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PubMed1991

The relationship among guilt, dysphoria, anxiety and obsessions in a normal population--an attempted replication.

The results of a previous study indicated that guilt as rated on the Perceived Guilt Index (PGI), predicted unpleasant intrusive thoughts, but self-reported anxiety and depression did not. In the present investigation, subjects indicated whether or not they experienced both pleasant and unpleasant intrusive thoughts, their frequency and a rating of how pleasant or unpleasant these thoughts were. They also completed self report ratings of depression, anxiety, obsessional ritualizing, and the PGI. Results of a regression analysis indicate that the best standardised questionnaire predictor of unpleasant intrusive thoughts is depression as rated on the BDI, and anxiety as rated on the BAI. The best standardised questionnaire predictor of pleasant intrusive thoughts is low anxiety. The PGI does not independently predict pleasant or unpleasant intrusive thoughts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Depressive, anxious and intrusive thoughts in psychiatric inpatients and outpatients.

A revised form of the Distressing Thoughts Questionnaire as well as standardized self-report measures of depression, anxiety and obsessionality were administered to a large sample of psychiatric inpatients, outpatients and non-clinical controls. A subsample of the clinical subjects completed the questionnaire battery after 3 months. Factor analysis identified three distinct dimensions of negative thinking which corresponded to anxious, depressive and intrusive thoughts. Further analysis revealed that the intrusive thoughts differed from the anxious and depressive negative automatic thoughts in terms of their reduced association with psychopathology, increased temporal stability and nonspecific association with negative affect in general. These findings suggest that by adopting a more specific focus on obsessive-like ego-dystonic intrusive thoughts, researchers will be in a better position to investigate the role of this phenomena in the development of clinical obsessions.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Obsessive intrusive thoughts in nonclinical subjects. Part I. Content and relation with depressive, anxious and obsessional symptoms.

The present study reports on the development and preliminary validation of a 52 item self-report instrument designed to assess intrusive thoughts, images and impulses that are similar to the aggressive, sexual and disease-related thinking characteristic of clinical obsessions. Two hundred and ninety-three students completed the Obsessive Intrusions Inventory (OII) as well as standard self-report measures of negative cognitions and obsessive, anxious and depressive symptoms. Regression analysis revealed that intrusive thinking was a significant and unique predictor of obsessional but not anxious or depressive symptoms. Furthermore, intrusive thinking showed a moderate correlation with anxious but not depressive cognitions. The results indicate that the intrusive thoughts assessed by the OII are distinct from other forms of negative thinking and may, in fact, constitute an analogue form of clinical obsessions in nonclinical populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Qualitative dimensions of normal worry and normal obsessions: a comparative study.

Despite the crucial role typically given to negative thoughts in cognitive conceptualizations of emotional problems, few studies have compared the characteristics of varieties of such thoughts. The present study compared the process features of naturally occurring worries and obsessions in a non-patient group. Analyses of variance revealed several significant differences between these types of thought. The relationship between worries and obsessions, and the clinical and conceptual importance of the observed differences is briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Some further studies on the prediction of experimental colds in volunteers by psychological factors.

An analysis of the incidence of colds in volunteers, exposed experimentally to various rhinovirus and influenza virus challenges, confirmed an earlier report that assessments of virus shedding show a higher degree of infection by rhinovirus in Introverts than they do in Extroverts. The influenza trials however did not show such an effect. In addition, people with higher scores on a widely used self-report inventory of mild psychoneurotic symptoms tended to show more evidence of increased nasal secretion after infection by either type of virus. The specific scale showing the latter effect most clearly was that of Obsessional Symptoms. Taking account of these psychological factors greatly increased the sensitivity of a study of the beneficial effects of interferon.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1989

Personality changes after gastric banding surgery for morbid obesity. A prospective study.

89 morbidly obese patients completed the Basic Character Inventory before and 1 and 3 years after horizontal gastric banding surgery. The aim of the study was to compare preoperative scores of personality traits with those of a normal population, and to examine any change in scores on the different personality traits at the follow-up tests. There was a uniform tendency to higher scores on the Oral cluster traits (Self-doubt, Insecurity, Sensitivity, Dependence, Compliance and Emotional instability) among the patients compared to normals. There was a general significant decrease in the post-operative scores on the Oral cluster traits present already at the 1 year follow-up, most pronounced for Self-doubt, Insecurity and Sensitivity. On the other hand there was a significant increase in the postoperative scores on the Obsessive traits: Parsimony and Orderliness. As a group these patients did not show any adverse changes in their personality traits, on the contrary they seemed less neurotic and possibly exerted more control of their situation after the operation and weight loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Empirical psychological modeling of chest pain: a comparative study.

In this study the psychological profiles of 67 patients with noncardiac chest pain (NCA) and 47 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were analyzed to construct an empirical-psychological model that would be able to discriminate these two groups. All patients were suffering from chest pain at the time of referral by their general practitioner. The noncardiac patients were significantly younger, more often female, single, and nonsmokers. The two groups differed significantly on anxiety, somatization, obsessive compulsive behavior, psychoneuroticism, and hyperventilation. Logistic regression analysis on the variables jointly, showed that age, gender, anxiety, and hyperventilation contributed significantly to the model for discriminating between the two groups. Crossvalidation showed that the constructed model was stable.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Self-report measures of obsessionality, depression and social anxiety in a school population of adolescents.

The results are reported for a non-clinical school population of 252 adolescent subjects, aged 13 to 15 years, responding to the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the List of Social Situation Problems (LSSP). The scales intercorrelated significantly but appear to measure different aspects of self perception. No significant age or gender effects emerged in any. The results obtained are compared with those of previous studies and the use of the MOCI in adolescent populations discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

'Obsessed with goals': functions and mechanisms of teleological interpretation of actions in humans.

Humans show a strong and early inclination to interpret observed behaviours of others as goal-directed actions. We identify two main epistemic functions that this 'teleological obsession' serves: on-line prediction and social learning. We show how teleological action interpretations can serve these functions by drawing on two kinds of inference ('action-to-goal' or 'goal-to-action'), and argue that both types of teleological inference constitute inverse problems that can only be solved by further assumptions. We pinpoint the assumptions that the three currently proposed mechanisms of goal attribution (action-effect associations, simulation procedures, and teleological reasoning) imply, and contrast them with the functions they are supposed to fulfil. We argue that while action-effect associations and simulation procedures are generally well suited to serve on-line action monitoring and prediction, social learning of new means actions and artefact functions requires the inferential productivity of teleological reasoning.

Cognition↗
PubMed2005

Psychometric validation of the obsessive belief questionnaire and interpretation of intrusions inventory--Part 2: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version.

The Obsessive Belief Questionnaire (OBQ) and the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory (III) were designed to assess beliefs and appraisals considered critical to the pathogenesis of obsessions. In previous reports we have described the construction and psychometric properties of these measures. In this study a battery of questionnaires assessing anxiety, depression, and obsessive compulsive symptoms was completed by 410 outpatients diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder, 105 non-obsessional anxious patients, 87 non-clinical adults from the community, and 291 undergraduate students. Items from 6 theoretically derived subscales of the OBQ were submitted to factor analysis. Three factors emerged reflecting (1) Responsibility and threat estimation, (2) Perfectionism and intolerance for uncertainty, and (3) Importance and control of thoughts. A 44-item version (OBQ-44) composed of high-loading items from the 3 factors showed good internal consistency and criterion-related validity in clinical and non-clinical samples. Subscales showed less overlap than original scales. Factor analysis of the III yielded a single factor, suggesting the total score be used in lieu of the 3 rationally derived subscales. The scales performed well on tests of convergent validity. Discriminant validity was promising; hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the OBQ subscales and III generally predicted OC symptoms after controlling for general distress. A revision of the OBQ, the OBQ-44, is included in the appendix

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Post-traumatic stress disorder and other co-morbidities in a sample population of patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND: High rates of psychiatric co-morbidity have been reported in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been reported in fibromyalgia, a disorder also associated with IBS. The primary aim of this study was to assess the frequency of PTSD in IBS patients. METHODS: Sixty-four patients who fulfilled the Rome II diagnostic criteria for IBS were asked to complete questionnaires measuring the prevalence and severity of symptoms of PTSD and psychological distress. RESULTS: Although 86% of IBS patients reported a traumatic life experience, only 7.8% met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. High rates of somatization, obsessive-compulsive behavior, interpersonal sensitivity, and anxiety symptoms were seen among the IBS patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results show a lower than expected prevalence of PTSD among IBS patients, which is similar to that of the general population. Thus, we did not find that PTSD is over-represented in a sample population of IBS patients.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Sleep-disordered breathing in Prader-Willi syndrome and its association with neurobehavioral abnormalities.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and type of sleep-disordered breathing among patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and its relationship to such neurobehavioral abnormalities as mental retardation, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and conduct disorders. STUDY DESIGN: Polysomnography (PSG) studies were conducted in 13 unselected subjects with PWS (age 1.5 to 28 years). PSG results were compared with tests of behavior and cognition (Development Behavior Checklist [DBC], Auditory Continuous Performance Test [ACPT], and Wechsler Intelligence Scale appropriate for age). RESULTS: Nine of 13 (69%) subjects had > 10 apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep. Apart from a 2-year-old subject with normal body weight who demonstrated severe central hypopnea in rapid eye movement sleep, the sleep-breathing disturbance was due to upper airway obstruction. Age-adjusted body mass index was associated with more severe hypoxemia during sleep (min SaO2, r = -.87, P < .005) and more sleep disruption (arousals/hour of sleep, r = .62, P < .05; sleep efficiency, r = -.66, P < .05). Increasing severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or sleep disturbance was associated with daytime inactivity/sleepiness and autistic-relating behavior (DBC) and with impulsiveness (ACPT). Unexpectedly, sleep hypoxemia appeared to be predictive of increased performance IQ. CONCLUSIONS: OSA is prevalent among subjects with PWS and is associated with increased body mass, daytime inactivity/ sleepiness, and some behavioral disturbances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Executive functioning in anorexia nervosa: exploration of the role of obsessionality, depression and starvation.

Cognitive deficits related to executive functioning have been previously identified in anorexia nervosa (AN). Currently, there is limited knowledge about the degree to which other variables related to AN or executive function may influence the observed relationships. The present study examined three groups of participants, women with AN (n=22), and two control groups: women who were high in obessionality (n=20) and women who were low in obsessionality (n=21). Women reporting disordered eating over the previous 4 weeks were screened out of the control groups. Executive function was measured using the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) and the uses of common objects test (UCOT). In addition, depression, obsessionality and body mass index were measured. Initial analyses showed no significant differences between the groups on executive function, but moderate effect sizes were obtained for performance on UCOT total perseverations and WCST total trials. When controlling for either depression or obsessionality, the group differences on the UCOT total perseverations became significant and in the case of depression attained a large effect size. Both the AN and high obsessional groups showed significantly more perseverations than the low obsessional group. Depression appeared to suppress variance that was irrelevant to the prediction of perseverance thus enhancing the importance of group membership. It is recommended that variables strongly associated with AN be investigated in future research as this may clarify the relationship between AN and executive function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Evidence of an association of leptin serum levels and craving in alcohol dependence.

Recent studies have described an association of leptin serum levels and craving in alcohol dependent patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate a large patients' sample using a power-based statistical analysis. We included 156 male and 33 female patients suffering from alcohol dependence admitted for detoxification treatment. Leptin serum levels were measured using a commercial ELISA kit. The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) was used to assess alcohol craving at admission. For both genders Spearman's correlation revealed significant results. These findings could be confirmed using multiple linear regression models (males: r=1.881, t=4.338, p<0.001; females: r=6.160, t=5.793, p<0.001) with a power of 1.00. In contrast to previous results describing an association only in female patients, this power-based analysis shows that leptin is associated with alcohol craving in both genders.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between tourette syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and stimulant medication: a critical review.

The relationship between tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is of great clinical importance because both disorders can lead to emotional, social, and academic difficulties. To further complicate this interrelationship is the concern that the use of psychostimulant medication to treat ADHD will help the hyperactivity and attention problems but will lead to the onset of tics or will worsen preexisting tics. The first part of this review investigates how often Tourette syndrome (TS) is associated with ADHD and finds that ADHD has been reported in 35% to 90% of children with TS. The second part of the review looks at whether the ADHD seen in TS is the same as in children who do not have tics. Recent studies lead to the conclusion that the ADHD seen in TS is the same, although the attentional difficulties seen in TS are influenced also by the distraction of the tics themselves as well as by internal distractions such as is seen in comorbid anxiety or obsessive-compulsive behavior. The final part of the review investigates the question of whether psychostimulants worsen or cause tics. Twenty-two studies were found that investigated this possible relationship. Earlier studies were confounded by the natural pattern seen in TS in which tics spontaneously wax and wane in occurrence, intensity, and frequency. More recent double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have shown that psychostimulants are equally effective in improving ADHD symptoms whether the disorder is associated with tics or not. When group data are analyzed, there is no significant increase in tics when psychostimulants are used in patients with tics compared with controls. Individual patients, however, may experience an increase in tics. This increase is not appreciated in analysis of group data. In conclusion, it is medically appropriate to provide treatment with psychostimulant medication in persons with tics where the ADHD symptoms are significantly disturbing their quality of life.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Instructed neutralization, spontaneous neutralization and prevented neutralization after an obsession-like thought.

Building on two earlier experiments (Behav. Res. Ther. 34 (1996) 889; 39 (2001) 1439) the present study investigated the effects of neutralizing the consequences of an obsession-like thought in healthy participants. Just like in the earlier studies, writing out and thinking over such a thought generated anxiety. After this provocation, 40 of the 120 participants were instructed to neutralize the effects of the thought for 2 min, 40 participants did not receive a particular instruction, and the remaining 40 participants were instructed to do mental arithmetic aloud so as to prevent "spontaneous" attempts at neutralizing the thought. The no instruction group reported that they neutralized (spontaneously) to the same degree as the group that was instructed to neutralize. Within 2 min, anxiety decreased to near base line levels and there were no differences between the three conditions. When the groups were asked to bring the obsession-like thought back to consciousness again, anxiety increased slightly. Yet, contrary to expectation, this increase in anxiety did not discriminate the "neutralization prevention" group from the other two groups. Limitations of the paradigm as a model for clinical obsessions are discussed.

Adult↗