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PubMed1993

Quantification of hydrogen peroxide generation by Granuflex (DuoDERM) Hydrocolloid Granules and its constituents (gelatin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and pectin).

The hydrogen peroxide generating capacity of Granuflex Hydrocolloid Granules and its constituents (porcine gelatin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and pectin) was examined using the scopoletin-horseradish peroxidase assay in the presence and absence of catalase. Oxygen purging reduced the formation of hydrogen peroxide by 77-96%. The total concentrations of hydrogen peroxide detected were 1.9 x 10(-6), 1.2 x 10(-6) and 2.3 x 10(-6) mol/l for Granuflex, pectin and gelatin (using 0.5% w/v), respectively, after 48 h incubation in a phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37 degrees C. No hydrogen peroxide was formed by sodium carboxymethylcellulose. The results indicate that hydrogen peroxide generation by Granuflex may be ascribed to its gelatin and pectin components, but not to the sodium carboxymethylcellulose. The release of low levels of hydrogen peroxide into the wound environment could conceivably contribute both to the inflammatory phase and to fibroblast proliferation, and hence to the granulation phase of wound healing.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Regulation of plant cell-wall pectin methyl esterase by polyamines--interactions with the effects of metal ions.

The kinetic study of the de-esterification of natural pectin by soya bean or orange pectin methyl esterase shows that the rate of the reaction is highly controlled by the presence of polyamines. The reaction rate versus the polyamine concentration is a bell-shaped curve similar to that which is obtained when the concentration of salts is varied in the reaction mixture. However polyamines, in particular the largest ones, are more efficient than salts. The results may be interpreted by assuming that polyamines mainly interact with the negative charges of the pectic substrate which condition the binding of the pectin methyl esterase. Activating effects were observed at polyamine concentrations that have been shown to exist in the plant cell wall in vivo. Thus, polyamines may act as efficient regulators of the cell-wall pH via the control of the electrostatic cell-wall potential. If such is the case, they might have a role in all regulatory mechanisms in which cell-wall enzymes are involved.

Cadaverine↗

PubMed1994

A new pectin-based material for selective LDL-cholesterol removal.

A new material, natural polysaccharide-pectin, was tested for removal of human blood lipoproteins. Pectin was prepared in a granular form with the help of the specifically designed gelification device and tested in batch sorption experiments in vitro for removal of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) from human plasma. Pectin granules removed 40% of TC, 45% of LDL-C, and 36% of HDL-C on average with respect to the initial amounts whereas corresponding values for LA-40 Kanegafuchi adsorbent were 69%, 81%, and 33% in the same experimental conditions (shaking 1 g of sorbent sample with 2 ml of plasma).

Adsorption↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of a pectin-based barrier under tape to protect neonatal skin.

The use of a pectin-based barrier between tape and skin as a method of minimizing epidermal stripping while keeping monitoring equipment and other devices securely attached to infants was evaluated. From 45 subjects, 199 application/removal procedures were recorded. The pectin-based barrier under tape held appliances securely for an average of 5.5 days (range 1-23 days). In 72% of the observations, the barrier was removed for nonadhesive-related reasons. Skin condition remained grossly normal in 97% of the observations after the barrier removal. A pectin-based barrier under tape provides effective adhesion for certain appliances and protects neonatal skin from damage caused by tape removal.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

Significance of low-temperature growth associated with the fecal coliform response, indole production, and pectin liquefaction in Klebsiella.

In the genus Klebsiella, the growth respnse in nutient broth at 10 degrees C correlates inversely with the operational definition of a fecal coliform and not merely with the ability to grow at 44.5 degrees C. Of the fecal coliform-positive Klebsiella, 97% did not grow at 10 degrees C after 72 h of incubation. Conversely, 97% of the fecal coliform-negative isolates grew at 10 degrees C. The amount of growth at 10 degrees C varied among the fecal coliform-negative isolates and was found to correlate with indole production and pectin liquefaction. Low-temperature growth associated with specific biochemical tests can be used to differentiate several groups in the genus Klebsiella. Three main groups were discerned. Group I consists of indole-negative, pectin-nonliquefying, fecal coliform-positive isolates that do not grow at 10 degrees C. Group II isolates are differentiated from group I by a fecal-coliform-negative response and growth at 10 degrees C. Group III are indole-positive, pectin-liquefying, fecal coliform-negative isolates that grow at 10 degrees C. In our culture collection, isolates of group I are most frequently of human/animal clinical origins, whereas isolates of groups II and III are predominantly derived from the environment.

Cold Temperature↗

PubMed1987

Purification and characterization of a pectin lyase produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens W51.

A pectin lyase (PNL; EC 4.2.2.10) was isolated from culture filtrates of Pseudomonas fluorescens W51 and purified to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme catalyzed a random eliminative cleavage of pectin but not sodium polypectate, and it macerated plant tissue. The Mr of the PNL on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels was 32,000 +/- 1,000, and the isoelectric point was 9.4 as determined by isoelectric focusing. The enzyme was constitutively produced, since the highest yields were obtained when glycerol was used as a sole carbon source, and addition of pectin to the medium did not increase its production. Antibodies against purified PNL reacted in Western blots (immunoblots) with a pectate lyase (PLb) produced by Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. The PNL appeared to be the only factor secreted into the culture medium by P. fluorescens W51 which macerated plant tissue and is probably involved in the soft rot disease caused by the bacterium.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Overproduction in Escherichia coli of the pectin methylesterase A from Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937: one-step purification, biochemical characterization, and production of polyclonal antibodies.

Pectin methylesterase A (EC 3.1.1.11), one of the pathogenicity factors of Erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937, was purified to homogeneity using one-step chromatography on cross-linked pectate. The purified protein showed maximum activity at pH 8-9, 50 degrees C, 50-100 mM monovalent cations or 5-10 mM divalent cations, and on a 50% esterified pectin. A particular effect of Ca2+ and Zn2+ on PMEA activity, due to the formation of a pectin gel, was observed. A Km value of 0.03% and 0.051% was determined at pH 6 and 7.6, respectively, using the same substrate. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the PMEA from E. chrysanthemi strain 3937 were produced. It recognized PMEs from Erwinia species, but did not cross-react with PME of fungal or plant origin, and will therefore be a useful tool to immunolocalize the protein during plant-pathogen interactions.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1987

Hepatic cholesterogenesis and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in hamsters fed diets enriched with pectins and/or cholesterol.

Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was determined in parallel with the rate of cholesterogenesis from acetate and mevalonate in the liver of hamsters fed diets enriched with pectins (5%) and/or cholesterol (0.1%). Cholesterol feeding reduced the rate of incorporation of the precursors into cholesterol. Moreover, the radioactivity derived from mevalonate was found mainly in the esterified form of the newly synthesized molecules. In parallel, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation decreased by 50%. Pectins did not greatly affect hepatic cholesterogenesis or 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol formation. In contrast, the fibers prevented to a large extent the metabolic alterations resulting from cholesterol feeding. Cholesterogenesis from mevalonate remained active; ester formation declined and the activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase persisted. Pectins could maintain the activity of this enzyme through multiple mechanisms, one of them being the channeling of substrate into the specific compartment of cholesterol which is destined to form bile acids.

Acetates↗

PubMed1984

Intra-caecal short chain fatty acids are altered by dietary pectin in the rat.

When Dark Agouti rats were changed from a conventional pellet diet containing 3.3% crude fibre and 4% fat to the experimental diet containing 5% pectin and 17% fat, the levels of n-butyrate in the caecum rapidly decreased more than fivefold. Such a change could be important as n-butyrate is known to be a major energy source for colonocytes, and to affect colon tumour cell development in vitro. Striking decreases in the caecal concentrations of the short chain fatty acids isobutyrate, n-valerate and isovalerate occurred when Wistar rats were fed an experimental diet containing 5% pectin as the only dietary fibre, compared to rats fed the experimental diet containing no dietary fibre. These large changes in the short chain fatty acid profile, caused by pectin supplementation, have important implications for the metabolism and health of the colon.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of pectin and cellulose on fat absorption after massive small-bowel resection in weanling rats.

The effects of pectin and cellulose on fat absorption after massive small-bowel resection were studied in rats. Weanling Wistar rats underwent 80% resection of the small intestine with gastrostomy, and fat emulsion labeled with 14C-linoleate was given via a gastrostomy tube for the fat absorption test on the 10th postoperative day. They were classified into three groups by diet as follows: E group, a fiber-free, chemically defined diet (CDD); EP group, CDD with 2% pectin; and EC group, CDD with 2% cellulose. The cumulative and hourly output of 14C in the expired air, the absorption rate of 14C in the intestine, and the metabolic utilization rate of 14C were calculated. The cumulative 14CO2 output was significantly lower in the EC group than in the E and EP groups. However, there was no significant difference in the 14CO2 output between the E and EP groups. The highest hourly 14CO2 output in the E and EP groups was observed during the first 2 hours. However, in the EC group, this fluctuated at low levels. No significant difference in the 1-14C-linoleate absorption rate was observed between the E and EP groups, whereas it was significantly lower in the EC group than in the E and EP groups. The metabolic utilization rate of 1-14C-linoleate showed no significant difference among the three groups. These data suggest that an addition of pectin to CDD does not impair small intestinal absorption of 1-14C-linoleate after massive small-bowel resection, and an addition of cellulose decreases absorption of 1-14C-linoleate.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Properties of tableted high-amylose corn starch-pectin blend microparticles intended for controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium.

This study reports the properties of tableted microparticles based on high-amylose corn starch (HACS)-pectin blend polymers as the controlled release system for diclofenac sodium (DS). HACS-pectin blend microparticles are prepared through a modified process by the spray drying technique, which is a widely used microencapsulation technique in the pharmaceutical industry. The mean particle size of various formulations of blend microparticles is in the range of 5.8-7.3 mum. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study reveals the absence of well-defined interaction between HACS-pectin and polymers-DS. The blend microparticles thus prepared were compressed into tablets using the directly compressible excipients. A cross-sectional view of the tablet reveals the presence of nearly spherical shaped particles in the tablet, suggesting that the system chosen is ideal for tableting. In vitro drug release study indicates that tableted microparticulate system is found to be suitable for the manipulation of release behavior for DS in the gastrointestinal tract. Release mechanism of the DS from tableted microparticles is by Fickian diffusion since the value of n approaches 0.5.

Amylose↗

PubMed2003

Derivation of hydroxamic acid from pectin and its applications in colorimetric determination.

A hydroxamic acid (HX) derivative of pectin was prepared, and its potential application to simple colorimetric determination of polysaccharides was investigated. The coupling reaction between pectin and hydroxylamine (HA) progresses in the presence of 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl) carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate (CMEC). The calibration curve for pectin showed good agreement and the lower limit of detection was 0.5 mg. This is a very simple and rapid determination method, which does not require tedious pre-treatment, for polysaccharides containing carboxyl groups.

Colorimetry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pectin: an examination in normal subjects.

Pectin (10 g) administered to normal subjects with 100 g of glucose did not alter significantly serum concentrations of either glucose or insulin compared with glucose given alone. Pectin given with a mixed meal, however, did reduce the degree of glycemia without significantly altering insulin secretion. Pectin given with meals for 18 days was without effect on either serum glucose or insulin concentrations.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary pectin and glycemic control in diabetes.

Seventeen diabetic subjects requiring insulin and who exhibited glycemic stability over a 9-12-mo control period received 5 g of pectin with each meal and at bedtime for 3 mo. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and glycosylated serum protein were measured in each patient on multiple occasions to assess glycemic control. No clear-cut change in these measurements occurred during the period of pectin ingestion. These data are not consistent with a beneficial effect of high-pectin diets in people with diabetes.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed2005

Increasing dietary pectin level reduces utilization of digestible threonine intake, but not lysine intake, for body protein deposition in growing pigs.

Two N balance studies were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding graded levels of pectin (a soluble nonstarch polysaccharide, NSP) on the utilization of ileal digestible threonine (Thr; Thr study) and lysine (Lys; Lys study) intake for body protein deposition (PD) in growing pigs. In each study, eight Yorkshire barrows with an average initial BW of 17.2 +/- 1.3 (Thr study) and 14.3 +/- 1.4 kg (Lys study) were fed each of five experimental diets during five subsequent experimental periods, according to a crossover design. Pigs were fed twice daily at 2.6 times maintenance energy requirements. The soybean- and cornstarch-based diets, in which either Thr or Lys was the first-limiting nutrient, were formulated to contain (as-fed basis) 0, 4, 8, or 12% pectin or 8% cellulose (water-insoluble NSP), respectively, and with NSP substituting cornstarch. Across treatments, the mean daily Thr and Lys intake were 5.42 +/- 0.04 g/d (Thr study) and 7.98 +/- 0.12 g/d (Lys study), respectively. Apparent and standardized ileal digestibilities of Thr and Lys were determined in a separate study. Mean PD was 93.4, 90.2, 82.1, 76.7, and 87.9 g/d (SEM = 1.3; Thr study) and 90.7, 88.6, 87.8, 85.3, and 88.1 g/d (SEM = 1.1; Lys study) for the five respective treatments. Utilization of ileal digestible Thr intake, but not of ileal digestible Lys intake, for PD decreased linearly with dietary pectin level, and was not influenced by diet cellulose level. The current study indicates that apparent and standardized ileal digestibility values do not provide an accurate predictor of dietary effects on the utilization of ileal digestible Thr intake for protein deposition in growing pigs fed diets containing soluble NSP.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1977

Decrease in postprandial insulin and glucose concentrations by guar and pectin.

Postprandila glycaemia and rise in serum insulin after carbohydrate-containing meals were reduced by the addition of guar flour or pectin, or both. After a liquid test meal (four subjects) the 30-min blood glucose was reduced from 6.33 +/- 0.19 mmol/litre (114 +/- mg/dl), mean +/- SEM, in the control subjects of 4.77 +/- 0.17 mmol/litre (86 +/- 3 mg/dl) by addition of guar gum (P less than 0.05). The mean insulin level was also significantly lower at 15 min. A breakfast test meal (bread, butter, marmalade, and tea) resulted in a mean 15-min blood glucose of 6.18 +/- 0.21 mmol/litre (111 +/- 4 mg/dl) in eight subjects; 10 g of pectin added to the marmalade reduced this level to 5.64 +/- 0.17 mmol/litre (102 +/- 3 mg/dl) (P less than 0.01). The insulin levels were significantly lower at 15, 30, and 45 min. A similar meal in which guar was added to the bread and pectin to the marmalade resulted in significant reductions of blood glucose at 15 min (P less than 0.002) and 30 min (P less than 0.01). The insulin values were also significantly lower throughout the first 90 min of the test. This action of unavailable carbohydrate may prove useful in the dietary control of diabetes.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[An experimental study of the effects of pectin substances on nonspecific defenses of the body].

Effects of water-soluble alimentary fibers on nonspecific defense system attracted the attention of scientists in recent decade. Effects of some pectins on the phagocytic activity of macrophagal population infected with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is studied on Wistar rats. The number of peritoneal exudative cells (test system) and macrophagal activity increased (as shown by increased glycolysis and acid phosphatase activity), while the number of surviving bacteria decreased 1000 times. Comparison of several apple and sunflower pectins demonstrated the highest killing effect of highly esterified apple pectin. The results necessitate further studies aimed at discovery of the new clinical applications of water-soluble fibers.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Effects of pectin on diarrhea in critically ill tube-fed patients receiving antibiotics.

BACKGROUND: Anaerobic colonic flora are necessary for the fermentation of fiber into short-chain fatty acids and constitute the bulk of fecal mass. Lack of dietary fiber in most enteral feedings, compounded by antibiotic therapy, suppresses normal colonic metabolism, resulting in diarrhea. Pectin, a water-soluble fiber, stimulates epithelial growth in the colon and thus reduces diarrhea. METHODS: Forty-four critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition and antibiotic therapy were randomized to receive fiber-containing or fiber-free tube feedings and pectin or placebo. Data on frequency, consistency, and volume of fecal output; energy (caloric) intake; and administration of specific medications were collected for 9 days. Diarrhea was defined as 2 or more days with scores of 12 or higher on the Hart and Dobb diarrhea scale. RESULTS: Subjects in the 4 groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, severity of illness, or energy intake. Twelve subjects (27.3%) experienced diarrhea. Significantly fewer subjects in the fiber-free/placebo and fiber/pectin groups experienced diarrhea than did subjects in the fiber/placebo group (P = .02). On the basis of repeated-measures analysis of variance of daily mean scores, the severity of diarrhea did not differ significantly among the study groups over time (P = .16). CONCLUSIONS: The reduced rate of diarrhea found in this study may be related to the stringent definition of diarrhea used. The therapeutic dose of pectin for reducing diarrhea needs further exploration. The trend was toward less diarrhea in the fiber/pectin group, but the study needs to be replicated with a larger sample.

Adult↗