosteum following oophorectomy appears not to be corrected by continuous 17 beta-estradiol supplementation in the spayed dams.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Combined plastic surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament with pedicled periosteal flap and cutis strip].

In view of the increasing incidence of injuries to the knee ligament and the persisting problems associated with the substitution of the cruciate ligament, a new combined reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament is presented which is performed with a pedicle periosteous flap and a cutaneous stripe. The advantages of the technically simple method using mechanically and biologically valuable substitutes are discussed.

Adult↗