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Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on fetal trunk movements, fetal breathing movements and the fetal heart rate.

The acute effect of maternal cigarette smoking was studied in 10 patients between 37 and 40 weeks gestation. There was a significant reduction in the percentage of time the fetus spent moving during the first 16 min of smoking (P less than 0.02). No significant changes were seen in the proportion of time the fetus spent breathing or the number of times the fetus changed from high or intermediate to low heart period variability. There were significant reductions in the number of accelerations (P less than 0.01), beat-to-beat variation (P less than 0.01) and root-mean-square of the deviation around the mean (P less than 0.02).

Adult↗

Human movement-related brain potentials preceding voluntary movements in different arousal states monitored with skin potential level.

The present study investigated the readiness potential (RP) preceding a brisk extension of the right middle finger during different arousal states as monitored by skin potential level (SPL). The late component of the readiness potential in the medium arousal state was significantly larger than those in the low and high arousal states. This finding indicates that the RP waveform may vary as a function of arousal states, suggesting the inverse U-shaped relationship proposed in studies of the contingent negative variation.

Arousal↗