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PubMed1985

Occupational therapy's domain of concern: reconsidered.

This paper focuses on the domain of concern part of a professional model presented by Mosey in her book Occupational Therapy: Configuration of a Profession (Raven, 1981). Based on additional review of the literature, I suggest two principal alterations. A change in core versus parameter. "Human occupation" replaces "occupational performance" and is presented as the core of the domain of concern because this is the focus of occupational therapy practice; the "performance components" defined here as "competence components" actually serve as a parameter of practice. A reconceptualization of two parameters: "time" and "cultural environment." Time should be considered a separate parameter, including categories of time practice, balance of activities over time, and time perspective. Cultural environment is perceived as a parameter that is composed of four categories: the symbolic, social, physical, and natural environments. This paper emphasizes the interrelatedness of all parts of the model and points out the qualitative differences between the parameters.

Culture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors influencing entry-level occupational therapists' attitudes toward persons with disabilities.

Negative attitudes exhibited by rehabilitation professionals could have adverse consequences for persons with disabilities in their achievement of desired outcomes. Because occupational therapists are in a position to exert considerable influence in the therapeutic relationship, this study explored entry-level occupational therapy practitioners' equal status contact with and attitudes toward persons with disabilities. METHOD. Questionnaires were sent to 402 entry-level occupational therapists. These questionnaires consisted of: a demographic scale, the Disability Social Distance Scale, the Contact With Disabled Persons Scale, and a Similarity Scale (constructed for this study to evaluate the concept of equal status). Data analysis explored the relationship between 172 respondents' equal status perception and contact with persons with disabilities and their attitudes toward persons with disabilities. RESULTS. Respondents exhibited generally positive attitudes toward persons with disabilities. Perceived equality, personal and professional contact, and the majority of demographic factors were not significantly correlated with their attitudes toward persons with disabilities. Respondents who specified working with persons without disabilities in the wellness capacity exhibited more positive attitudes than those working with persons with biomechanical and neurological disabilities. In addition, respondents who had a greater frequency of professional contact with persons with disabilities also appeared to experience more personal contact with persons with disabilities. CONCLUSION. Entry-level occupational therapists' attitudes toward persons with disabilities may not only be influenced by parameters of the contact variable but also by the profession's holistic philosophy, the occupational therapy educational curricula, and the personal characteristics of those who choose to pursue a career in occupational therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The gay librarian: a comparative analysis of attitudes towards professional gender issues.

Librarianship is a feminized profession, and like teaching, nursing, and social work with which it shares the occupational traits of a "semi-profession," its low status and prestige have been attributed to a negative feminine image. To date, discussion of a corresponding male librarian image, general male issues, and the broader topic of gender issues has been minimal within the profession, while serious discussion of gay male librarians and their professional identity has been virtually nil. This study compares the responses of straight and self-identified gay males to an exploratory survey of male members of the American Library Association. The topics covered by the survey include reasons for entry into the field, the existence and identity of a male librarian stereotype, and gender issues generally, including gender stratification of work and sexual discrimination and/or harassment. Self-identified gay subjects share many characteristics in common with the straight cohort, including the identification of a gay male stereotype and some denial surrounding gender equity issues. On the other hand, the tentative findings of this exploratory study raise the question of whether both gay and straight male subjects overestimate the number of gay men in librarianship. The report concludes with an update on gay issues within the profession since the survey was completed, and recommendations for further research.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Reflections on power and justice in enabling occupation.

BACKGROUND: This descriptive paper offers reflections on power and justice associated with occupational therapy's client-centred practice, now described as the practice of enabling occupation. Framed as a contribution to the sociology of professions, the questions addressed are: How do power and justice work in occupational therapy today? What vision of power and justice guides the profession in implementing the client-centred practice of enabling occupation? METHOD: The paper opens with an overview of the analytic framework for reflections. Two sources for reflections are highlighted: the development of the Canadian guidelines and, client/consumer and occupational therapy perspectives. To illustrate the discussion of power and justice, two contrasting diagrams are presented, one on late 20th century power relations and the other on potential power relations. RESULTS: Recommendations for research, education, practice, and guidelines development are offered prior to a conclusion that acknowledges the dissonance facing occupational therapists who struggle to focus on occupations in client-centred practice. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The paper offers insights and strategies for addressing power and justice as issues in implementing the client-centred practice of enabling occupation. The analysis may be used in raising awareness and guiding the strategic development of institutional change toward social inclusion and enabling occupation.

Canada↗
PubMed1994

[Contact allergies in medical occupations].

Based on reports in the literature, data from the information network of German dermatology centres (Informationsverbund Dermatologischer Kliniken) and the authors own findings, a review is presented on prevalence, clinical picture and causative agents of contact allergic dermatoses in health care professions. In 1991 the proportion of suspected occupational diseases in the health care professions (including hairdressers) represented by cases of dermatitis, as reported to the responsible insurance institution, reached 72% of the total for the year (7287 out of 10127). Every 20th to 40th case was recognized as an occupational dermatosis according to German law. Accurate figures on incidence are scarce; for dentists an incidence of 0.11% has been calculated. The risk of developing occupational hand eczema has been shown to be at least three times higher for nurses than for other so-called dry professions. For persons engaged in the personal care of the ill and the elderly, relevant occupational allergens were found to be benzalkonium chloride and aldehydes in disinfectants, as well as rubber accelerators such as thiuram mix. Latex contact urticaria has increasing significance for medical personnel, with prevalence rates of sensitization between 4.5% and 10.7%. Among physicians, contact allergies to thiuram mix were found to be dominant (12.9%). For surgeons and orthopaedic surgeons, methyl methacrylate as a constituent of bone cement is of great importance. Various esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are important sensitizers in the dental professions, particularly in heavily exposed dental laboratory technicians. Only a few gloves protect against these types of sensitizers. Sensitizations by medicaments can be avoided in most cases by reducing direct skin contact, as practiced with penicillin or ispaghula powder. Strategies of prevention include information of atopics regarding the increase in occupational dermatitis, the regular use of barrier creams, intensive skin care after work and avoidance of irritants and allergens wherever possible.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2006

Brief report: Influenza vaccination and health care workers in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To determine influenza vaccination rates among U.S. health care workers (HCWs) by demographic and occupational categories. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: We analyzed data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Weighted multivariable analyses were used to evaluate the association between HCW occupation and other variables potentially related to receipt of influenza vaccination. HCWs were categorized based on standard occupational classifications as health-diagnosing professions, health-assessing professions, health aides, health technicians; or health administrators. MAIN INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Demographic characteristics and occupation category. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: Receipt of influenza vaccination within 12 months of survey. ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics and weighted multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 1,651 HCWs in the final sample. The overall influenza vaccination rate for HCWs was 38%. After weighted multivariable analyses, HCWs who were under 50 (odds ratio [OR] 0.67%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50 to 0.89, compared with HCWs 50 to 64), black (OR 0.57 95% CI: 0.42, 0.78, compared with white HCWs), or were health aides (OR 0.73%, 95% CI: 0.51, 1.04, compared with health care administrators and administrative support staff) had lower odds of having been vaccinated against influenza. CONCLUSIONS: The overall influenza vaccination rate among HCWs in the United States is low. Workers who are under 50, black, or health aides have the lowest rates of vaccinations. Interventions seeking to improve HCW vaccination rates may need to target these specific subgroups.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

[Asthma in industry: what products? What professions?].

Some examples of chemicals and occupational asthma are summarized. Industrial asthma are characterized by a large number of risks in relation with a large number of chemicals and uses. Occupational physicians are well informed of risks and work practices in the factories.

Asthma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing the instructional skills of new faculty members in occupational therapy.

During the past 5 years, the American Occupational Therapy Association, American Occupational Therapy Foundation, and Medical University of South Carolina worked together to promote the instructional performance of new faculty members within the profession. This article describes the development and progression of initiatives for more than 300 new faculty members in occupational therapy and the characteristics of those who participated. On the basis of experience gained with these new faculty members, we recommend that the profession of occupational therapy adopt a more systematic approach to conceptualizing, planning, and orchestrating the range of faculty development activities needed by academicians; develop strategies to socialize and encourage prospective faculty members to develop the necessary academic qualifications sooner in their careers; and explore ways in which experienced academicians from other fields can be enticed into our own to strengthen existing faculties.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

General nursing and occupational health nursing: a comparison of scientific progress.

Education, research, theory development, and scientific knowledge development are indices that can be used to measure scientific progress. The progress of occupational health nursing science has followed the progress of general nursing science by a period of 20 years. A critical mass of doctorally prepared occupational health nurses is necessary for the scientific development of the profession. Federal funding of doctoral programs in occupational health is needed to increase these numbers. Occupational health nursing has established research priorities. Acting on these priorities will help develop scientifically based nursing practice.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Occupational stress among Canadian orthodontists.

The occupational stress associated with many professions, including general dentistry, has been well researched. An anonymous, self-administered, mail-out survey was distributed to Canadian orthodontists. The survey included 67 potential stressors, an overall occupational stress score, an overall job satisfaction scale, and items addressing various characteristics of the respondents. The response rate was 51.2% (335/654). Pronounced differences were found between the respondents in the evaluation of potential stressors and the overall occupational stress score. The category of stressors with the highest mean severity of stress scores was time-related stressors. The stressors with high mean severity scores and high mean frequency scores were as follows: falling behind schedule, trying to keep to a schedule, constant time pressures, patients with broken appliances, and motivating patients with poor OH and/or decalcification. Stepwise multiple regression determined a model, involving overall job satisfaction, age, participation in a study group, hours worked per week, part-time academics, days of continuing education per year, and participation in stress management, to account for 35.9% of the variation in overall occupational stress scores. The results indicate the importance of time-management skills in reducing occupational stress, but other factors seem to have more effect on reported occupational stress than do the characteristics addressed by this survey.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

[Assessment of probability of vibration disease caused by local vibration taking into consideration concomitant factors].

The article sets forth a theoretical basis for the evaluation of the probability of vibration disease caused by local vibration, with due account of the concomitant factors and with recommendations with regard to the assessment of the aggravating and normalizing factors. Basing on the original data and medical literature information, the contributors provided formulae and charts for the assessment of vibration disease, risks caused by noise, cold microclimate, physical overload, and cigarette smoking as an individual factor. A concept was proposed with regard to the risk-free dosage. The concept was viewed as a new hygienic and occupational category, which facilitated evaluating the real occupational risk levels for any profession and their consequent minimizing.

Cold Climate↗
PubMed2004

Interprofessional vs. interdisciplinary services in school-based occupational therapy practice.

Interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary service is strongly advocated in school-based occupational therapy practice. The terms, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary, however, are not accurate in their use. This paper examines the difference between the terms of discipline and profession and recommends the more precise and appropriate use of interprofession and transprofession related to school-based occupational therapy practice. Occupational therapy is a profession, not a discipline. Using the terms of interprofession and transprofession can benefit the occupational therapy profession by increasing language use precision, facilitating professionalism, and improving interprofessional interactions and collaborations based upon accuracy.

Child↗
PubMed2006

The compatibility of future doctors' career intentions with changing health care demands.

BACKGROUND: In the Netherlands the medical education system is in the process of being transformed to establish a more demand-oriented health care system. This transformation may entail the occupational restructuring of the medical profession. Meanwhile, on the supply side, the career intentions of future doctors are also changing. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to categorise medical students' prevailing career intentions and to examine to what extent newly proposed medical occupations that may be part of the transformation process correspond with these career intentions. METHODS: We carried out expert interviews and a feedback round to gain input for a survey among students. From the demand perspective, 11 experts proposed non-traditional medical occupations and evaluated these on the basis of job characteristics relevant to a doctor's career choice. Subsequently, students from 5 universities filled out a questionnaire to rate these job characteristics by their importance and the proposed occupations' attractiveness. Results Four different clusters of career intentions were categorised as patient-oriented expert, career-oriented specialist, lifestyle-oriented generalist, and balance-seeking realist. These clusters differ in terms of the ways in which students feel attracted to the proposed occupations. The career-oriented specialists feel least attracted and the lifestyle-oriented generalists most attracted to the occupations. DISCUSSION: The experts' call for shorter postgraduate programmes to educate patient-oriented doctors partly matches students' career intentions. Most students share the intention of obtaining a direct care position that provides ample task variation, which may explain the appeal of the occupations 'emergency doctor' and 'basic specialist'. The limited interest in specific patient groups suggests a need for more exposure to the occupations linked to these groups.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1989

[Consequences from key technologies for content and profile of skilled worker occupations as well as for the occupational fitness of youths].

Nearly 85% of youths start their professional life with vocational training. New technologies almost make an increase of contents as well as integration of functions in existing occupations without lost of traditional abilities and skills. New vocational contents make one's way into curriculi of all occupations in different way, only 15 professions get a new profile. Representations about origin of many new profession in consequence of new technologies didn't come true in science and practice. Conclusions for occupational fitness and medical health care of youths follow various demands to physical and psychic fitness under rising chances of development the individuality. We need more knowledge about psychic performance of healthy and disadvantaged youth, when we will use the health-promotive potential of occupations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

A holistic approach to specialization.

There is a growing concern that extensive specialization in occupational therapy may so fragment the profession that it may be lost in the changes taking place in the delivery and payment of health care services. The early concepts of occupation and purposeful, developmentally appropriate activities are giving way in some settings to the use of highly specialized technologies. This article examines the trend of leaving occupational behaviors and adopting activity of a more technical nature and offers a conceptual model to preserve the traditional holistic approach to the practice of occupational therapy in today's climate of specialization. The approach is seen as important to the viability of the profession in a modern competitive health care market.

Community Health Services↗