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PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of overweight and childhood obesity in Feira de Santana-BA: family detection vs. clinical diagnosis].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children attending public and private schools in the urban area of Feira de Santana-BA; to evaluate both the perception of excessive weight gain by guardians and the prevalence of treatment of those children. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with 699 children, whose age ranged from 5 to 9 years old, attending public and private schools of Feira de Santana-BA in 2001. Overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI)> or =85th percentile and obesity as BMI > or =95th percentile both for age and gender. The level of perception of children's excessive weight gain by guardians was evaluated by means of individual interviews. RESULTS: Total prevalence rates were 9.3% for overweight and 4.4% for obesity, without statistically significant difference among age and gender. White ethnic group was related only to overweight. Prevalence for overweight and obesity was, respectively, 6.5% and 2.7% for public schools and 13.4% and 7.0% for private ones. Guardians suspected that 11.7% of the children presented excessive weight gain. Only 11.1% of them were submitted to treatment. A percentage of 22.2% of these treatments were performed by specialized professionals. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was high and similar to some studies in Brazil; even though excessive weight gain can be recognized by children's guardians, they are not aware of the necessity of treatment.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2003

Changing prevalence of overweight children and adolescents at onset of insulin-treated diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of being overweight in black and white children and adolescents at onset of insulin-treated diabetes during two time periods: 1979-1989 (period I) and 1990-1998 (period II). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: All black children <19 years of age diagnosed with diabetes and treated with insulin at onset admitted to the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh between January 1979 and December 1998 were matched with white children by sex, age at onset, and year of diagnosis. Data were obtained from a review of medical records. Overweight was defined as BMI >or=85th percentile for age and sex. Islet cell autoantibodies were measured. RESULTS: The prevalence of being overweight increased from 12.6% (period I) to 36.8% (period II) (P = 0.0003); in whites from 2.9 to 16.6% (P = 0.04) and in blacks from 22 to 55% (P = 0.001); and in the age-group <11 years from 7.3 to 22.2% (P = 0.04) and age 11-18 years from 20 to 50% (P = 0.006). In children with at least one antibody, the prevalence of being overweight increased from 5.1 to 24.4% (P = 0.001). In the multivariate logistic regression, period of diagnosis (period II), race (black), age at onset (>or=11 years old), and absence of autoimmunity were associated with being overweight. CONCLUSIONS: At onset of the disease, the prevalence of being overweight has tripled from the 1980s to the 1990s, following the trend in the general population. Weight gain may be an accelerating factor for onset of insulin-treated diabetes and may have contributed to the increased incidence of diabetes in youth seen in some populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Serum insulin, insulin sensitivity, and erythrocyte sodium metabolism in normotensive and essential hypertensive subjects with and without overweight.

Increased insulin circulating levels and perturbations of intracellular sodium metabolism have been reported in essential hypertensive patients, leading to postulate their involvement in the pathophysiology of the disease. In-vitro studies have shown that insulin modulates the activity of some transmembrane sodium transporters. The aim of this investigation was to assess in subjects with essential hypertension and/or overweight, the levels of fasting serum insulin, the activity of sodium transporters and their possible relationships. In 18 lean normotensive, 12 overweight normotensive, 18 untreated lean essential hypertensive, and 16 untreated overweight essential hypertensive subjects, we measured the fasting levels of blood glucose and serum insulin, and calculated the glucose/insulin ratio as an index of sensitivity to insulin. In addition, in the red blood cells of these subjects, we evaluated the maximal rate of ouabain-sensitive Na/K pump, furosemide-sensitive outward Na/K cotransport, Nai/Lio countertransport, and the constant rate of passive permeability to Na. When compared to lean normotensive, overweight normotensive, lean hypertensive, and overweight hypertensive subjects exhibited significantly higher fasting insulin levels, with lower glucose/insulin ratio. No significant difference was found in the activity of Na/K pump, Na/K cotransport, and passive permeability to Na. The Nai/Lio exchange was significantly increased in both hypertensive groups. Mean blood pressure correlated positively and independently with body mass index and fasting insulinemia, and inversely with the glucose/insulin ratio. No relationships were found between blood pressure, fasting insulin levels or glucose/insulin ratio and the activity of sodium transport systems. We conclude that hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are associated with essential hypertension independently of overweight. These data lend support to the hypothesis that insulin is involved, concurrently with other factors, in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension in both lean and obese subjects.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2004

Overweight and obesity in 6-12 year old children in Switzerland.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to estimate the national prevalence of overweight and obesity in Swiss primary schoolchildren and to determine if adiposity is increasing in this age group. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional, 3-stage, probability-proportionate-to-size cluster sampling of primary schools throughout Switzerland to obtain a representative national sample of 6-12 year old children (n = 2431). Height and weight were measured and used to calculate body mass index (BMI). BMI references from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used to define adiposity. The triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thickness (SFT) was measured and used to calculate body fat percentage (BF%). BMI and BF% were compared to data from 6-12 year old Swiss children in the 1960's and 1980's. RESULTS: BMI and BF% were well correlated in both boys and girls (r2 = 0.74). Using the IOTF references, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 16.6% and 3.8% in boys and 19.1% and 3.7% in girls. Using the CDC references, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 19.9% and 7.4% in boys and 18.9% and 5.7% in girls. There was no significant age or gender difference in the prevalence of overweight or obesity. At all ages, boys and girls had 50-100% higher mean BF% than Swiss children from the 1960's and 1980's. Using the current CDC BMI references, the prevalence of overweight has increased more than 5-fold in Swiss children since the mid-1980's. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest there has been a striking increase in BF% and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Swiss children in the last two decades.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in Turkish adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine underweight, overweight and obesity prevalence in a representative sample of adolescents living in urban and rural area of central Edirne, Turkey, and to compare the 95th percentile BMI curve to the curves of other countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data concerning the height and weight of 989 adolescents, aged between 12 and 17 years were collected. The prevalence of underweight was defined as the percentage of adolescents below the 5th percentiles of the American adolescents' age and gender specific BMI; prevalence of overweight and obesity were based on the cut off points of the International Obesity Task Force values (excess of the 85th and 95th percentiles), respectively. RESULTS: This study demonstrated that the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among adolescent girls was 11.1%, 10.6% and 2.1%, respectively, while it was 14.4%, 11.3% and 1.6% for adolescent boys. In the urban area the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among adolescent girls was 10.0%, 10.3% and 2.1%, while it was 14.4%, 11.6% and 1.6% for boys, respectively. In the rural area; the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among adolescent girls was 15.7%, 12.4% and 2.2%, while it was 14.5%, 9.6% and 1.2% for boys, respectively. DISCUSSION: Analyses of data collected during these studies support that adolescents living in the city of Edirne carry relatively lower further risk of overweight and obesity than adolescents in other countries do.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Importance of identifying the overweight patient who will benefit the most by losing weight.

Because being overweight increases the risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease, the rapid increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States represents a major health problem. The relationship between overweight and obesity and these conditions is probably due to insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. However, although it is known that weight loss in insulin-resistant and hyperinsulinemic persons will be of substantial metabolic benefit, it is equally well established that many overweight and obese persons are not insulin resistant. In the absence of insulin resistance and its manifestations, the risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease is reduced and the metabolic benefit of weight loss in the substantial number of overweight persons who are insulin sensitive is relatively minimal. Consequently, it is important to identify which overweight persons are most likely to be insulin resistant by considering their family history; blood pressure; and plasma glucose, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Thoughtful use of this information will help identify the subset of persons who will benefit the most from intense therapeutic efforts to lose weight.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral and demographic correlates of diabetes, hypertension and overweight among the Catawba Indian Nation.

OBJECTIVE: In 1998, the Catawba Diabetes and Health Survey (CDHS) was conducted among adult members of the Catawba Indian Nation living in the Carolinas to determine the prevalence of diabetes and other health conditions, and to assess the population's health-related behaviors. DESIGN: A population-based sample of adult members of the Catawba Indian Nation (N = 633) were surveyed by telephone or in person regarding health status and health-related behaviors. Logistic regression was used to determine demographic and behavioral correlates of diabetes, hypertension, and overweight among the Catawba. RESULTS: Age-adjusted prevalence rates of self-reported diabetes, hypertension and overweight were 12.3%, 29.1%, and 63.8%, respectively. Older age was related to diabetes, hypertension, and overweight (P<.0001 each), and heavier weight status was related to diabetes (P = .026) and hypertension (P<.0001). Nearly 40% of the Catawba are physically inactive (29.5% men, 46.5% women). Physical inactivity was related to diabetes and hypertension among men only, and related to overweight among women only (P<.05 each). Current smoking was inversely related to overweight among men and women (P = .002). Dietary behavior was not associated with the health outcomes. CONCLUSION: Given the high rates of overweight and physical inactivity, reducing the rates of both may be very important for the health of the Catawba, considering their association with diabetes and hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Thessaloniki, Greece.

Obesity is the most prevalent nutrition-related problem in Western societies. Childhood obesity is rapidly emerging as a global epidemic that will have profound public health consequences, as overweight children become overweight adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in the city of Thessaloniki, and evaluate the trends in Greece by comparing our results to those of other cross-sectional studies. Data concerning the height and weight of 2,458 schoolchildren aged 6 to 17 years (1,226 6-10 years, 1,232 11-17 years) of 27 primary and secondary public schools were collected. BMI was calculated from the two measurements. In the analyses, the estimations of the prevalence of overweight and obesity are based on recently established international BMI percentile curves and cut-off points from 2-18 years. To investigate the secular trends in obesity in Greece, data of schoolchildren from four successive surveys were used. In the younger group (6-10 yr), the prevalence of overweight and obesity were 25.3% and 5.6%, while for adolescents (11-17 yr) they were 19.0% and 2.6%, respectively. The prevalence was 25.9% and 5.1% for all males, and 19.1% and 3.2% for all females, respectively. As far as trends are concerned, an increase of BMI was found among males when the results of our survey were compared with those of the previous three. However, the trends for girls are different. An increase was found when the results of our study were compared with 1942. A decrease of BMI at most ages was found when the results of our study were compared with those of the 1982 survey, while an increase was recorded only for younger girls below 13 years compared to the 1984-5 study. This study demonstrates that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren is 22.2% and 4.1%, respectively, and has been increasing in the last decades, especially among boys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Relative weight classifications in the assessment of underweight and overweight in the United States.

We compared five recent relative weight classifications based on body mass index for their estimates of prevalence of underweight and overweight in the adult population of the United States and for their ability to predict subsequent morbidity and mortality. The sources of the classifications were: the 1990 Dietary Guidelines for Americans of the US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services, the National Academy of Sciences, the National Center for Health Statistics, the World Health Organization, and the Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfare. These classifications were applied to the body mass index distributions of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976-1980) and to the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1982-1984). Depending on classification, a wide range of prevalence for the total population was found: 9-17% of the US population were categorized as underweight, and 25-45% were categorized as overweight. White women had the highest prevalence of underweight in all but the National Center for Health Statistics classification. Black and Mexican American women had the highest prevalence of overweight under all classifications (range: 38.4-58.6%). Associations with health outcomes were determined using all cause hospitalization and mortality in the 1971-1987 follow-up of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Underweight and overweight as defined by the National Academy of Sciences classification had the highest population attributable risk for hospitalization and death: 5.0% of hospitalizations and 11.0% of deaths among men and 4.2% of hospitalizations and 11.4% of deaths among women were associated with weights outside the healthy range. Under this classification a greater proportion of both hospitalizations and mortality were associated with overweight than underweight. For all classifications, a higher proportion of hospitalizations were associated with overweight than underweight. All classifications performed better at predicting death than hospitalization.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Relationship between mutation of exon G894 T of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene and overweight to essential hypertension].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the 7th exon G894T mutation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene and overweight in patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Totally, 116 patients with essential hypertension taking no medications and 136 normotensives were selected from a steel workers as study subjects. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism were performed to detect mutation of the 7th exon G894T. Additive model was used to analyze interaction between G894T mutation and overweight on hypertension. Population attributable risk percent (PAR%) for them, etiologic fraction, was applied to their contribution to hypertension. RESULTS: There was a positive interaction between G894T mutation and overweight on essential hypertension, with an index of interaction of 1.99 and attributable interaction percent of 30.76%. Their pure attributable interaction percent was 36.38%. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that there still was positive interaction between G894T mutation and overweight on essential hypertension, adjusted for age, sex, smoking and alcohol drinking. Index of their attributable interaction was 2.85, with attributable interaction percent of 39.97%, also adjusted for the above-mentioned factors. Their pure attributable interaction percent was 46.49% and PAR% was estimated as about 15% under certain condition. CONCLUSIONS: Interaction between mutation of the 7th exon G894T of eNOS gene and overweight played an important role in essential hypertension of the studied population. Control of body weight in the population with both G894T mutation and overweight could markedly decrease their risk of hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity. Summary of the advisory report by the Health Council of The Netherlands.

This article presents the highlights of an advisory report on the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity. The report, which was produced by the Health Council of The Netherlands, incorporates the most recent developments and projected scientific breakthroughs in this field. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has taken on epidemic proportions. In The Netherlands, as elsewhere, there is a steady rise in the number of individuals suffering from overweight or obesity. Since it is associated with serious health problems, obesity (and to a lesser extent overweight) leads to increased costs for the healthcare system. Food consumption surveys and studies on time trends in physical activity patterns have revealed that the increased prevalence of obesity is due to an increasing lack of exercise, combined with relative overconsumption. A healthy diet (including plenty of fruit, vegetables and cereal products) and at least one hour a day of moderate physical activity are recommended for the maintenance of energy balance and for the prevention of weight gain. While genetic factors play a part in the development of overweight and obesity, environmental factors appear to be of overriding importance. The so-called 'obesogenic environment' prompts individuals to eat more and to take less exercise. There are still no effective intervention strategies for the prevention of weight gain. However, the explosive increase in the prevalence of obesity and of its associated serious medical problems demands a common-sense approach involving preventive interventions, which are based on modern views of health promotion. These interventions require a broad coalition of actors, in which local and national authorities, industry, the healthcare system and the population at risk must each shoulder their own share of responsibility. The primary aim of obesity treatment should be a long-lasting weight loss of about 10%. Even this relatively small weight loss can produce significant health gains. Treatment methods must involve an integrated (lifestyle) approach, dependent on the amount of overweight involved and on the presence of comorbidity. Obesity should be treated chronically and prevention of weight regain must be part of any obesity treatment programme.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnosis of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren: utilization of the body mass index international standard].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the agreement between the body mass index international standard and body fat for the diagnosis of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren. METHODS: 528 schoolchildren between 6 and 10 years of age, of both sexes, had their weight and height measured. They were then classified as normal, underweight, overweight or obese using the body fat index for age. Body fat was estimated based on the sum of triceps and subscapular, triceps and calf skinfold measurements and waist and hip circumference. RESULTS: Overweight and obesity were found in 21.2% of the girls and 18.8% of the boys. The average percentage of body fat in the normal children (17.7%) was statistically different from that of overweight (27%) and obese (29.4%) children (p < 0.02). The average waist and hip circumference also differed significantly between normal boys and girls (56.9 cm and 67.7 cm) and overweight children (65.9 cm and 77 cm) (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between groups in terms of average waist to hip ratio. The percentage of body fat, waist and hip circumference were significantly correlated with body mass index (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Body mass index for age was an adequate indicator of overweight and obesity in group studied, with a good agreement with body fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Prevention and treatment of overweight in children and adolescents.

Overweight in childhood and adolescence is an important public health issue because of its rapidly increasing prevalence and associated adverse medical and social consequences. Recent studies have estimated that 15 percent of children in the United States are at risk for overweight, and an additional 15 percent are overweight. Important predictors of overweight include age, sex, race/ethnicity, and parental weight status. Generally, school-based prevention programs are not successful in reducing the prevalence of obesity. Treatment interventions include behavioral therapy, reduction in sedentary behavior, and nutrition and physical activity education. These interventions are moderately successful but may not be generalized to the primary care setting. Family physicians should focus on identifying at-risk and overweight children and adolescents at an early stage and educating families about the health consequences of being overweight. Interventions should be tailored to the patient and involve the entire family.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Defining overweight in children using growth charts.

Although the increase in pediatric overweight has paralleled the increase in obesity among adults, the definitions of obesity in adults and overweight in children are not the same. Empirically determined fixed cutoffs that identify increased risk are used for adults while statistical definitions based on reference populations are used for children. A variety of reference-data sets for BMI in childhood exist. In the United States, the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI-for-age growth charts are recommended for screening of overweight and at-risk for overweight in childhood. For children and teens ages two to 19 years, overweight is defined as a BMI-for-age > or = 95th percentile and atrisk for overweight is defined as a BMI-for-age between the 85th and 95th percentiles. The 2000 CDC growth charts provide a growth reference, not a prescriptive standard, for U.S. children.

Anthropometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Overweight influence on circadian variations of ambulatory blood pressure in Chinese adolescents.

Childhood obesity and its consequences have been the subject of intense interest in recent years. In this study we examined the influence of overweight on circadian variations of ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in Chinese adolescents. First, 24-hr ABP monitoring was performed in 252 adolescents divided into two groups with equivalent sex, age, and body height (49 girls and 77 boys in each group): controls (normal weight) were aged 13.68 +/- 1.21 years, height 165.37 +/- 9.45 cm, body mass index (BMI) 18.82 +/- 2.3; overweights (BMI > or = 24) were aged 13.71 +/- 1.23 years, height 165.75 +/- 9.47 cm, BMI 27.70 +/- 3.1. ABP recordings were treated by ABP database system and analyzed by cosinor method and conventional statistics methods. The circadian variations of ABP in adolescent patterned as "dipper" and circadian rhythmicity of ABP variations were confirmed by cosinor analysis in most adolescents of both groups. Significant statistical differences were found for rhythm parameters: the MESOR (midline estimate statistic of rhythm), peak, trough (the maximum and minimum values derived from the composed curves, respectively), and amplitude values between control and overweight groups. Significant higher values also were seen in the overweight group for most of ABP parameters (p < .01), such as, BP means (SBP, DBP, MAP: mean arterial pressure, or PP: pulse pressure), BP variability, BP loads and rate-pressure product (HR x SBP). Our results have shown that overweight influenced significantly on ABP and parameters derived from ABP recordings in Chinese adolescents, which suggests an increasing risk of cardiovascular diseases in overweight adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

High prevalence of overweight and obesity in women of Islamshahr, Iran.

This study determined the prevalence of overweight, overall and central obesity in female adolescents and women and their possible association with marital status, occupation, literacy, parity, daily meal and snack consumption. The study was a cross-sectional, random survey of households. Rural and urban areas of Islamshahr district in Iran were selected and 1003 female adolescents and women aged 10-65 years were studied. The frequency of overweight and obesity were similar in rural and urban areas. On the basis of body mass index (BMI), more than 19% of adolescents were overweight or at risk of it and 66.8% of adult females were overweight or obese. Frequency of central obesity [waist to hip ratio (WHR) > or = 0.85]was 35.7% in all females. The mean BMI was significantly higher in married women and in women with less than 8 years of formal education. The mean WHR was significantly higher in women with less than 8 years of education or with more than 6 parity female adults. In addition, the mean BMIs and WHRs were significantly higher in women without any daily snack consumption. Overweight and obesity was very common in adult females of Islam shahr thus prevention of overweight and obesity through a healthy diet and increased physical activity should now be an important priority area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Children and teens told by doctors that they were overweight--United States, 1999-2002.

The percentage of children and teens aged 6-19 years in the United States who are overweight nearly tripled to 16% during 1980-2002. Overweight and obese children and teens are at greater risk for many comorbid conditions, both immediate and long-term. Their risk is approximately 10 times greater than that of normal weight children for hypertension in young adulthood, three to eight times greater for dyslipidemias, and more than twice as great for diabetes mellitus. To determine what percentage of overweight children (or their parents) and teens were ever told their weight status by doctors or other health-care professionals, CDC analyzed data from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which determined that 36.7% of overweight children and teens aged 2-19 years had been told by a doctor or other health-care professional that they were overweight, and teens aged 16-19 years were more likely to be told than parents of children aged 2-11 years. By discussing weight status with overweight patients and their parents, pediatric health-care providers might help these patients implement lifelong improvements in diet and physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neighbourhood socio-economic status and the prevalence of overweight Canadian children and youth.

BACKGROUND: The purposes of this study are to determine (i) if neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) is systematically related to the prevalence of overweight children and youth in Canada, (ii) if the factors accounting for the apparent relationship have face validity, and (iii) if neighbourhood SES has an independent influence on this distribution. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from Cycle 4 (2000/2001) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth were used. Children and youth aged 5 to 17 were included. Overweight was established using age and sex cut-off points. Neighbourhood socioeconomic data were obtained from the Statistics Canada 2001 Dissemination Area databases and SES quartiles constructed using a composite of socio-economic variables. Hierarchical non-linear modelling was used to test for independent neighbourhood effects. RESULTS: A gradient of increasing overweight prevalence by decreasing neighbourhood SES quartiles was observed (24% high SES, 30% mid-high SES, 33% mid-low SES, 35% low SES). Controlling for individual age, gender, family income and education hierarchical analysis found that a child's odds of being overweight increases if living in a low versus a high SES neighbourhood (OR=1.29, 95% CI=1.14-1.46). INTERPRETATION: The prevalence of child and youth overweight in Canada is inversely and statistically significantly related to neighbourhood SES. Independent effects indicate that neighbourhood characteristics directly influence the odds of being overweight. This research suggests that consideration of opportunity structures that exist in different types of neighbourhoods is fundamentally important to health promotion and disease prevention strategies.

Adolescent↗