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PubMed2005

Dynamics of motion signaling by neurons in macaque area MT.

Most neurons in macaque area MT are selective for the direction of stimulus motion. By comparing direction selectivity for gratings and plaids, we classified MT neurons as pattern direction selective (PDS) or component direction selective (CDS). We compared the time course of responses in CDS and PDS neurons in opiate-anesthetized macaques, using a rapid pseudorandom sequence of gratings and plaids that moved in different directions. On average, responses began 6 ms earlier in CDS neurons than in PDS neurons. More importantly, the pattern-selective responses of PDS neurons did not reach their fully selective state until 50-75 ms after the responses of CDS neurons had stabilized. The population motion response of MT is therefore initially dominated by component motion signals, and does not completely represent pattern motion until substantially later. The circuits that compute pattern motion take more time to finish their work than those signaling component motion.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed2002

The limited practical value of color Doppler sonography in the differential diagnosis of men with erectile dysfunction.

From the files of the outpatient urology department 44 men with ED had undergone both psychophysiological diagnostic screening (PDS, VSS, VSS+VIB, ICI+VSS+VIB) and color Doppler sonography testing (CDS, including VSS). PDS was carried out by one medical physiologist, CDS by one urologist. The diagnoses reached could be compared. This study revealed that CDS in ED-patients often resulted in an incorrect diagnosis, that is a presumed vascular abnormality while many such patients demonstrated firm erections under PDS-laboratory test conditions. Thus, it was concluded that CDS as a (first) screening test in ED-patients is of limited value. It was further emphasized that PDS, although giving quite relevant information about possible etiology and therapeutic treatment, is not a necessary first screen. Good history taking, preferably of the man and his partner, is still the basic first screen and quite often offers enough information to make a treatment plan with reasonable likelihood of success.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The treatment of male stress urinary incontinence with polydimethylsiloxane in compliant bladders following spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of polydimethylsiloxane (PDS, Macroplastique) submucosal injections, in the treatment of male genuine stress urinary incontinence secondary to spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: London Spinal Injuries Unit, Stanmore, UK and Institute of Urology and Nephrology, London, UK. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis identified 14 patients treated with PDS for stress urinary incontinence secondary to SCI between 1997 and 2001. A single surgeon at a specialist spinal injuries unit managed all patients. A total of 13 patients had suffered a traumatic SCI (T11:n=2; T12:n=5; L1:n=5; L2:n=1), while one developed stress incontinence after spinal surgery. The mean age was 41 years (range 26-69 years) and the mean duration of injury was 9.6 years (range 1.5-48 years). The preoperative investigations included video cystometrogram (VCMG) confirming the presence of urodynamically proven stress incontinence without evidence of urge incontinence. Complete cure was defined as a cessation of pad usage with no evidence of leakage on VCMG. Incomplete cure with improvement was defined as a >50% reduction in the number of pads used, with incontinence present on VCMG. RESULTS: The follow-up ranged from 12 to 58 months (mean 34.7 months). Five patients (36%) reported complete success, confirmed by VCMG. Three patients (21%) reported improvement with >50% reduction in the use of pads. The procedure failed completely in six patients (43%). No immediate or late complications were noted with the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The use of PDS is a safe and minimally invasive treatment for genuine stress urinary incontinence in males following SCI with a stable compliant bladder. We achieved complete cure in 36% of our patients with confirmation on VCMG. A further 21% reported greater than 50% reduction in usage of pads; however, on VCMG stress incontinence was demonstrated in these patients. We suggest that PDS can be used as the first line of treatment in this difficult group of patients with complex problems.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Regulation of a carotenoid biosynthesis gene promoter during plant development.

Carotenoids are terpenoid pigments which are accumulated in the chloroplasts of leaves and in the chromoplasts of many flowers and fruits. Phytoene desaturase (Pds), the second dedicated enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis, is encoded in tomato by a single copy gene. A 2 kb fragment from the tomato Pds gene, comprising 1.5 kb from the promoter and 0.5 kb from the 5' non-translated region, is able to drive developmentally regulated expression of the GUS reporter gene in transgenic tomato and tobacco plants. In tomato, high levels of Pds/GUS expression are found in organs and at stages of development where chromoplasts are formed: petals, anthers and ripening fruits. Tobacco petals and fruits, which do not contain chromoplasts, show instead low levels of Pds/GUS expression. Transgenic tobacco seedlings were subjected to treatment with a range of inhibitors of carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis. The results indicate that, in green tissues, carotenoid and chlorophyll levels are tightly co-regulated and that a chemically induced arrest in pigment biosynthesis results in activation of the Pds promoter. The promoter is also induced in etiolated seedlings, which contain much lower carotenoid levels than light-grown seedlings. These data suggest that in green tissues Pds gene transcription may respond to end-product regulation.

Base Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The prevalence of atypical features across mood, anxiety, and personality disorders.

This study examines and compares the prevalence rates of the atypical features subtype across each of the major mood, anxiety, and personality disorders (PDs). It also evaluates the impact that comorbid anxiety and PDs have on the likelihood that depressed patients will present with atypical symptoms. Eleven hundred thirty psychiatric outpatients were evaluated for the presence of atypical symptoms. All axis I diagnoses were made using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). PDs were assessed in a subset of 530 patients using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SIDP-IV). From a sample of 579 patients diagnosed with a current major depressive disorder, 22.5% met criteria for the atypical subtype. Prevalence rates were similar in bipolar and unipolar patients, although the pattern of symptoms was distinct. Prevalence rates were lower in patients with dysthymic disorder (12.5%), adjustment disorder with depressed mood (9.4%), and depression not otherwise specified (NOS) (7.9%). When major depression existed in the presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder, the likelihood of presenting with atypical features doubled. Nine percent of the patients diagnosed with an anxiety disorder (without a comorbid depressive disorder) met criteria for atypical features. Two of the four atypical symptoms, leaden paralysis and rejection sensitivity, were found to be especially prominent in nondepressed anxiety disorder patients. Of the 10 PDs listed in DSM-IV, only avoidant PD was associated with the atypical features subtype. In large part, this was accounted for by the high rate of rejection sensitivity in these patients. In conclusion, as many as one quarter of depressed patients who present for outpatient psychiatric treatment meet criteria for the atypical features subtype. There appears to be a strong association between anxiety and atypical depression, but the exact nature of this relationship needs to be further elucidated. It is unclear whether personality pathology is independently associated with the atypical features subtype.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

The role of pendrin in iodide regulation.

Recent advances in human genetics have catalyzed the attention on Pendred's syndrome and its disease-gene, PDS. Studies on the expression of the PDS gene and on the function of its encoded protein, which has been named pendrin, are currently in progress. Consistent with the Pendred's syndrome phenotype, which is characterized by thyroid dysfunction associated to deafness, PDS expression has been demonstrated in the thyroid and in the inner ear. Despite its high homology to known sulfate transporters, pendrin has been shown to transport iodide and chloride, but not sulfate. Thus, it is probably devoted to regulate, at the apical membrane where it has been immunolocalized, the flux of iodide from the thyroid cell to the colloid space. The function of pendrin in the inner ear is not well understood, but it seems to function also at this level as an anion transporter. Indeed, a pronounced PDS expression has been detected in structures of the inner ear, such as the membranous labyrinth and the endolymphatic duct and sac. At this level, the possible role of pendrin could be the maintenance of the appropriate ionic composition of the endolymph. Although many questions remain to be answered, these recent achievements concerning the putative role of pendrin aid to better understand the genetic basis of the peculiar phenotype of Pendred's syndrome, which associate the dysfunction of two so different organs such as the thyroid and the inner ear.

Carrier Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) using an 8-pole electrode and double-electrode system as minimally invasive therapy of the post-discotomy and post-fusion syndrome--prospective study results in 34 patients].

AIM: Therapy of a pronounced post-discotomy (PDS) and post-fusion syndrome (PFS) is often unsatisfactory because of the complexity and multifactorial pain genesis. If surgical interventions cannot promise relief and if the entire interdisciplinary spectrum of conservative treatment measures is inadequate, the area of neuromodulative procedures offers spinal cord stimulation (SCS). The objective of this study was to examine the therapeutic possibilities of SCS using an 8-pole electrode and double electrode system in PDS and PFS with extensive back-leg pain areas. METHOD: An appropriate SCS system was implanted in 34 patients with PDS and PFS. Follow-up examinations were made prospectively over a period of 24 months using general criteria and psychometric test measuring instruments validated for German-language use. RESULTS: An 8-pole double electrode system was implanted 23 times, a single electrode sufficed in 11 cases. The area of pain was covered in all patients. This required special technical capabilities of the SCS system. The results remained constant over 24 months. The morphine dose could be reduced by at least 50 %. All measuring instruments confirmed a clear reduction in pain and improvement in quality of life as a result of SCS implantation. CONCLUSION: The SCS is an minimally invasive surgical procedure which can enlarge the therapeutical possibilities of pronounced PDS and PFS resistant to other modes of treatment. Special technical possibilities of parameter setting are required to cover the pain areas.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Polydioxanone in cardiovascular surgery.

Polydioxanone (PDS) suture material was used in vascular anastomoses in patients submitted to femoropopliteal bypass (10 patients), aortoiliac endarterectomy (5 patients), and aortocoronary bypass (5 patients). Clips of this material and conventional metallic clips were compared in vitro for holding-in-place properties, and PDS clips were used in ligation of branches of the autologous vein grafts in femoropopliteal bypass (10 patients) and aortocoronary bypass (10 patients). There were no complications related to the PDS material either intraoperatively or during the follow-up from 3 to 6 months. The PDS clips did not slip when burst-tested in vitro. The material is suitable and advantageous in cardiovascular operations where autologous tissue is handled.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Modular organization of directionally tuned cells in the motor cortex: is there a short-range order?

We investigated the presence of short-range order (<600 microm) in the directional properties of neurons in the motor cortex of the monkey. For that purpose, we developed a quantitative method for the detection of functional cortical modules and used it to examine such potential modules formed by directionally tuned cells. In the functional domain, we labeled each cell by its preferred direction (PD) vector in 3D movement space; in the spatial domain, we used the position of the tip of the recording microelectrode as the cell's coordinate. The images produced by this method represented two orthogonal dimensions in the cortex; one was parallel ("horizontal") and the other perpendicular ("vertical") to the cortical layers. The distribution of directionally tuned cells in these dimensions was nonuniform and highly structured. Specifically, cells with similar PDs tended to segregate into vertically oriented minicolumns 50-100 microm wide and at least 500 microm high. Such minicolumns aggregated across the horizontal dimension in a secondary structure of higher order. In this structure, minicolumns with similar PDs were approximately 200 microm apart and were interleaved with minicolumns representing nearly orthogonal PDs; in addition, nonoverlapping columns representing nearly opposite PDs were approximately 350 microm apart.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Psychotic depression: a review and clinical experience.

We review research literature on psychotic (delusional) depression, including demographic, illness pattern, clinical, biological marker and treatment issues. Secondly, we report a study of a consecutive sample of 137 patients meeting criteria for DSM-III melancholia, RDC definite endogenous depression and our "clinical" criteria for endogenous depression, of whom there were 35 "psychotic depressives" (PDs). The PDs were contrasted with the remaining 76 depressives (EDs) and with an age and sex-matched subset (MEDs). The PDs were distinctly older than the EDs at assessment and at initial onset of any affective disorder. Compared to the MEDs, they tended to have longer illnesses, were more likely to be hospitalised (and to have longer stays), to receive (in the past and for the current episode) combination antipsychotic/antidepressant medication and/or ECT, and to have a poorer course over the following year. They were no more likely to have a bipolar pattern, a family history of depressive disorder, schizophrenia or alcoholism, or vegetative depressive features. Developmental psychosocial stressors and antecedent life event stressors were not over-represented. Most of the PDs had delusions, one-fifth reported hallucinations and psychomotor disturbance was marked. Other differential clinical findings were sustained mood disturbance, constipation, and the absence of a diurnal variation in mood and energy.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Comparison of hospital-treated personality disorders and personality disorders in a general population sample.

The distribution of personality disorders (PDs) was explored in hospital-treated subjects and in a population subsample. This study forms a part of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort study. Hospital case records of psychiatric treatment periods of all cohort members (n=11,017) were reviewed and re-checked against DSM-III-R criteria. A subsample of the cohort members living in Oulu (n=1609) were invited to a two-stage psychiatric field survey with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) as a diagnostic method. The most common PDs in hospital-treated sample were cluster B PDs (erratic). In the population subsample, cluster C PDs (anxious) formed the majority.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Pendred's syndrome: identification of the genetic defect a century after its recognition.

Pendred's syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by goiter and congenital sensorineural deafness. Most patients with Pendred's syndrome are euthyroid, but the perchlorate test is positive indicating an impaired iodide organification. The sensorineural deafness is typically associated with a malformation of the inner ear, referred to as Mondini cochlea. The incidence of Pendred's syndrome is thought to be as high as 7.5 to 10 in 100,000 individuals, and it has been estimated to account for about 10% of the cases with hereditary deafness. Linkage of Pendred's syndrome to chromosome 7q22-31.1 was first established in 1996, and the Pendred's syndrome gene (PDS gene) was cloned in 1997. The PDS gene encodes pendrin, a highly hydrophobic 780 aminoacid protein with 11 transmembrane domains. Its function is unknown. Sequence comparison reveals a very high homology to several sulfate transporters suggesting that it could be a sulfate or anion transporter. A wide spectrum of mutations in the PDS gene has now been associated with Pendred's syndrome. Molecular analysis of the PDS gene is useful to make a definite diagnosis in familial and sporadic cases with Pendred's syndrome, and will be helpful for determining the true prevalence of this disorder.

Carrier Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dependence, locus of control, parental bonding, and personality disorders: a study in alcoholics and controls.

Personality traits, socio-cultural factors, and dysfunctional family systems are considered to be important in the aetiology and clinical development of alcoholism. Particularly, conflict and issues involving psychological (emotional) dependence have long been associated with alcohol addiction. The present work, part of a more extensive study to validate a new rating scale to measure emotional dependence, the Dependence Self-rating Scale (DSRS), assesses dependence, orientation of locus of control, parental bonding perceptions, and personality disorders (PDs) in alcoholic and non-alcoholic samples. The alcoholics showed a prevalence of PDs of 31.3%. The most frequent is the Schizoid PD (40%) followed by the Dependent PD (20%). Subjects with antisocial PD were not included in our selection criteria. The alcoholics scored higher on the DSRS than the controls, but this difference was not statistically significant. By making a comparison between subjects with and without PDs, the DSRS scores were significantly higher in alcoholics with PDs. No significant differences between alcoholics and non-alcoholics in the parental perceptions and locus of control were seen. These findings are sufficiently coherent to encourage further studies on psychological emotional dependence in alcoholics using the DSRS.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Conversion of platelet-derived growth factor-dependent cells to growth factor-independent cells during chemical carcinogenesis in vitro.

The growth responses of hamster dermal fibroblasts (HDF cells) to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) during chemical carcinogenesis in vitro were investigated. Normal HDF cell grew in medium with whole blood serum (WBS), but not in medium with plasma-derived serum (PDS). However, they grew in PDS medium when PDGF was added. In contrast to control cultures which finally stopped proliferating, 7 out of 8 cell strains treated with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) or N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine changed to cell lines. Later, 5 of these 7 cell lines became able to grow in PDS medium in association with ability to grow in soft agar. When clonal cell lines were isolated at early stages of carcinogenesis while parental cell lines were still PDGF-dependent, most of them gradually became PDGF-independent as well. Dialysed cell lysates of transformed HDF cells showed strong growth stimulating activity on normal HDF cells in PDS medium. Thus, this conversion of PDGF-dependent cells to PDGF-independent cells was correlated with the appearance of a growth factor(s) produced specifically by transformed HDF cells.

4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide↗

PubMed1990

Prospective evaluation of a nonradiographic device for determination of endotracheal tube position in children.

A new noninvasive, nonradiographic endotracheal tube (ETT) position detection system (ETT-PDS) for guidance of ETT positioning was evaluated in pediatric ICU patients. The system includes an ETT with a metallic element embedded at a defined distance from the ETT tip, and a portable locator instrument which detects transcutaneously the position of the metallic element. The contribution of ETT-PDS to accuracy of ETT positioning after intubation and before chest radiographs was evaluated in 92 critically ill children. The ETT malposition rates observed on the postintubation chest radiographs were 39.1% after positioning guided by clinical assessment alone, and 19.6% after positioning guided by clinical assessment plus the ETT-PDS (p less than 0.5). This reduction in malnutrition rate could not be demonstrated when the ETT-PDS was used to guide routine ETT positioning performed before morning chest radiographs.

Critical Care↗

PubMed1995

Assessment of personality disorders in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. A comparison of self-report and structured interview methods.

Interest in assessing Personality Disorders (PDs) in association with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) has been accompanied by the development of several structured interview and self-report measures. In an attempt to see how the self-report Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-II) compared with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-II) in the assessment of PDs, we gave both instruments to 43 inpatients with a diagnosis of AN or BN. Correlation coefficient values for both categorical and dimensional comparisons were generally less than .4. Although comparable rates of positive PDs occurred for each of the three clusters (A: 30.2% vs. 34.9%, B: 25.6% vs. 18.6%, and C: 62.8% vs. 81.4% for SCID-II vs. MCMI-II), agreement for individual diagnosis and individual subjects was poor. In conclusion, the MCMI-II did not prove to be a reliable instrument for assessing axis II PDs in patients with AN and BN when compared with the SCID-II.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study.

The association between trauma and personality disorders (PDs), while receiving much attention and debate, has not been comprehensively examined for multiple types of trauma and PDs. The authors examined data from a multisite study of four PD groups: schizotypal, borderline (BPD), avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive, and a major depression comparison group. Rates of traumatic exposure to specific types of trauma, age of first trauma onset, and rates of posttraumatic stress disorder are compared. Results indicate that BPD participants reported the highest rate of traumatic exposure (particularly to sexual traumas, including childhood sexual abuse), the highest rate of posttraumatic stress disorder, and youngest age of first traumatic event. Those with the more severe PDs (schizotypal, BPD) reported more types of traumatic exposure and higher rates of being physically attacked (childhood and adult) when compared to other groups. These results suggest a specific relationship between BPD and sexual trauma (childhood and adult) that does not exist among other PDs. In addition, they support an association between severity of PD and severity of traumatic exposure, as indicated by earlier trauma onset, trauma of an assaultive and personal nature, and more types of traumatic events.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Anterior chamber angle anomalies associated with signs of pigment dispersion in a group of black probands and their first-degree relatives.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the presence of iridocorneal angle anomalies associated with signs of pigment dispersion among a group of black probands and their first-degree relatives. METHODS: Eleven blacks who exhibited pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) signs, including Krukenberg's spindles, moderate-to-heavy trabecular meshwork pigmentation, and peripheral lenticular/zonular pigmentation, received a complete eye examination that included gonioscopy. Overt iridocorneal angle abnormalities other than pigment deposition were photo-documented. Twenty-two first-degree relatives (6 siblings, 15 children, and 1 parent) of these probands underwent similar examination. RESULTS: Among the subjects, 5 of 11 probands (age range 13 to 59 years) and 4 of 22 relatives (age range 14 to 51 years) exhibited definite angle anomalies. The nine subjects with angle anomalies belonged to 7 of 11 separate families. The four relatives with angle anomalies did not have PDS according to our criteria, but two other relatives from two additional families did have signs consistent with clinical PDS. Types of angle anomalies included (1) peripheral anterior synechia-like lesions; (2) a prominent concavity of the peripheral iris at the 6-o'clock meridian; (3) a whitish, thread-like band of tissue near the iris base; (4) a prominent, externally-visible Schwalbe's line at the 6-o'clock meridian; and (5) a prominent, web-like confluence of exaggerated iris processes 360 degrees along the angle wall. Iris processes and prominent Schwalbe's lines were not considered abnormal or anomalous unless they were clearly atypical. CONCLUSIONS: Iridocorneal angle anomalies, other than pigment deposition, were common among our black group who exhibited signs of pigment dispersion as well as among their first-degree relatives. Further consideration should be given to the possibility that among some patient groups, overt goniodysgenesis could be part of a constellation of signs indicative of a pigment dispersion syndrome. Potentially, clinically detectable goniodysgenesis could prove to be a useful marker to identify certain subjects who carry PDS genetic traits but who have not expressed complete phenotypical disease.

Adolescent↗