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PubMedDate not supplied

Electromyographic analysis of the pectoralis major and deltoideus anterior in the inclined "flying" exercise with loads.

Due to a shortage of textbooks with specific data on muscular activity concerning physical conditioning and sports, we analysed electromyographically the muscles pectoralis major and deltoideus anterior, bilaterally, in inclined "flying" exercises, during the concentric and eccentric phases, with external loads of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the maximum load. The electromyographic analysis was performed in eleven male volunteers with MEDI-TRACE-200 surface electrodes connected to a six-channel biologic signal acquisition module coupled to a PC/AT computer. The electromyographic signals were processed and the obtained effective values were normalized through maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Statistically, the results showed that all the muscles studied presented significant differences between the concentric and the eccentric phases, with higher electromyographic activity during the concentric phase. By analysing the different loads for each muscle in both phases, significant electromyographic activity was observed for all muscles. When the effect of each load on each muscle during the concentric phase was analysed, it was noticed that the muscles on the left were more active than those on the right side, while in the eccentric phase the muscles had different behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Sternal instability after midline sternotomy.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss sternal instability a problem occasionally associated with midline sternotomy, including the etiology, predisposing conditions, diagnosis and management. Among the methods of repair, sternal weaving and pectoralis muscle advancement are thought to be especially effective.

Bone Wires↗
PubMed1979

Rapid kinetics of calcium ion transport and ATPase activity in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of dystrophic muscle.

Vesicular fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum were isolated from pectoralis muscle of normal and dystrophic chicken. Purification of both preparations was equally satisfactory, as shown by a prominent ATPase band in electrophoresis gels. Measurements of ATPase phosphorylation, Ca2+ transport and Pi cleavage by rapid quench methods revealed a lower specific activity of the dystrophic vesicles with respect to all of these functions. On the other hand, Ca2+-independent ATPase activity was found to be increased in dystrophic vesicles. It is suggested that a fraction of ATPase units of dystrophic sarcoplasmic reticulum is not activated by Ca2+, owing to an altered protein assembly within the membrane bilayer. In fact, when the membrane structure is perturbed by detergents normal and dystropic preparations acquire an equally high Ca2+-dependent ATPase.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1984

Differential expression and distribution of chicken skeletal- and smooth-muscle-type alpha-actinins during myogenesis in culture.

Antibodies to chicken fast skeletal muscle (pectoralis) alpha-actinin and to smooth muscle (gizzard) alpha-actinin were absorbed with opposite antigens by affinity chromatography, and four antibody fractions were thus obtained: common antibodies reactive with both pectoralis and gizzard alpha-actinins ([C]anti-P alpha-An and [C]anti-G alpha-An), antibody specifically reactive with pectoralis alpha-actinin ([S]anti-P alpha-An), and antibody specifically reactive with gizzard alpha-actinin ([S]anti-G alpha-An). In indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, (C)anti-P alpha-An, (S)anti-P alpha-An, and (C)anti-G alpha-An stained Z bands of skeletal muscle myofibrils, whereas (S)anti-G alpha-An did not. Although (S)anti-G alpha-An and two common antibodies stained smooth muscle cells, (S)anti-P alpha-An did not. We used (S)anti-P alpha-An and (S)anti-G alpha-An for immunofluorescence microscopy to investigate the expression and distribution of skeletal- and smooth-muscle-type alpha-actinins during myogenesis of cultured skeletal muscle cells. Skeletal-muscle-type alpha-actinin was found to be absent from myogenic cells before fusion but present in them after fusion, restricted to Z bodies or Z bands. Smooth-muscle-type alpha-actinin was present diffusely in the cytoplasm and on membrane-associated structures of mononucleated and fused myoblasts, and then confined to membrane-associated structures of myotubes. Immunoblotting and peptide mapping by limited proteolysis support the above results that skeletal-muscle-type alpha-actinin appears at the onset of fusion and that smooth-muscle-type alpha-actinin persists throughout the myogenesis. These results indicate (a) that the timing of expression of skeletal-muscle-type alpha-actinin is under regulation coordination with other major skeletal muscle proteins; (b) that, with respect to expression and distribution, skeletal-muscle-type alpha-actinin is closely related to alpha-actin, whereas smooth-muscle-type alpha-actinin is to gamma- and beta-actins; and (c) that skeletal- and smooth-muscle-type alpha-actinins have complementary distribution and do not co-exist in situ.

Actinin↗
PubMed1998

Increased capillarity in leg muscle of finches living at altitude.

An increased ratio of muscle capillary to fiber number (capillary/fiber number) at altitude has been found in only a few investigations. The highly aerobic pectoralis muscle of finches living at 4,000-m altitude (Leucosticte arctoa; A) was recently shown to have a larger capillary/fiber number and greater contribution of tortuosity and branching to total capillary length than sea-level finches (Carpodacus mexicanus; SL) of the same subfamily (O. Mathieu-Costello, P. J. Agey, L. Wu, J. M. Szewczak, and R. E. MacMillen. Respir. Physiol. 111: 189-199, 1998). To evaluate the role of muscle aerobic capacity on this trait, we examined the less-aerobic leg muscle (deep portion of anterior thigh) in the same birds. We found that, similar to pectoralis, the leg muscle in A finches had a greater capillary/fiber number (1.42 +/- 0.06) than that in SL finches (0.77 +/- 0.05; P < 0.01), but capillary tortuosity and branching were not different. As also found in pectoralis, the resulting larger capillary/fiber surface in A finches was proportional to a greater mitochondrial volume per micrometer of fiber length compared with that in SL finches. These observations, in conjunction with a trend to a greater (rather than smaller) fiber cross-sectional area in A than in SL finches (A: 484 +/- 42, SL: 390 +/- 26 micrometer2, both values at 2.5-micrometer sarcomere length; P = 0.093), support the notion that chronic hypoxia is also a condition in which capillary-to-fiber structure is organized to match the size of the muscle capillary-to-fiber interface to fiber mitochondrial volume rather than to minimize intercapillary O2 diffusion distances.

Altitude↗
PubMed1987

Structure and neural control of the pectoralis in pigeons: implications for flight mechanics.

The pectoralis muscle in pigeons (Columba livia) is composed of two heads (sternobrachialis, thoracobrachialis) that are separately innervated and have different fiber orientations. High-speed film and electromyographic studies of free-flying pigeons reveal that the pectoralis is activated prior to wing depression (the power stroke) and that its two heads are differentially recruited during takeoff, level flight, and landing. The electrical activity patterns of both heads support an interpretation that intramuscular elasticity provides energy storage. The pectoralis is not only the prime wing depressor but is also capable of adjusting the excursion of the wing during different phases of flight.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The effects of in ovo rhIGF-I administration on expression of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) during chicken embryonic development.

Growth hormone secretion is under the control of a pair of hypothalamic factors, growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and its endogenous ligand represent a novel third method regulating the release of growth hormone. Early chicken embryonic development has been proposed to be independent of GH. However, recent evidence shows that peripheral GH secretion has paracrine/autocrine functions during embryonic development. In the current study, we used the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to determine the expression pattern of the GHSR during embryonic development and the effects of in ovo recombinant human (rh) IGF-I administration on its expression pattern. Eggs were injected once with 100 ng rhIGF-I in 10 mM acetic acid, and 0.1% BSA per embryo on embryonic day 3. Total RNA was isolated from whole embryos on embryonic day (E) 0-6 (n=6 per day), thoracic/abdominal halves of the embryos on E7- E8 (n= 6 per day) and Pectoralis muscle on E9-E20 (n= 4 per day). We found that GHSR expression was low during E0-E4, followed by an increase on E5 and remained constant through E17. GHSR expression then increased on E18 before reducing on E20. A similar pattern was found in the rhIGF-I treated embryos with the exception of a significant increase in GHSR expression on E8. These data indicate that the GHSR may be active in regulating GH secretion during early embryonic development, and upregulation of the GHSR gene following IGF-I administration may have an important role in the determination of postnatal muscle growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Value of pedicled myoplasty in the treatment of severe mediastinitis. A case report].

Sternotomy is the approach of choice for cardiac surgery. Mediastinitis is a rare complication of median sternotomy with high morbidity and mortality. We describe a case of severe mediastinitis occurring after median sternotomy performed in a patient presenting diving goiter. Two-stage irrigation/drainage was unsuccessful. This failure led to opening of the chest and coverage with a pediculated flap using the grand pectoralis muscle. This stratagem allowed complete healing. This case provides an opportunity to discuss the different surgical techniques used to treat severe mediastinitis and to emphasize the value of muscle flaps in the management of recalcitrant median sternotomy wounds.

Drainage↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiomyoplasty to improve myocardial collateral blood supply as an alternative to transplantation in intractable angina.

In diffuse small-vessel coronary heart disease, heart transplantation may be indicated for intractable angina. As an alternative, a free striated muscle flap can constitute a source of neovessels. Those extraintracardial collaterals develop only 4 weeks after transplantation of the flap as shown by the following experiments with seven dogs. In those animals a myocardial infarction of the anterior wall was selectively produced by the Judkins technique for the injection of Sephadex microspheres. Four weeks later a free pectoralis muscle flap was transplanted onto the anterior wall of the heart. Arterial blood supply was achieved by anastomosis with the internal mammary artery. The venous flow was directed into the right atrium. Six weeks after surgery the patency of the anastomosis was studied by angiography, which showed patency in all animals. Pathologic examination of the hearts revealed a prominent capillary network penetrating into the underlying myocardium. Corrosion cast preparations showed even further penetration of the capillary network into the noninjured parts of the myocardium. Thus myocardial revascularization could be achieved by transplantation of a skeletal muscle on the heart.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1986

In vivo 31P NMR studies of avian dystrophic muscles.

In vivo 31P NMR studies of normal and dystrophic pectoralis muscles of chicks were carried out in the age group of 2 to 8 weeks. It was observed that the ratios [PCr]/[Pi] and [PCr]/[ATP] were essentially the same in both normal and dystrophic muscles. The cellular pH for normal muscles however, was found to be higher (7.24 +/- 0.08) compared to the dystrophic muscles (7.0 +/- 0.07).

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1993

Free skeletal muscle transplantation to an infarction area: an experimental study in the dog.

In plastic surgery, free skeletal muscle flaps are used for treatment of non-healing injuries like chronic osteitis or radiation ulcers. We wanted to evaluate if the neoangiogenesis induced by these flaps can also constitute a method for revascularization in ischemic heart disease. In diffuse small vessel coronary heart disease, patients are not suitable for bypass surgery because it is impossible to create a microanastomosis with the coronary artery. As an alternative, a free striated muscle flap, transplanted onto the heart, can constitute a source of neovessels. With the induction of extra-intracardial collaterals that develop within 4 weeks after transplantation of the flap, a new surgical approach may be offered to those patients. Our experimental work was performed with 20 dogs. In these, a myocardial infarction of the anterior wall was selectively produced using the Judkins-technique (Radiology 89: 815-824, 1967) for injection of Sephadex-microspheres. Four weeks later a free pectoralis muscle flap was transplanted onto the anterior wall of the heart. Arterial blood supply was achieved with an anastomosis with the internal mammary artery. The venous flow was directed into the right atrium. Four to eight weeks after surgery, the patency of the anastomosis was studied by angiography, showing patency in almost all surviving animals. Histological examination of the hearts revealed a prominent vascular network penetrating into the underlying myocardium. Corrosion cast preparations, as well as a postmortem angiography, showed even further penetration of the neovessels into the uninjured parts of the myocardium. Thus, myocardial revascularization may be achieved by transplantation of a skeletal muscle onto the heart.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1977

Subpectoral augmentation mammaplasty.

We have done subpectoral augmentations on 100 women to enlarge the small or hypomastic breast to a pleasing degree. These operations were performed in a major hospital operating room, under local anesthesia, on an ambulatory basis. No complications were encountered. Our goal, and that of our patients, was to enlarge the small breast to a pleasing degree which would harmonize with the body contour and form, and to maintain the natural consistency of the breast and the normal sensation of the nipple and the breast as a whole. This goal was reached and our patients have been appreciative and pleaded. There was no postoperative weakness of the pectoralis muscle, and we have seen no evidence of capsule contracture. The group represents about one percent of our overall experience with augmentation mammaplasty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Temporal appearance of satellite cells during myogenesis.

In this study, differences between fetal and adult myoblasts in clonal and high density culture have been used to determine when adult myoblasts can first be detected during avian development. The results indicate that avian adult myoblasts are apparent as a distinct population of myoblasts during the midfetal stage of development. Three different criteria were used to differentiate fetal and adult myoblasts and demonstrate when adult myoblasts become a major proportion of the myoblast population: (1) differences in slow myosin heavy chain 1 (MHC1) isoform expression, (2) initiation of DNA synthetic activity, and (3) average myoblast length. Fetal chicken (ED10-12) pectoralis muscle (PM) myoblasts form myotubes that express slow MHC1 after prolonged culture, while adult chicken PM myoblasts do not. Fetal avian myoblasts were active in DNA synthesis and large when first isolated, reaching peak rates of synthesis by 24 hr in culture, while adult myoblasts were inactive in DNA synthesis and small when first isolated, only reaching peak rates of DNA synthesis and size at 3 days of incubation. A dramatic decrease in the percentage of muscle colonies with fibers that expressed slow MHC1 was observed between the midfetal stage and hatching in the chicken, along with a corresponding decrease in myoblast DNA synthetic activity and average length during this same period in both the chicken and the quail. Myoblast activity and average length increased again 3-4 days posthatch and a small transient increase in the number of slow MHC1-expressing clones was also associated with the massive growth of muscle that occurs in the neonatal bird. We conclude that adult myoblasts are present as a distinct population of myoblasts at least as early as the midfetal stages of avian development.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sternal osteomyelitis: use of vacuum-assisted closure device as an adjunct to definitive closure with sternectomy and muscle flap reconstruction.

OBJECTIVES: Sternal osteomyelitis following cardiac surgery often requires debridement and flap coverage. The VAC (vacuum-assisted closure) device has been useful in complex wound coverage. A retrospective review of a single surgeon's experience with sternal reconstruction using the VAC device as an adjunct to debridement and muscle flap reconstruction was performed. METHODS: Thirteen consecutive patients over a 34-month period underwent debridement and reconstruction of sternal wounds. Eleven patients (85%) were males, and two (15%) were females. Mean age was 61 years (range: 43-73 years). Acute purulent sternal infections occurred in seven patients, while chronic sternal osteomyelitis was seen in six patients. Use of the VAC device during the perioperative period was evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 13 patients, the VAC device was used prior to flap closure in six patients, and after flap closure in two patients. Sternal debridement with bilateral pectoralis muscle flaps was used to reconstruct 12 patients, and one patient underwent debridement only with VAC placement. All 13 patients (100%) had complete closure of their complex wounds at an average of follow-up of 14 months. CONCLUSIONS: The VAC device is useful in the treatment of sternal osteomyelitis in three contexts: (1) as a temporary wound care technique preoperatively that minimizes dressing changes and prevents shear stresses of an open sternum, (2) as the sole method of wound closure in specific cases, and (3) as a technique to facilitate healing in postoperative flap reconstruction cases complicated by reinfection.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Lateral pectoralis nerve: the need to preserve it in the modified radical mastectomy.

The preservation of the medial pectoralis nerve is classical and compulsory in the Patey Modified Radical Mastectomy, which innervates the clavicular and sternal insertions of the pectoralis major muscle. The lateral pectoralis nerve innervates the lower third, and the costo-abdominal insertions of the pectoralis major muscle. The tight relationship of this nerve with the pectoralis minor muscle makes it impossible to resect the muscle without damaging the nerve. The lesion of this nerve causes fibrosis, atrophy and shortening of the pectoralis major muscle, limitations of the shoulder movements, and a certain degree of skeletonization of the chest wall. Routine removal of the pectoralis minor muscle, as seen in Patey's type operation, with sectioning of the lateral pectoralis nerve, and the above mentioned sequela, is not recommended since it destroys the cosmetic result which is the main objective of the surgery. In naming these structures we prefer Moosman's proposal, because it is easier to remember, it adapts better to our surgical training, and it denotes course location and distribution. We encourage the preservation of the pectoralis minor muscle, and the lateral pectoralis nerve in the modified radical mastectomy, following the Scanlon's proposal in the hope of maintaining a cosmetic aspect and an appropriate base for the reconstructive surgery.

Esthetics↗
PubMed2000

Poland's syndrome with lung cancer. A case report.

Poland's syndrome, a rare congenital anomaly characterized by pectoralis muscle defect, has been reported in association with lymphoreticular malignancies and some solid tumors. Lung cancer associated with Poland's syndrome has not been previously described. We present the first report of a case of Poland's syndrome associated with lung cancer and demonstrate the CT findings.

Aged↗