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PubMed2004

Concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide at roadside verges, and their contribution to nitrogen deposition.

Bimonthly integrated measurements of NO2 and NH3 have been made over one year at distances up to 10 m away from the edges of roads across Scotland, using a stratified sampling scheme in terms of road traffic density and background N deposition. The rate of decrease in gas concentrations away from the edge of the roads was rapid, with concentrations falling by 90% within the first 10 m for NH3 and the first 15 m for NO2. The longer transport distance for NO2 reflects the production of secondary NO2 from reaction of emitted NO and O3. Concentrations above the background, estimated at the edge of the traffic lane, were linearly proportional to traffic density for NH3 (microg NH3 m(-3) = 1 x 10(-4) x numbers of cars per day), reflecting emissions from three-way catalysts. For NO2, where emissions depend strongly on vehicle type and fuel, traffic density was calculated in terms of 'car equivalents'; NO2 concentrations at the edge of the traffic lane were proportional to the number of car equivalents (microg NO2 m(-3) = 1 x 10(-4) x numbers of car equivalents per day). Although absolute concentrations (microg m(-3)) of NH3 were five times smaller than for NO2, the greater deposition velocity for NH3 to vegetation means that approximately equivalent amounts of dry N deposition to road side vegetation from vehicle emissions comes from NH3 and NO2. Depending on traffic density, the additional N deposition attributable to vehicle exhaust gases is between 1 and 15 kg N ha(-1) y(-1) at the edge of the vehicle lane, falling to 0.2-10 kg N ha(-1) y(-1) at 10 m from the edge of the road.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2005

Effects of increased deposition of atmospheric nitrogen on an upland moor: nitrogen budgets and nutrient accumulation.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of long-term (11 years) ammonium nitrate additions on standing mass, nutrient content (% and kg ha(-1)), and the proportion of the added N retained within the different compartments of the system. The results showed that more than 90% of all N in the system was found in the soil, particularly in the organic (Oh) horizon. Added N increased the standing mass of vegetation and litter and the N content (kg N ha(-1)) of almost all measured plant, litter and soil compartments. Green tissue P and K content (kg ha(-1)) were increased, and N:P ratios were increased to levels indicative of P limitation. At the lowest treatment, most of the additional N was found in plant/litter compartments, but at higher treatments, there were steep increases in the amount of additional N in the underlying organic and mineral (Eag) horizons. The budget revealed that the proportion of added N found in the system as a whole increased from 60%, 80% and up to 90% in response to the 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) treatments, respectively.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1983

Collisions between nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15 spin-labels. 2. Investigations on the specificity of the lipid environment of rhodopsin.

The method of spin-spin interactions between 15N and 14N spin-labels was used to investigate lipid-protein collision rates in reconstituted vesicles containing rhodopsin from bovine disk membranes and an equimolar mixture of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. In each sample, a fraction of one of the three phospholipids was labeled with 14N spin-label while a 15N spin-labeled fatty acid was covalently linked to rhodopsin. The extent of spin-spin interaction between 15N and 14N labels was either calculated by complete spectral simulation or evaluated from the line broadening as deducted from the intensity decrease of the low-field 15N line. It was found that all three spin-labeled phospholipids utilized for these experiments can interact magnetically with the spin-labeled rhodopsin. Above 35 degrees C little difference between the three species can be detected. Calculation of the diffusion constant of the phospholipids at the boundary of rhodopsin proves that the lifetime of the phospholipids at the protein boundary is short and that no long-lived annular lipids are segregated. At temperatures below approximately 30 degrees C the spectra of the samples containing spin-labeled phosphatidylserine depend upon the presence or absence of calcium. The extent of 15N line broadening was found weaker in the presence of Ca2+ than in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Thus Ca2+ tends to exclude phosphatidylserine from the lipid environment of rhodopsin. This observation can be attributed to the formation of specific lipid domains within the membrane, induced by Ca2+.

Animals↗