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PubMed2026

The trypanosome flagellum as model for parasitology, cell biology and ciliopathies.

Cilia and flagella exhibit widely conserved structures and functions across species. In humans, defects in these organelles are responsible for diseases called ciliopathies and many model organisms are used to study them. In this review, we will discuss one of them, the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which is particularly well-suited to investigate general aspects of cilia and flagella, such as construction or protein localisation. Its flagellum remains present throughout the cell cycle, offering the opportunity to monitor flagellum maintenance and assembly within the same cell. This model organism is very convenient for flagellum live imaging as well as expansion microscopy and ultrastructural studies, including focused ion beam - scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). Efficient tools exist to manipulate the genome, including endogenous tagging, inducible expression system, RNA interference and CRISPR-Cas9 approaches. Here, we review original contributions from studies in trypanosome to our understanding of flagellum construction and intraflagellar transport, as well as the impact of gene mutations in some ciliopathies.

Flagella↗
PubMed2004

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs in chickens and turkeys.

These guidelines have been written to aid in the design, implementation and interpretation of studies for the assessment of drug efficacy against Eimeria species in chickens and turkeys. The information provided deals with many aspects of how to conduct controlled studies in battery cages (dose determination), floor pens (dose confirmation), and commercial facilities (field effectiveness studies), the selection of birds, housing, feeding, preparation of medicated rations, record keeping, diagnostic techniques, and methods for the preparation, maintenance and use of parasites. These guidelines are also intended to assist investigators in conducting specific studies, provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, assist in the approval and registration of new anticoccidial drugs, and facilitate the world-wide adoption of standard procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting and nuisance flies on ruminants.

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of ectoparasiticides (excluding repellents) against the biting and nuisance dipteran flies of ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination and dose confirmation studies, field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines advocate the use of pen facilities for dose determination and dose confirmation studies. These guidelines also are intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific studies, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of standard procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against myiasis causing parasites on ruminants.

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of efficacy of ectoparasiticides against the myiasis causing parasites of ruminants. These guidelines specifically focus on larvicidal efficacy against myiasis causing flies. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination and dose confirmation studies, field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines advocate the use of pen facilities for dose determination and dose confirmation studies for defining therapeutic and persistent efficacy. These guidelines are also intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the world-wide adoption of standard procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting lice, sucking lice and sheep keds on ruminants.

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the design, implementation and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting and sucking lice and sheep keds on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines advocate the use of pen facilities for dose determination and dose confirmation studies for defining therapeutic and persistent efficacy. These guidelines are also intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the world-wide adoption of standard procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against (mange and itch) mites on ruminants.

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of acaricides against mange and itch mites on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines also are intended to assist the investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of standard procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against ticks (Ixodidae) on ruminants.

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of acaricides (excluding vaccines and other bio-control agents) against single and multi-host ticks (Ixodidae) on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. The use of pen facilities is advocated for dose determination and confirmation studies for defining therapeutic and persistent efficacy. A minimum of two studies per tick species for which claims are sought is recommended for each dose determination and dose confirmation investigation. If dose confirmation studies demonstrate greater than 95% efficacy the sponsor may proceed to field studies, where a minimum of two studies per geographical location is preferred to confirm the therapeutic and persistent efficacy under field conditions. If dose confirmation studies demonstrate less than 95% efficacy then longer-term field studies can be conducted over two tick seasons with a minimum of two studies per geographical location. These studies can incorporate other control methods such as tick vaccines, to demonstrate stable long-term tick management. Specific advice is also given on conducting studies with paralysis ticks. These guidelines are also intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new acaricides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of standard procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Validation of molecular-diagnostic techniques in the parasitological laboratory.

Diagnostic laboratories today often operate according to standard quality management procedures such as ISO/IEC 17025. This requires that only validated methods are used. Validation procedures help to document that a particular protocol used by the accredited laboratory has a guaranteed performance in that particular laboratory. Several study designs exist for validation procedures. Computer programmes are available to help with the statistical analysis of validation results. The agreement beyond chance of results obtained in the protocol that is to be validated can be compared to those achieved in an already established test (agreement). For a method that is used under routine conditions or for epidemiological studies, it is necessary to assess the diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity of the technique. These parameters can be estimated by comparing the method that needs to be validated with an existing reliable method ('gold standard'). This is done by testing a standard set of well-documented samples using both techniques in parallel. Approaches using Bayes' theorem are used to perform gold standard-free validations. Many PCR-based methods are characterised by an excellent analytical sensitivity and are thus good candidates for diagnostic tools of the required diagnostic sensitivity. However, the high level of analytical sensitivity can also make molecular techniques susceptible to cross-contamination and carry-over problems leading to false-positive results. Moreover, the presence of inhibitors can cause false-negative results. After an initial validation, test performance needs to be continuously monitored, e.g. by using combined Shewhart-CUSUM control routines, and test results compared to those obtained by other laboratories (proficiency testing).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP): second edition of guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics in swine.

Guidelines are provided for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics in swine which, in conjunction with other sets of guidance such as those of the International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH GL7 and VICH GL16), should encourage the adoption of uniform registration requirements globally. Testing of efficacy should be carried out according to the principles of "Good Clinical Practice" (VICH GL9, 2000). Data obtained according to these guidelines should be internationally acceptable for the registration of anthelmintics for swine. Further, the use of the guidelines should expedite development, government review, and approval of anthelmintics for swine, as well as contribute towards reducing costs and the number of experimental animals used for drug testing.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of flea and tick infestation on dogs and cats.

These guidelines are intended to assist the planning and conduct of laboratory and clinical studies to assess the efficacy of ectoparasiticides applied to dogs or cats for the purpose of treating, preventing and controlling flea and tick infestations. The term ectoparasiticide includes insecticidal and acaricidal compounds, as well as insect growth regulators. The range of biological activities accruing from animal treatment that are considered include: repellency and anti-feeding effects, knockdown, speed of kill, immediate and persistent lethal effects, and interference with egg fertility and subsequent development of off-host life cycle stages. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping, interpretation of results and animal welfare. These guidelines are also intended to assist registration authorities involved in the approval and registration of new parasiticides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of harmonized procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Genomics: from novel genes to new therapeutics in parasitology.

The advent of rapid DNA sequencing technologies is generating vast quantities of raw genomic information ranging from in-depth analysis of the expressed genes to complete sequencing of genomes at an increasing rate (bioinformatics). However, it is the functional characterisation of a specific gene product that is the key limiting factor for validation as targets for high throughput assay development. The challenge is to obtain the raw genomic information from parasites of economic importance and to effectively integrate broad technologies such as gene disruption and over-expression, DNA arrays, proteomics, antisense RNAs, with bioinformatics in a timely fashion to identify relevant biological targets. Screening of validated targets in a strategy that includes large numbers of chemistries with high diversity and predictive in vitro and in vivo assays should permit the successful identification of novel chemical entities with high specificity to the target parasite. It is proposed that this rational approach will permit the identification of new antiparasitic therapies able to surpass the current toxicological, environmental, and economic challenges of the marketplace.

Animals↗